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Timeline of early Islamic history

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

{{Multiple issues|

{{Primary sources|date=November 2022}}

{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}

{{Unreliable sources|date=November 2022|some=n}}

{{synthesis|date=November 2014}}

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This is a timeline of the early history of Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad. The information provided in this article is based on Islamic oral tradition, not on historical or archaeological evidence.

A separate list of military expeditions and battles is at List of expeditions of Muhammad.

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

! width ="10" | N.

! width ="200" | Record, milestone or achievement

! width ="100" | Date

! width ="500" | Noteworthy facts

! width ="180" | Notable primary sources

! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1.

| Muhammad's first revelation: {{cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns}}Brown (2003), pp. 72–73Sell (1913), p. 29.{{cite web|url=http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_1_01.php|title=Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Revelation" volume1, book 1, number 3|author=Sahih Bukhari|work=sahih-bukhari.com}}{{cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns}}

| {{BH|13|610}} Ramadan

|

  • According to Islamic tradition, during one such occasion while he was in contemplation, the archangel Gabriel appeared before him in the year {{BH|13|610}} and said, ‘Recite’, upon which he replied, ‘I am unable to recite’. Thereupon the angel caught hold of him and embraced him heavily. This happened two more time after which the angel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses:"Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- Who taught (the use of) the pen,-Taught man that which he knew not."

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  • {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|1|1|3}}

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| First Muslim Female convert: Khadija{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford|page=111}}

| {{BH|13|610}}

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  • When Muhammad reported his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel (Jibril), Khadija was the first female and first person to convert to Islam. However, Shia Muslims claim Ali was the first to convert to Islam.

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| First Muslim Male convert: Ali Ibn Abi TalibWatt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC&pg=PA80 Muhammad in Mecca], p. 80, {{ISBN|0887067077}}

|{{BH|13|610}}

|Ali, is said to have supported Muhammed from his childhood and in some texts, is said to have converted to Islam just after his birth. It is commonly reported that Ali was the second, after Khadija, to embrace Islam amongst the earliest Muslims.

  • Ali ibn Abi Talib is known among the earliest and youngest Muslim converts. The early historian Ibn Ishaq and Tabari puts Ali Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law as the first male convert; Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari presents three candidates, and does not decide between them.
  • According to Hadith Ali was Muhammad's cousin and accepted Islam at the age of 11 making him the first male to accept Islam

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4

|Earliest Muslim Adult Male converts: Zayd ibn Harithah and Abu Bakr

|{{BH|13|610}}

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  • One account in Tabari says that the first male convert was Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali was indeed one of the first persons to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam.Watt 1953, p. 86

Later Abu Bakr followed.

  • Muhammad's prominent companions Hassan ibn Thabit (d. 674), Ibn Abbas (d. 687), and the Kufan scholar al-Nakhai (d. 714) claim Abu Bakr to be the first adult male convert.
  • Abu Bakr is also said to be one of the first male Muslim convert on accounts preserved by the historian al-Tabari.
  • Despite the conflicts, when talking about adult males, Abu Bakr was one of the first ones to accept Islam.

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| First Public DawahRamadan (2007), p. 37–9

| 613 An Introduction to the Quran (1895), p. 185Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p. 36.

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  • Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public(Quran {{cite quran|26|214|s=ns|b=n}}). Most Meccans ignored him and mocked him, though a few became his followers. There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners.

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| First Muslim Martyr/first Muslim to be killed: Sumayyah bint Khabbab

| 615 {{Cite encyclopedia | edition = 2nd| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers| volume = 7| pages = 360–376| last2 = Welch| first2 = A. T.| last1=Buhl | first1 = F.| title = Muḥammad| encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of Islam| isbn = 90-04-09419-9| year = 1993}}

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  • Tradition records at great length the persecution and ill-treatment towards Muhammad and his followers. Sumayyah bint Khabbab (mother of Ammar ibn Yasir), a slave of a prominent Meccan leader Abu Jahl, is famous as the first martyr of Islam; killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up her faith.Jonathan E. Brockopp, Slaves and Slavery, Encyclopedia of the Qur'anW. Arafat, Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of IslamWatt (1964) p. 76.Peters (1999) p. 172.

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  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn IshaqAlfred Guillaume "The Life of Muhammad: A translation of {{sic|Ishaq's|expected=Ibn Ishaq}} Sirat Rasul Allah" Oxford 1955 {{ISBN|0-19-636033-1}}, 2003 reprint used - page 145

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| First Muslim to be tortured: Bilal ibn Ribah

| 615

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  • When Bilal's master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf found out he had converted to Islam, he began violently to torture Bilal.Janneh, Sabarr. Learning from the Life of Prophet Muhammad: Peace and Blessing of God Be upon Him. Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse, 2010. Print. {{ISBN|1467899666}} Pgs. 235-238
  • With Abu Jahl instigating, Umayyah tied Bilal up and had him dragged around Mecca as a means to break Bilal's faith. Frustrated upon Bilal's refusal to denounce Islam, Umayyah became even more angry. He ordered that Bilal's limbs were to be stretched out and tied to stakes lying flat on desert sand, so that he could feel the intensity of the sun and the Arabian heat. He would be whipped and beaten while tied to the stakes. Constantly refusing to denounce Islam, Umayyah became frustrated and ordered that a large boulder/stone be placed on Bilal's chest. The boulder heated by the sun burned Bilal's body while also crushing him.
  • After such punishments, news of this slave reached some of Muhammad's companions who told Muhammad of the slave. Muhammad then sent Abu Bakr. Eventually, Abu Bakr negotiated a deal with Umayyah to purchase Bilal and emancipate him from slavery.

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  • Tabari, Volume 6 Watt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC&pg=PA85 Muhammad in Mecca], p. 85, {{ISBN|0887067077}}

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| First migration to another country: Ethiopia

| 615

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  • In 615, some of Muhammad's followers emigrated to the Ethiopian Aksumite Empire and founded a small colony. This was known as the Hijrah

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  • Tabari, Volume 6 Watt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC&pg=PA98 Muhammad in Mecca], p. 98, {{ISBN|0887067077}}
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn IshaqMuḥammad, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs et al. Brill Online, 2014

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| First Muslim Ambassador and Envoy: Mus`ab ibn `Umair

| September 621 {{cite book | author=UNESCO | title=Different Aspects of Islamic Culture: Vol.3: The Spread of Islam Throughout the World Volume 3 of Different aspects of Islamic culture | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&q=musab+first+ambassador+of+muslim+world&pg=PA51 | accessdate=9 August 2012 | year=2012 | publisher=UNESCO, 2012 | isbn=9789231041532 | page= 51-}}{{cite book | author=Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri | title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtūm | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&q=Musab+ibn+umayr+the+first+envoy+of+islam&pg=PA187 | accessdate=7 August 2012 | year=2002 | publisher=Darussalam, 2002 | isbn=9789960899558 | page=187,338-}} Note: Author says it happened before the Second pledge at al-Aqabah which happened in 622. Therefore this event happened in 621

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  • Musab ibn Umair al-Abdari was the first Muslim Ambassador. He was sent to Yathrib (now Medina) to teach the people the doctrines of Islam and give them guidance Note: Author says it happened before the Second pledge at al-Aqabah which happened in 622. Therefore, this event happened in 621

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  • Tabari, Volume 6Tabari, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC&pg=PA127 The History of al-Tabari Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca], p. 127, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|1438423403}}
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq

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| First Muslim Muezzin: Bilal ibn RibahSyed Razwy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPjG0g8FSwAC&pg=PA77 Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ...]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, {{ISBN|0940368935}}{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=John Henrik|title=African People in World History|year=1993|publisher=Black Classic Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=9780933121775|page=30}}

| 622 {{cite book|last=Clarke|first=John Henrik|title=African People in World History|year=1993|publisher=Black Classic Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=9780933121775|page=30}} Notes: Source says Bilal was appointed after Muhammad migrated to Medina, that is the year 622

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  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq A. Adu Boahen, Alvin M. Josephy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oC08AAAAMAAJ&q=ibn+ishaq The Horizon history of Africa, Volume 1], p. 151, University of Michigan
  • Tabari, Volume 39 Tabari, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ztahJV58oLcC&pg=PA371 The History of al-Tabari Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions ...], p. 371, SUNY Press,

{{ISBN|1438409982}}

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| 622 {{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC|first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=95|isbn=9798694145923}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Note: This is the free version available on Google Books

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  • {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|58|229}}
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn IshaqIbn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah, Vol. I p. 454
  • Tabari, Volume 6 Watt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC&pg=PA138 Muhammad in Mecca], p. 138, {{ISBN|0887067077}}. Quote: "the second al-'Aqabah took the pledge of war"

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| 623 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA127 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 127.

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  • According to Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar), a modern Islamic hagiography of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Safi ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, Muhammad ordered the first caravan raid led by Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (Muhammad's uncle) seven to nine months after the Hijra. A party of thirty to forty men assembled at the seacoast near al-Is, between Mecca and Medina, where Amr ibn Hishām (Abu Jahl), the leader of the caravan was camping with three hundred Meccan riders.{{cite book|last=Hawarey|first=Mosab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJVqNwAACAAJ&q=9789957051648|isbn=9789957051648|title=The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic)|publisher=Islamic Book Trust|year=2010}}Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142128/http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm here]Mubarakpuri, When the Moon Split, p. 147.{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC| first=Husayn |last=Haykal|year=1976|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7|pages=217–218}}
  • Hamza met Abu Jahl there with a view to attack the caravan, but Majdi bin Amr al-Juhani, a Quraysh who was friendly to both the parties intervened between them; so, both parties separated without fighting.Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 345.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927031129/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s4.html Witness Pioneer "Pre-Badr Missions and Invasions"]
  • It is mentioned in Ibn Hisham and Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad (the earliest surviving biography of Muhammad from the 7th century), that for these caravan raids Muhammad gave permission to "plunder" the caravans of theirs enemies and seize their goods and property(s) and said: "Go forth against this caravan; it may be that Allah will grant you plunder"ʻAbd al-Malik Ibn Hishām, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOQPAQAAIAAJ&q=plunder The life of Muhammad, Apostle of Allah], p. 95, Folio Society, 1964. Translated by Michael Edwardes. Quote: "Go forth against this caravan; it may be that Allah will grant you plunder." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20111224055513/http://www.archive.org/stream/Sirat-lifeOfMuhammadBy-ibnIshaq/SiratIbnIahaqInEnglish_djvu.txt archive])

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  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq
  • Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi Rizwi Faizer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gZknAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi], p. 12, {{ISBN|1136921141}}, Routledge, 2013

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| 623

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  • In 623 Muhammad ordered the Batn Rabigh Caravan Raid to raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty{{citation |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |title=Muhammad, Islam's first great general |page=73 |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA73 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2}} Sa'd ibn Abi Waqas was the first person to fire an arrow in the name of Islam, it mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari "I heard Sa'd saying, "I was the first amongst the 'Arabs who shot an arrow for Allah's Cause. We used to fight along with the Prophet""{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|57|74}}

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  • {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|57|74}}
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=4}}

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| First peace treaty: Banu Darhma peace treaty

| August 623 {{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=4|quote=GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)}}{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=12|quote=In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan}}

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  • Muhammad ordered the Invasion of Waddan with the purpose of raiding Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty.Richard A. Gabriel, Muhammad, Islam's first great general, p. 73. However, they instead raided the Caravan of Amr Bin Makhshi Al Dhamri of the Banu Damrah tribe. Negotiations began and the two leaders signed a treaty with Banu Damrah.{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&q=first+raids&pg=PA218 | first=Husayn |last=Haykal|year=1976|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7|pages=217–218}} According to Muslim scholar Muhammad al-Zurqani, the provisions of the treaty were as follows: "This document is from Muhammad, the messenger of Allah, concerning the Banu Darmah, in which he establishes for them safety and security in their wealth and lives. They can expect support from the Muslims, unless they oppose the religion of Allah. They are also expected to respond positively if the prophet seeks their help."{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA244| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=244}}
  • The treaty meant that both parties were forbidden from raiding each other, joining hostile concentrations against each other, and supporting each other's enemies. The historian William Montgomery Watt saw this as a deliberate attempt by Muhammad to provoke the Meccans.{{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad at Medina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956 |isbn=978-0-19-577307-1|page=4}} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])

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  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2

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| January 624Sir William Muir, [https://archive.org/details/lifemahometandh02muirgoog/page/n88 The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3], p. 72, Oxford University, Smith, Elder, 1861

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  • {{Quran-usc|2|217}} {{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA246| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=246}}Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 347.
  • Ibn Hisham{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA247| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=247}} See footnote 1, page 247

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| First assassination carried out by Muslims: Asma bint Marwan or Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf

{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|author=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}

| January 624

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  • Muhammad ordered the killing of 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=35|quote=SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.}}
  • For those scholar who consider this as unreliable Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf is considered the first person to be assassinated by Muslims

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  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq{{cite book|last1=Ibn Hisham |author-link1=Ibn Hisham |last2=Ibn Ishaq |author-link2=Ibn Ishaq |translator-last=Guillaume |translator-first=Alfred |translator-link=Alfred Guillaume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ |title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=675–676|isbn=9780195778281 }}
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2

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| First assassination carried out by Muslims: Ka'b ibn al-AshrafUri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110826203308/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s6.html online])

| September 624

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  • According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and inveighed against Muhammad. He also composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".

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  • {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|59|369}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|19|4436}}

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| First person(s) to be beheaded and executed by Muslims: Nadr ibn al-Harith and Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt

| March 624 Mubarakpuri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA129 The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 129

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  • According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, after the Battle of Badr two captives – Nadr bin Harith and ‘Uqbah ibn Abū Mu‘ayṭ were beheaded by Ali. Mubarakpuri mentions that this incident about the beheading is also mentioned in the Sunan Abu Dawud no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3/12 The Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir mentions that {{Quran-usc|8|31}} is also about this incident Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k8kH-dzOKFIC&pg=PA412 The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 3) 2nd Edition], p. 412, {{ISBN|1861797699}}, MSA Publication Limited, 2009. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140721082126/http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1549&Itemid=63 online])

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| First Siege carried out by Muslims: Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa

| February 624 Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), [https://books.google.com/books?id=rLceAAAAMAAJ Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW)], Islamic Publications, p. 254.

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  • Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina{{citation | last = Watt |first=W. Montgomery| title = Muhammad at Medina | year = 1956| page=209}}. by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which lead to her being stripped nakedMubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110826203308/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s6.html online])
  • As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.{{citation |others= transl. Guillaume |trans-title=The Life of Muhammad | author = Ibn Ishaq | title = Sirat Rasul Allah | page = 363}}{{citation |title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA284 | first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications | isbn= 978-9960-899-55-8| page= 284}}{{citation | last = Stillman | title = The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book}}.{{rp |122}} The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa.{{citation | first = Michael | last = Cook | title = Muhammad | page = 21}}.

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  • {{Quran-usc|8|58}},{{citation | title= Al-Tawḥīd | volume = 5 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7MfXAAAAMAAJ&q=band|author= Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī | place = Tehran, Iran |year=1987|publisher=Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept|page=86}} {{Quran-usc|3|118}},{{citation | title = The Koran| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h-pqPwAACAAJ | authorlink = John Medows Rodwell | first = JM | last = Rodwell |date = 15 July 2003|publisher= Phoenix|page= 342|isbn= 978-1-8421-2609-7 | quote = This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.}}{{cite book | last = Abū Khalīl | first = Shawqī | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&pg=PA248 | title = Atlas of the Quran | publisher = Dar-us-Salam | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-9-9608-9754-7 | page = 248 }}([https://web.archive.org/web/20120923064212/http://www.scribd.com/doc/35427250/Atlas-of-the-Quran online]) {{Quran-usc|3|12}}, {{Quran-usc|3|13}}{{cite book|first=Francis E. |last=Peters|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KnAO36Jh6bMC&pg=PA78 |title=A Reader on classical Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year= 1993|isbn= 978-0691000404|page= 78}}
  • {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|19|4364}}
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 {{cite book | last =Sa'd|first= Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Qaynuqa|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir | volume =2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=32}}
  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community {{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA86|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=86}}

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|

First person to try and assassinate Muhammad: Ghwarath ibn al-Harith during the Invasion of Dhi Amr

| September 624 {{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-344-2|page=100}}{{cite book|last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad at Medina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956 |isbn=978-0-19-577307-1 |page=17}} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])

|

  • Ghwarath ibn al-Harith{{citation|title=Biography of the Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8bbHTcRV5kC&pg=PA472|first=Sameh|last=Strauch|year=2006|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960-9803-2-4|page=472}}{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=dried|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=40|quote=So the apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, put off his two garments and spread them on a tree to be dried and lay himself down (for rest). In the meantime a man from the enemy called Du'that ibn al-Harith came with a sword"}}{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA132|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4|page=132}} was the first person to try and assassinate Muhammad during the Invasion of Dhi Amr. According to Muslim scholar Sami Strauch, it is reported in Sahih Bukhari that it was raining, and Muhammad took his garments off and hung it on a tree to dry, while the enemy was watching, Ghwarath ibn al-Harith went to attack Muhammad. He threatened Muhammad with his sword and said "who will protect you from me on this day". Then according to Muslim Scholars the Angel Gabriel came and thumped Ghawrath in the chest and forced him to drop his sword. Muhammad then picked up the sword and said "who will protect you from me".

|

  • {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|59|458}}
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2

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| First defensive military campaign: Battle of Uhud

| March 625 {{citation|title=Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLN2hNidLw4C| author-link=William Montgomery Watt |first=W. Montgomery |last=Watt|year=1961|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=135|isbn=0198810784|quote=The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...}}{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=105|quote=Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).}}

|

  • The purpose of the Battle of Uhud was to defend against a Quraysh attack.Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154128/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s7.html online]) According to the Muslim scholar Dr. Mosab Hawarey, this battle was the first truly defensive military campaign. All military campaigns prior to this were of an offensive nature

|

  • {{Cite quran|8|36}},Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 292. {{Cite quran|3|122}}, {{Cite quran|3|167}} Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, pp. 299-300.
  • {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|4|52|276}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|3|30|108}} Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 296 (footnote 2).

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| First Muslim missionaries to be killed: Asim ibn Thabit, Khubyab bin Adi and Zayd bin al-Dathinnah during the Expedition of Al Raji

| 625 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])

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  • Some men requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam, but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan (chief of the Banu Lahyan tribe) by Muhammad's followers.{{cite book|first=W. Montgomery |last=Watt |authorlink=William Montgomery Watt|title=Muhammad at Medina|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=33|quote=The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.}} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp online]) 8 or 10 Muslims were killed
  • According to William Montgomery Watt the seven men Muhammad sent may have been spies for Muhammad and instructors for Arab tribes.{{cite book|first=W. Montgomery |last=Watt |author-link=William Montgomery Watt|title=Muhammad at Medina|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0-19-577307-1|page=33|quote=The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.}} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp online]) Watt's claim that they were spies and not missionaries is mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|412}}Kailtyn Chick, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-cpUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT338 Kailtyn Chick], p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing, 2013 The 7th century Muslim scholar al-Waqidi also mentioned that they were spies but a tribe did come to them requesting to teach Islam but Muhammad decided to send them for spying to inform him about the Quraysh.Rizwi Faizer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z4nAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi], p. 174, Routledge, 2013, {{ISBN|1136921133}}

|

  • {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|412}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|4|1442}} Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 {{cite book | last =Sa'd|first= Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Qaynuqa|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir | volume =2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=66}}

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| First Massacre of Muslims: Expedition of Bir MaonaSir William Muir, [https://archive.org/details/lifemahometandh02muirgoog/page/n221 The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3], p. 205

| July 625 {{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA151|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=151|quote=Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah}}

|

  • Muhammad sends Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe,Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online]) but the Muslims are killed as revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan by Muhammad's followers. 70 Muslims were killed and 2 Non-Muslims were killed

|

  • Quran 3:169-173Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 352.
  • Ibn HishamMubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 352 (footnote 1).
  • {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|405}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|4|1433}}

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| First massacre carried out by Muslims: Invasion of Banu Qurayza

| February–March 627 {{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC|author=William Muir|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=317}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

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  • Banu Qurayza betrayed Muhammad, So he ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)|last= Ibn Ishaq |translator-first=A. |translator-last=Guillaume |isbn= 978-0-19-636033-1 |year=2005|publisher= Oxford University Press|pages=461–464}}Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110726155057/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s10.html online]){{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213|author=Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman|year=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited|pages=213|isbn=9781861796110}}([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305081531/http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 |date=2015-03-05 }}){{citation|title=Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ|author=Subhash C. Inamdar|year=2001|publisher=Psychosocial Press|isbn=1887841288|page=166 (footnotes)}} Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi.Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16. Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable.Encyclopedia of Islam, section on "Muhammad"Watt, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Section on "Kurayza, Banu".
  • 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham).{{citation|title=Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA201|author=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator)|year=1997|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=9780791431504|pages=35–36}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (Sunni Hadith).{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|14|2665}}{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|4|52|280}} 2 Muslim's were killed

|

  • {{Cite quran|33|26}}, Quran 33:09 & 33:10{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194|author=Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman|year=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited|pages=213|isbn=9781861796110}}([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41359 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415093826/http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41359 |date=15 April 2016 }})Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
  • {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|38|4390}}
  • {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|4|52|68}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|4|57|66}} and more
  • Tabari, Volume 8, Victory of Islam{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC| author=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504

|pages=35–36}}

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| First woman captured by Muhammad as war booty: RayhanaRodinson, Muhammad: Prophet of Islam, p. 213.[http://moses.creighton.edu/jrs/2007/2007-29.pdf Journal of Religion & Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230024944/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2007/2007-29.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}, p. 1, Creighton University. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131230024944/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2007/2007-29.pdf archive])

| March 627

|

  • After the Invasion of Banu Qurayza as part of his share of the spoils, Muhammad selected one of the women, Rayhana, for himself and took her as part of his booty. Muhammad offered to free and marry her and according to some sources she accepted his proposal.*{{cite book | author = Ramadan, Tariq | title = In the Footsteps of the Prophet | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2007 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-19-530880-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama/page/146 146] | url = https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama/page/146 }} She is said to have later become a Muslim. Watt, "Kurayza, Banu" Encyclopaedia of Islam

|

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford|page=466}}

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| First Muslim treasurer: Bilal ibn Ribah

| 630 Syed Razwy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPjG0g8FSwAC&pg=PA77 Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ...]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, {{ISBN|0940368935}}. Note: Source says he became a Muslim treasurer after Muhammad conquered the Arabian Peninsula. This was around 630

|

|

  • Tabari, Volume 5 Michael G. Morony, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NeWyAAAAIAAJ Manufacturing and Labour], p. 178, Ashgate (2003), {{ISBN|0860787079}}. Quote: "(Bilal ibn Rabah, a mawla of Abu Bakr was the Prophet's treasurer); al-Tabari, Ta'rikh, V, 560"

See also

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Category:Islam-related lists

Category:Life of Muhammad

Category:7th-century Islam

Category:Timelines of Muslim history