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Timeline of Durban

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Durban in the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.

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19th century

{{History of South Africa}}

{{SouthAfrica state}}

  • 1824 - British settlement of Port Natal established on land "acquired...through treaties with the Zulu king Shaka."{{Dubious|date=November 2019}}{{sfn|Tuttle|2005}}{{qn|date=November 2018}}{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1835 - Settlement renamed "D'Urban" after British colonial administrator Benjamin D'Urban.{{sfn|Tuttle|2005}}{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1839
  • A small British military force was stationed at the port.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • On its withdrawal Dutch emigrants from the Cape took possession and proclaimed the Natalia Republic.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1841 - Printing press in operation (approximate date).{{cite journal |title=Birth of Printing in South Africa |author=Alan Charles Gore Lloyd |journal=The Library: A Quarterly Review of Bibliography and Library Lore |editor1= J.Y.W. Macalister |editor2=Alfred W. Pollard |location=London |volume=5 |issn=0024-2160 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015014978228?urlappend=%3Bseq=45 |via=HathiTrust |year=1904 |pages=31–43 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015014978228?urlappend=%3Bseq=45 |quote= Incuadi yesibini yabafundayo }} {{free access}}
  • 1842
  • A British military force reoccupied Durban.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • Treaty signed by the Dutch recognizing British sovereignty.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1846 - "Native reserves" created.{{sfn|Hendricks|2003}}
  • 1851 - Natal Times newspaper begins publication.{{sfn|Lloyd's|1906}}
  • 1852 - Mercury newspaper begins publication.{{sfn|Lloyd's|1906}}
  • 1854
  • "First Town Council, consisting of 8 members representing four wards" created.
  • George Cato becomes mayor.
  • Natal Bank in business.
  • D'Urban Club formed.
  • 1860
  • 26 June: Natal Railway (Market Square-Customs Point) begins operating in Durban.[http://www.metrorail.co.za/History.html]
  • Indian workers begin to arrive in Durban.{{sfn|Hendricks|2003}}
  • 1863 - Population: approximately 5,000 (3,390 white, 1,380 black and 230 Asian).
  • 1865 - Sites for Albert Park and Victoria Park established.{{sfn|Henderson|1904}}
  • 1866 - Durban High School was founded.
  • 1870 - Durban Fire Department founded.
  • 1880 - Magazine Barracks built.
  • 1882 - Durban High School for Girls was founded.
  • 1885 - Town Hall built.
  • 1887 - Durban Girls' College was founded.
  • 1888 - Lord's cricket ground established.
  • 1889 - Natal cricket team formed.
  • 1896 - Population: 31,877.{{sfn|Henderson|1904}}
  • 1899 - Maris Stella School was founded.

20th century

=1900s-1950s=

  • 1902 - Electric tram begins operating.
  • 1903
  • Utrecht and Vryheid become part of city.
  • Indian Opinion newspaper begins publication.
  • 1904
  • Zulu Ilanga lase Natal newspaper begins publication.{{cite book |title=Famous First Facts |year=2000 |publisher=H.W. Wilson Co. |editor=Steven Anzovin and Janet Podell |isbn=0824209583 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts00anzo }}
  • Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi establishes settlement at Phoenix.
  • Population: 67,842.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1908 - Union Whaling Station begins operating.
  • 1910
  • Durban becomes part of newly formed Union of South Africa.
  • Glenwood High School was founded.
  • 1911 - Population: 69,187 (31,783 white, 17,784 black, 19,620 Asian).{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1921 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= British Empire: Province of Natal |chapter-url= https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=282 |via=HathiTrust |title-link=Statesman's Year-Book |hdl=2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=282 }}
  • 1914 - {{illm|The Indian Views|de|lt=Indian Views}} newspaper begins publication.{{cite web |url=http://www.ulwaziprogramme.org/2015/11/indian-newspapers-in-kwazulu-natal-150-years-of-indian-journalism/ |title= Indian Newspapers in KwaZulu-Natal – 150 years of Indian Journalism |work=Ulwazi Programme |date= 4 November 2015 |language=en, zu |publisher=eThekwini Municipality |access-date= 27 September 2017 }}
  • 1921
  • Clairwood Shree Siva Soobramoniar Temple built.
  • Comrades Marathon (Pietermaritzburg-Durban) begins.{{cite web |publisher=South African History Online |location=Cape Town |url= http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/durban-timeline-1497-1990 |title= Durban Timeline 1497-1990 |access-date= 27 September 2017 }}
  • 1923 - Kingsmead Cricket Ground in use.{{chronology citation needed|date=September 2017}}
  • 1924 - Clifton School was founded.
  • 1926 - Memorial Cenotaph unveiled in Farewell Square.
  • 1929 - St. Henry's Marist College was founded.
  • 1931 - Natal University College Durban campus established.{{chronology citation needed|date=September 2017}}
  • 1935 - Durban officially gained its city status.
  • 1946 - Population: 338,817 city.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1955 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants |pages=171–184 }}
  • 1949
  • Anti-Indian riot.
  • Electric tram stops operating.
  • 1950 - Parliamentary Group Areas Act leads to urban apartheid.{{sfn|Hendricks|2003}}
  • 1951 - November: World premiere of feature film Cry, the Beloved Country.{{citation |title= Packed house sees Durban's first world premiere |work= Natal Witness |date=16 November 1951 |url=http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/packed-house-sees-durbans-first-world-premiere |via=Disa.ukzn.ac.za }} {{free access}}
  • 1953 - Northlands High School for Girls was founded.
  • 1958 - Kings Park Stadium opens.

=1960s-1990s=

  • 1960
  • Ukhozi FM radio begins broadcasting.
  • African Art Centre established.{{cite web |url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=11®ion=afo#/Key-Events |title= Southern Africa, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events |work= Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |access-date= 25 September 2017 }}
  • Population: 560,010 city; 681,492 metro.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1960_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1965 |year=1966 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=140–161 }}
  • 1961
  • University College for Indians established on Salisbury Island.
  • Durban becomes part of the new Republic of South Africa.
  • 1965 - Cinerama Theatre opens.{{cite web |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/south-africa/durban?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Durban, South Africa |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |access-date=25 September 2017 }}
  • 1966 - Brettonwood High School was founded.
  • 1968 - Durban Heights water reservoir begins operating.
  • 1970 - Population: 736,853 city; 850,946 metro.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1980_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1980 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=225–252 }}
  • 1972 - University of Durban-Westville opens.
  • 1973 - 1973 Durban strikes{{sfn|Hendricks|2003}}
  • 1977 - Durban Container Terminal begins operating at the Port of Durban.
  • 1978 - 8 January: Academic Rick Turner assassinated.{{cite book|editor=Jacqueline Audrey Kalley|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-30247-3|display-editors=etal}}
  • 1985
  • Anti-Indian unrest.
  • 23 December: Amanzimtoti bombing occurs near Durban.
  • Population: 634,301 city; 982,075 metro.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm |title=1995 Demographic Yearbook |year=1997 |author=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=262–321 }}
  • 1986 - 14 June: Durban beach-front bombing occurs.
  • 1990
  • "Separate Amenities Act was repealed, thus opening up Durban’s facilities to all races."
  • Northwood School was founded.
  • 1991 - Population: 715,669 city; 1,137,378 metro.{{cite book |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2003 |series=Regional Surveys of the World |publisher= Europa Publications |year=2003 |issn= 0065-3896 |chapter= South Africa |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C |isbn=9781857431315 }}
  • 1993
  • June: 1993 African Championships in Athletics held in Durban.
  • Pavilion shopping centre in business in Westville.
  • 1995 - Sharks (rugby union) formed.
  • 1996
  • Part of 1996 Africa Cup of Nations football contest played in Durban.
  • Obed Mlaba becomes mayor.
  • City website Durban.gov.za launched (approximate date).{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19960329080010/http://www.durban.gov.za/ |url=http://www.durban.gov.za |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 1996 |title=Durban.gov.za |publisher=Durban Metro Council |via=Wayback Machine |quote=Local Government - Durban - South Africa }}
  • Population: 669,242.{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2012 |year=2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants }}
  • 1997 - International Convention Centre opens.
  • 1998 - September: International summit of the Non-Aligned Movement held in city.
  • 1999 - November: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1999 held in city.
  • 2000
  • July: XIII International AIDS Conference, 2000 held in city.{{sfn|Tuttle|2005}}
  • 5 December: South African municipal elections, 2000 held.
  • Durban becomes seat of newly created eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality.

21st century

See also

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

=published in 19th-20th centuries=

  • {{cite book |title=Colony of Natal: an official illustrated handbook and railway guide |location=London |author=J. Forsyth Ingram |year=1895

|chapter=Durban

|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/colonyofnataloff00ingr#page/92/mode/2up

}}

  • {{citation |title=Natal Almanac Directory and Yearly Register |publisher= P. Davis & Sons |location= Pietermaritzburg |year=1897

|chapter=Principal Towns in Natal: Durban

|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/natalalmanacdire00pietuoft#page/512/mode/2up

}}

  • {{cite book|author=W. P. M. Henderson |title= Durban: Fifty Years' Municipal History |url=https://archive.org/stream/durbanfiftyyears00hend#page/n5/mode/2up |publisher=Robinson & Co. |location=Durban |year= 1904

| ref = {{harvid|Henderson|1904}}

}}

  • {{cite book |title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Natal: Its People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XA5AQAAMAAJ |publisher= Lloyd's Greater Britain Publishing Company |series=Twentieth Century Impressions |year=1906

| ref = {{harvid|Lloyd's|1906}}

}}

  • {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Durban |volume= 8 | pages = 696–697 |date=1910 |ref= {{harvid|Britannica|1910}} |short= 1}}
  • {{Cite EB1922 |wstitle= Durban |volume = 30 |page= 868 |short= 1}}
  • {{cite book|author1= Leo Kuper |author2= Hilstan Watts |author3= Ronald Davies |title= Durban: A study in racial ecology |publisher=Jonathan Cape |oclc=958188774 |year= 1958

|author1-link= Leo Kuper }}

  • {{cite journal |author= P. Maylam |title=Shackled by the Contradictions: The Municipal Response to African Urbanization in Durban, c. 1920-1950 |journal= African Urban Studies |issn=0736-6760 |publisher=Michigan State University |year= 1982

}}

  • {{cite thesis |type=PhD |title=The question of 'Indian penetration' in the Durban area and Indian politics, 1940-1946 |author= Dowlat Ramdas Bagwandeen |publisher=University of Natal |year=1983

|hdl=10413/8711 }} {{free access}}

  • {{citation |author=Paul Maylam |title=Aspects of African Urbanization in the Durban Area before 1940 |editor1=Richard Haines |editor2= Gina Buijs |work= Struggle for Social and Economic Space: Urbanization in Twentieth Century South Africa |isbn=0949947733 |publisher=University of Durban-Westville |year= 1985

}}

  • {{cite journal |author=R. Posel |title= Durban Ricksha Pullers' Strikes of 1918 and 1930 |journal= Journal of Natal and Zulu History |volume= 8 |pages= 85–106 |publisher=University of Natal |issn=0259-0123 |year= 1985

|doi= 10.1080/02590123.1985.11964240 }}

  • {{cite book|editor= Anthony Lemon |title= Homes Apart: South Africa's Segregated Cities |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pGgjud7DJXIC |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-33321-0 |year=1991

|chapter=Durban |author= R.J. Davies

}}

  • {{cite thesis |type=PhD |author=Timothy Andrew Nuttall |title=Class, race and nation: African politics in Durban, 1929-1949 |publisher=University of Oxford |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:876d79f4-db97-4efc-8751-18ac01fc38ef |year= 1991

}} {{free access}}

  • {{cite journal |title=Beyond the Frontier of Control: Trade Unionism and the Labour Market in the Durban Docks |author=David Hemson |journal= Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa |issn=0258-7696 |publisher=University of Natal |number= 30 |url=http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/html/browse.cfm?colid=6 |via= African e-Journals Project |year= 1996

}} {{free access}}

  • {{cite book|editor1=Paul Maylam|editor2= Iain Edwards |title=The People's City: African Life in Twentieth-century Durban |publisher=University of Natal Press |isbn=978-0-86980-934-1 |year= 1996

}}

  • {{cite thesis |title=The apartheid city and its labouring class: African workers and the independent trade union movement in Durban, 1959-1985 |author= Nelson Tozivaripi Sambureni |url= http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/the19970600007000 |type=PhD |publisher=University of South Africa |via=Disa.ukzn.ac.za |year=1997

}} {{free access}}

=published in 21st century=

  • {{cite journal |title=Contrasts in Urban Segregation: A Tale of Two African Cities, Durban (South Africa) and Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) |author= Bill Freund |journal= Journal of Southern African Studies |volume= 27 |issue= 3 |pages= 527–546 |year= 2001 |jstor=823314

|ref= {{harvid|Freund|2001}}

|doi= 10.1080/13632430120074572 |pmid= 17650571 |s2cid= 37285422 }}

  • {{cite journal |title=Citizenship and the city: the Durban centre-city in 2000 |author= Antoine Bouillon |journal= Transformation |issn=0258-7696 |publisher=University of Natal |number= 48 |url=http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/html/browse.cfm?colid=6 |via= African e-Journals Project |year= 2002

}}

  • {{cite book |title=(D)urban Vortex: South African City in Transition |editor1= Bill Freund |editor2= Vishnu Padayachee |publisher=University of Natal Press |year=2002

}}

  • {{citation |title=Post Apartheid Metro Boundaries: Conflicts, Contestations and Compromises in Durban |author= Brij Maharaj |work=Rencontres scientifiques franco-Sud-Africaines de l'innovation territoriale |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00749571 |via=Halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr |year= 2002

|page= 22 }} {{free access}}

  • {{cite web |title=Durban |work=Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/a-z.htm |publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme and University College London |year=2003

}}

  • {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History |editor1= Paul Tiyambe Zeleza |editor2= Dickson Eyoh |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415234794 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjolgQhpFtoC |year=2003

|chapter= Durban, South Africa

|author= Cherl Hendricks

|ref= {{harvid|Hendricks|2003}}

}}

  • {{citation |title= Exit, Voice and Tradition: Loyalty to Chieftainship and Democracy in Metropolitan Durban, South Africa |url= http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Series/Detail/?ots591=cab359a3-9328-19cc-a1d2-8023e646b22c&lng=en&id=57395 |publisher=Crisis States Research Centre |location=London |via=International Relations and Security Network |year=2005

}}

  • {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African History |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=978-1-57958-245-6 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC |editor= Kevin Shillington |year= 2005

|chapter= Durban

|author= Aran S. MacKinnon

|ref= {{harvid|MacKinnon|2005}}

}}

  • {{cite book |editor1=Kwame Anthony Appiah |editor2=Henry Louis Gates |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517055-9 |edition=2nd |year=2005 |chapter=Durban |author=Kate Tuttle |ref={{harvid|Tuttle|2005}} |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop0004unse }}
  • {{cite book|author=Bill Freund|title=The African City: A History |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52792-7 |year=2007

|chapter=Globalisation and the African city: Touba, Abidjan, Durban

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CPWMcYhEhYQC |page=177+

}}

  • {{citation |url=https://unhabitat.org/case-study-metropolitan-governance-ethekwini-durban-south-africa/ |publisher= United Nations Human Settlements Programme |title=Case study: Metropolitan Governance, EThekwini (Durban), South Africa |year= 2015

}} {{free access}}

  • {{cite book|author=Ralph Callebert|title=On Durban's Docks: Zulu Workers, Rural Households, Global Labor|date=2017|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester NY|isbn=9781580469074

}}

{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|History of Durban}}

  • {{cite web |url=http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/search/node/durban |title= (Durban) |work= Digital Innovation South Africa |oclc=225596326 |publisher= University of KwaZulu-Natal }} (Articles, images etc.)
  • {{cite web |publisher=South African History Online |location=Cape Town |url= http://www.sahistory.org.za/places |title=Places: Durban }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.archivalplatform.org/registry/search/search&keywords=Durban |title=Registry: (Durban) |work=Archivalplatform.org |location=Rondebosch }} (Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.africabib.org/query_a.php?ti=Durban |title=(Durban) |work= AfricaBib.org }} (Bibliography)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.connecting-africa.net/query_2.php?F9=0&S0=Durban&F0=0 |title=(Durban) |work=Connecting-Africa |publisher=African Studies Centre |location=Leiden, Netherlands }} (Bibliography)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/vk/?k0=title&v0=Durban&c=UBFfm631&c=GIGA_swb&c=ascLeiden&c=NAI&c=IFEAS&c=ilissOLC&c=AiLiSs&c=base&c=dkg |title=(Durban) |publisher= Frankfurt University Library |work=Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa |date=15 January 2019 |location=Germany }} (Bibliography)
  • {{cite web |url= https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=Durban&rows=96 |title= (Durban) |via= Europeana }} (Images, etc.)
  • {{cite web |url= http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=Durban&utf8=✓ |title= (Durban) |via= Digital Public Library of America }} (Images, etc.)
  • {{cite web |url= http://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22Durban%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.title%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22bibjson.year.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22bibjson.month.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22from%22%3A0%2C%22size%22%3A100%7D |title= (Durban) |work=Directory of Open Access Journals |location=UK }} (Bibliography of open access {{open access}} articles)

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