Tirzah (Tell el-Farah North)

The size of the archaeological site is {{Convert|180|dunam|acre|abbr=}} and is located in the hills of Samaria, northeast of Nablus, in what is currently known as the West Bank. The archaeological site is called Tell el-Far'ah (North) in order to distinguish it from Tell el-Far'ah (South), an archaeological site south of Gaza.

Excavations were undertaken at Tell el-Far'ah between 1946 and 1960 for nine seasons by École Biblique under the direction of Roland de Vaux.R. de Vaux, "Les fouilles de Tell el-Far'ah" Revue Biblique 68, 1961, pp. 576-592 More recently, an international archaeological project led by the Universidade da Coruña, in cooperation with the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, has carried out three excavation seasons between 2017 and 2019 and one prospecting campaign in 2022.{{cite journal |title=Nuevas investigaciones arqueológicas en Tell el-Far'a, Palestina: balance de las primeras campañas |journal=Informes y Trabajos: Excavaciones en el Exterior |last1=Fenollós |first1=Juan Luis Montero |volume=21 |pages=44–60 |last2=Caramelo |first2=Francisco |year=2023 |language=es |issn=2444-8087 |last3=Yasin |first3=Yehad |last4=Dias |first4=Sufyan |last5=Carrasco |first5=José Gabriel Gómez |last6=Escanilla |first6=Ingrid Bejarano |last7=Sánchez |first7=Jorge Sanjurjo |last8=Rodríguez |first8=Víctor Barrientos}}{{cite journal |title=Tell el-Farʿah: New Archaeological Research on the Iron Age IIA in the Central Mountains of Palestine |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |last=Montero Fenollós |first=Juan Luis |issue=3 |volume=87 |pages=158–167 |doi=10.1086/731397 |year=2024 |issn=1094-2076}}

The site was occupied in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras, and became progressively more populated.{{cite book|first=Roland|last=de Vaux|script-title=he:האנצקלופדיה החדשה לחפירות ארכיאולוגיות בארץ ישראל |trans-title=The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Land of Israel|language=Hebrew|volume=IV|editor=E.Stern|year=1992|pages=1297–1302}}

Period I:{{cite book |title=Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology |last=Jasmin |first=Michael |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-984653-5 |pages=393–400 |editor-last=Master |editor-first=Daniel M. |chapter=Tell el Far'ah (N) |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/9637519}} Finds from the earliest levels of settlement excavated by Dorothy Garrod in 1928 were suggested to date to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period.{{cite book|author1=Ephraim Stern|author2=Ayelet Leṿinzon-Gilboʻa|author3=Joseph Aviram|title=The New encyclopedia of archaeological excavations in the Holy Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFYOAQAAMAAJ|access-date=2 May 2011|date=January 1993|publisher=Israel Exploration Society & Carta|isbn=978-0-13-276288-5}}

Period II: Cave U: dwellings then tomb.

During the Early Bronze Age, Tell el-Far'ah had ramparts and domestic housing units.Deborah Sebag, The Early Bronze Age Dwellings in the Southern Levant, Bulletin du Centre de recherche français de Jérusalem [En ligne], 16|2005, mis en ligne le 09 octobre 2007, Consulté le 23 mai 2010. URL : http://bcrfj.revues.org/index256.html The earliest pottery oven of its kind was excavated here; it had two chambers that allowed separation between the vessels being fired and the open flame. This type of pottery oven continued to be used in the region until the Roman period. A temple and an olive press were also uncovered. Town planning is clearly evident at the site. The western gate in the town wall was rebuilt several times during this period. The excavations indicate developing urbanization and the presence of new populations. However, the town was abandoned in the middle of the third millennium BCE, and remained so for approximately 600 years.

Period III: Pit dwellings, burials.

At the end of the EB I into the EB II society changes from being village-based to urban-based.{{cite book |title=Transitions During the Early Bronze Age in the Levant: Methodological Problems and Interpretative Perspectives |last=Sala |first=Maura |publisher=Zaphon |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-96327-158-8 |pages=179–196 |editor-last=Adams |editor-first=Matthew J. |chapter=The EB IB–II Transition at Tell el-Far‘ah North: Continuity Versus Discontinuity. A Preliminary Reassessment |editor-last2=Roux |editor-first2=Valentine}} The late EB I represented a period of settlement peak and intensified activity in the Wadi Far'ah and highlands of Samaria with settlements being newly established.

Period IV: fortifications, city gate, dwellings, potter’s kiln.

As hamlets and villages grew into fortified towns, sites like Tell el-Far'ah North had continuity in occupation throughout the EB I/II transition.

In the Early Bronze III, there was a settlement hiatus.

In the Early Bronze IV, there was a settlement hiatus.

In the Middle Bronze I, there is a settlement hiatus.

Period V: In the Middle Bronze Age II, there was a small settlement on the site that used the remnants of the older town walls for protection. In the 1600s the population expanded and a new wall was built, but it enclosed a smaller area than the older city.

In Middle Bronze IIA there were burials only.

In Middle Bronze IIB there was a village and burials.

In Middle Bronze IIC there were fortifications, city gate, cultic installations (underground chamber, massebah?).

The Late Bronze Age remains indicate that there was no major urban development during this period.

Period VI: In Late Bronze II there is a settlement hiatus with no town plan, some tombs.

Period VII: Tell el-Far'ah was an important town in the early Iron Age, the center of a network of villages, one of five such networks that make up the Israelite settlement, starting around 1150/1130 BCE, in the highlands between Jerusalem and the Jezreel Valley. Excavations from the Iron Age levels have produced numerous artifacts, including various figurines, arrowheads, spindle whorls, a model sanctuary, and Four room houses. The figurines include cow heads, cows nursing calves, horses, tambourine players, and figurines that may represent either Astarte or Asherah.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Stratum VIIb is dated by radiocarbon tests to the first half of the 10th century BCE.{{cite journal |title=Nouvelles recherches archéologiques sur l'âge du Fer IIA à Tell el-Far'a, Palestine |journal=Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid |last1=Fenollós |first1=Juan-Luis Montero |issue=1 |volume=47 |pages=11–30 |last2=Francisco |first2=Caramelo |doi=10.15366/cupauam2021.47.1.001 |year=2021 |language=fr |issn=0211-1608 |doi-access=free|hdl=10362/137421 |hdl-access=free }} Excavations from this settlement phase have uncovered residential quarters and streets, public structures like a shrine, Cypriote Black-on-Red vessels, glyptic items and one of the largest ceramic assemblages from among the sites of the Kingdom of Israel during this time. It apparently served as a seat of the early kings of Israel.{{cite journal |title=Comments on the Archaeology and History of Tell el-Far'ah North (Biblical Tirzah) in the Iron IIA |journal=Semitica |url=https://www.academia.edu/37280357 |last=Kleiman |first=Assaf |volume=60 |pages=85–104 |doi=10.2143/SE.60.0.3285031 |year=2018 |issn=2466-6815}}

The town of Tirzah is first mentioned in the Bible in the Book of Joshua, as having had a king whom the Israelites defeated.{{bibleverse||Joshua|12:24|HE}} It is not mentioned again until after the period of the United Monarchy.

During the time of King Jeroboam, Tirzah is mentioned as the place where Abijah, son of Jeroboam, died as a result of illness.{{bibleverse|1|Kings|14:17|HE}} Later Tirzah is described as a capital of the northern kingdom of Israel during the reigns of Baasha, Elah, Zimri and Omri.{{bibleverse|1|Kings|15:33|HE}}, {{bibleverse|1|Kings|16:8|HE}} and {{bibleverse|1|Kings|16:23|HE}}. The royal palace at Tirzah was set on fire by Zimri when he was faced with having to surrender to Omri. Omri reigned from Tirzah for six years after which he moved Israel's capital to Samaria.

Tirzah is mentioned in when Menahem left it to Samaria, assassinated King Shallum and became King of Israel.{{bibleverse|2|Kings|15:14|HE}}

Tirzah is mentioned in Song of Songs, where the lover compares his beloved's beauty to that of Tirzah. If the authorship of Song of Songs can be attributed to Solomon, then this is a reference to the city during the United Monarchy. However, Song of Songs provides no definite historical context to allow it to be dated on that basis.[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et3006.htm Song of Songs 6:4]

Robinson suggested that Talluza might be ancient Tirzah (Latin form: Thersa), one of 31 Canaanite cities which the Bible lists as having been conquered by Joshua; the modern Arabic name being a derivation of the ancient name by way of its Hebrew form, or possibly its original Canaanite form, whereby the r sound was replaced with a l.Robinson and Smith, 1856, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/laterbiblicalre01smitgoog#page/n351/mode/1up 302] -303 French explorer Victor Guérin also argued that Talluza was the site of ancient Thirza.Guerin, 1874, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptionsam01gu#page/365/mode/1up 365-368] ff Biblical researchers, Robinson and Guérin, suggested identifying the town with Talluza.Robinson (1856), p. 303Guérin (1874), p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptionsam01gu#page/366/mode/1up 366]

Later, Conder and Kitchener suggested that Tayasir was a more likely candidate based on its phonemes;Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, 1882, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/216/mode/1up 216], [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/228/mode/1up 228] however, today Tell el-Farah (North), northeast of modern Nablus is generally accepted as the site of Tirzah.

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=2}}
• {{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptionsam01gu|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 1|year=1874|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
• {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1856|url=https://archive.org/details/laterbiblicalre01smitgoog |title=Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852| location=London|publisher=John Murray}}

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Category:Canaanite cities

Category:Archaeological sites in the West Bank

Category:Archaeological sites in Samaria

Category:Torah cities

Category:Bronze Age Asia

Category:Iron Age Asia

Category:Bronze Age sites in Palestine

Category:Iron Age sites in Palestine

Category:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)

Category:Zimri (king)