Samaria (ancient city)

Samaria's biblical name, Šōmrōn (שֹׁמְרוֹן), means "watch" or "watchman" in Hebrew.{{Cite book |last=Tappy |first=Ron E. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004369665 |title=The Archaeology of Israelite Samaria. Volume 1: Early Iron Age through the Ninth Century BCE |date=1992-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-36966-5 |doi=10.1163/9789004369665}} The Hebrew Bible derives the name from the individual (or clan) Shemer ({{langx|he|שמר|translit=|link=no}}), from whom King Omri (ruled 880s–870s BCE) purchased the hill in order to build his new capital city ({{bibleverse|1 Kings|16:24}}).[http://www.forward.com/articles/131482/ "This Side of the River Jordan; On Language"], Forward, Philologos, 22 September 2010.

In earlier cuneiform inscriptions, Samaria is referred to as "Bet Ḥumri" ("the house of Omri"); but in those of Tiglath-Pileser III (ruled 745–727 BCE) and later it is called Samirin, after its Aramaic name,{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |wstitle=Samaria}} Shamerayin.{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Samaria |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |website=www.etymonline.com}} The city of Samaria gave its name to the mountains of Samaria, the central region of the Land of Israel, surrounding the city of Shechem. This usage probably began after the city became Omri's capital, but is first documented only after its conquest by Sargon II of Assyria, who turned the kingdom into the province of Samerina.{{cite book |title=Mercer Dictionary of the Bible |pages=788–789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=samaria |editor1-first=Watson E. |editor1-last=Mills |editor2-first=Roger Aubrey |editor2-last=Bullard |publisher=Mercer University Press |year=1990 | isbn=9780865543737 |quote=Sargon ... named the new province, which included what formerly was Israel, Samerina. Thus the territorial designation is credited to the Assyrians and dated to that time; however, "Samaria" probably long before alteratively designated Israel when Samaria became the capital. |access-date=31 May 2018}}

File:Achav palace 2.jpg, the seventh king of Israel]]

Samaria was situated north-west of Shechem, located close to a major road heading to the Sharon Plain on the coast and on another leading northward through the Jezreel Valley to Phoenicia. This location may be related to Omri's foreign policy. Strategically perched atop a steep hill, the city had a clear and good view of the nearby countryside.{{Cite book |last=Rocca |first=Samuel |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/368020822 |title=The fortifications of ancient Israel and Judah, 1200-586 BC |date=2010 |publisher=Osprey |others=Adam Hook |isbn=978-1-84603-508-1 |location=Oxford |pages=28–29 |oclc=368020822}}

The earliest settlement on the tell was dated to the Early Bronze Age.

The earliest reference to a settlement at this location may be the town of Shemer, or Shamir, which according to the Hebrew Bible was the home of the judge Tola in the 12th century BC ({{bibleverse|Judges|10:1-2|KJV}}).Boling, R.G. (1975). Judges: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. (Anchor Bible, Volume 6a), Page 185

Archaeological evidence suggests a small rural settlement existed in Samaria during Iron Age I (11–10th centuries BCE); remains from this period are several rock-cut installations, several flimsy walls, and typical pottery forms. Stager suggested to identify these remains with biblical Shemer's estate.{{Cite journal |last=Stager |first=Lawrence E. |date=1990 |title=Shemer's Estate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357375 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue=277/278 |pages=93–107 |doi=10.2307/1357375 |jstor=1357375 |s2cid=163576333 |issn=0003-097X|url-access=subscription }}

Remains from the early Iron Age II (IIA) are missing or unidentified; Franklin believes this phase consisted of merely an agricultural estate.{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/880456140 |title=The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-58983-911-3 |pages=65–66; 73; 78; 87–94 |oclc=880456140}}

In the 9th and the 8th centuries BCE, Samaria was the capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel.{{Citation |last=Pummer |first=Reinhard |title=Samaria |date=2019 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah11208.pub2|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History|pages=1–3|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah11208.pub2|isbn=978-1-4443-3838-6|s2cid=241784278|access-date=2021-12-22|url-access=subscription}}

A massive royal acropolis was built on the site during the late Iron Age II, including a casemate wall and a palatial complex considered one of the largest Iron Age structures in the Levant.

According to Israel Finkelstein, the first palace at Samaria, probably built by Omri (884–873 BCE), marked the beginning of the northern Kingdom of Israel's transformation into a more complex kingdom. A later urban transformation of the capital and the kingdom, he believes, was characteristic of the more advanced phase of the Omride dynasty, probably occurring during the reign of Ahab (873–852 BCE). Finkelstein also suggested that the biblical narratives surrounding the northern Israelite kings were composed either in Samaria or Bethel. After the fall of Israel during the 8th century, this information was brought to Judah, and later found its way into the Hebrew Bible.

According to the Hebrew Bible, Omri, the king of the northern kingdom of Israel, purchased the hill from its owner, Shemer, for two talents of silver, and built on its broad summit a city he named Šōmrōn (Shomron; later it became 'Samaria' in Greek), the new city replacing Tirzah as the capital of his kingdom ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|16:24|KJV}}).Omri, king of the northern ten tribes of Israel, built the city and settled his men in the Old City, in accordance with the account relayed in the Hebrew Bible ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|16:24}}). Compare Josephus, Antiquities (Book viii, chapter xii, verse 5) As such it possessed many advantages. Omri resided here during the last six years of his reign ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|16:23|KJV}}).

Omri is thought to have granted the Arameans the right to "make streets in Samaria" as a sign of submission ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|20:34|KJV}}).

It was the only great city of Israel created by the sovereign. All the others had been already consecrated by patriarchal tradition or previous possession. But Samaria was the choice of Omri alone. He, indeed, gave to the city which he had built the name of its former owner, but its especial connection with himself as its founder is proved by the designation which it seems Samaria bears in Assyrian inscriptions, "Beth-Khumri" ("the house or palace of Omri"). (Stanley){{cite EBD|wstitle=Samaria}}

Samaria is frequently the subject of sieges in the biblical account. During the reign of Ahab, it says that Hadadezer of Aram-Damascus attacked it along with thirty-two vassal kings, but was defeated with a great slaughter ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|20:1–21|KJV}}). A year later, he attacked it again, but he was utterly routed once more, and was compelled to surrender to Ahab ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|20:28–34|KJV}}), whose army was no more than "two little flocks of kids" compared to that of Hadadezer ({{Bibleverse|1 Kings|20:27|KJV}}).

According to 2 Kings, Ben Hadad of Aram-Damascus laid siege to Samaria during the reign of Jehoram, but just when success seemed to be within his reach, his forces suddenly broke off the siege, alarmed by a mysterious noise of chariots and horses and a great army, and fled, abandoning their camp and all its contents. The starving inhabitants of the city feasted on the spoils from the camp. As Prophet Elisha had predicted, "a measure of fine flour was sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the gates of Samaria" ({{bibleverse|2|Kings|6-7|KJV}}).

Towards the end of the 8th century BCE, possibly in 722 BCE,{{Cite book |last=Schipper |first=Bernd U. |title=A Concise History of Ancient Israel |date=2021-05-25 |publisher=Penn State University Press |isbn=978-1-64602-029-4 |pages=34–54 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 3 Israel and Judah from 926/925 to the Conquest of Samaria in 722/720 BCE |doi=10.1515/9781646020294-007 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781646020294-007/html}}{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Sebastia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5718/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Pummer |first=Reinhard |date=2019-12-20 |title=Samaria |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah11208.pub2 |journal=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah11208.pub2 |isbn=9781405179355 |s2cid=241784278|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Hennessy |first=J. B. |date=1970-01-01 |title=Excavations at Samaria-Sebaste, 1968 |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/007589170790216981 |journal=Levant |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1179/007589170790216981 |issn=0075-8914|url-access=subscription }} Samaria was captured by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and became an administrative center under Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian rule.

Samaria was destroyed a second time by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE, and again by the Hasmonean king John Hyrcanus in 108 BCE.[http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/sebaste.html Sebaste, Holy Land] Atlas Travel and Tourism Agency.{{better source needed|date=July 2022}}

File:PANO 20170613 125649.jpg at Samaria]]

The city was rebuilt by Herod the Great between the years 30–27 BCE.{{Cite journal|last=Segal|first=Arthur|date=2017|title=Samaria-Sebaste. Portrait of a polis in the Heart of Samaria|url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-119f836b-bb26-464d-9739-4c92bc2cf3fa|journal=Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences)|language=EN|volume=XXX|issue=30|page=409|doi=10.12775/EtudTrav.30.019|issn=2084-6762|doi-access=free}} According to Josephus, Herod rebuilt and expanded the city, bringing in 6,000 new inhabitants, and renamed it Sebastia ({{langx|he|סבסטי}}) in the emperor's honor (translating the Latin epithet augustus to Greek sebastos, "venerable").Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) i.xxi.§2{{better source needed|date=July 2022}}

File:Sabastiya in the 2018 OCHA OpT map Nablus (cropped).jpg as part of Area C, just east of Sebastia, Nablus]]

Samaria was first excavated by the Harvard Expedition, initially directed by Gottlieb Schumacher in 1908 and then by George Andrew Reisner in 1909 and 1910; with the assistance of architect C.S. Fisher and D.G. Lyon.Reisner, G. A.; C.S. Fisher, and D.G. Lyon (1924). Harvard Excavations at Samaria, 1908–1910. (Vol 1: Text [http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/17084.pdf], Vol 2: Plans and Plates [http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/17085.pdf]), Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press

File:Samaria Ostraca House.jpg (1910)]]

Reisner's dig unearthed the Samaria Ostraca, a collection of 102 ostraca written in the Paleo-Hebrew Script.[https://archive.org/stream/jstor-1507545/1507545#page/n1/mode/2up Hebrew Ostraca from Samaria, David G. Lyon, The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan., 1911), pp. 136–143], quote: "The script in which these ostraca are written is the Phoenician, which was widely current in antiquity. It is very different from the so-called square character, in which the existing Hebrew manuscripts of the Bible are written."Noegel, p.396

A second expedition was known as the Joint Expedition, a consortium of 5 institutions directed by John Winter Crowfoot between 1931 and 1935; with the assistance of Kathleen Mary Kenyon, Eliezer Sukenik and G.M. Crowfoot. The leading institutions were the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, the Palestine Exploration Fund, and the Hebrew University.Crowfoot, J. W.; G.M. Crowfoot (1938). Early Ivories from Samaria (Samaria-Sebaste. reports of the work of the Joint expedition in 1931–1933 and of the British expedition in 1935; no. 2). London: Palestine Exploration Fund, {{ISBN|0-9502279-0-0}}Crowfoot, J. W.; K.M. Kenyon and E.L. Sukenik (1942). The Buildings at Samaria (Samaria-Sebaste. Reports of the work of the joint expedition in 1931–1933 and of the British expedition in 1935; no.1). London: Palestine Exploration Fund.Crowfoot, J. W.; K.M. Kenyon and G.M. Crowfoot (1957). The Objects from Samaria (Samaria; Sebaste, reports of the work of the joint expedition in 1931;1933, and of the British expedition in 1935; no.3). London: Palestine Exploration Fund.

A palace regarded as one of the largest Iron Age structures in the Levant was discovered during this excavation.{{Cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |date=2011-11-01 |title=Observations on the Layout of Iron Age Samaria |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |journal=Tel Aviv |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=194–207 |doi=10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |issn=0334-4355 |s2cid=128814117|url-access=subscription }} Archeologists believe it was built during the 9th century BCE by the Omrides. The palace, constructed of massive roughly dressed blocks, is comparable in size and splendor to palaces built at the same period in northern Syria. It was surrounded by official administrative structures on the west and northeast. Six proto-Ionic capitals used as spolia discovered nearby may have originally adorned a monumental gateway to the palace. According to Norma Franklin, there is a possibility that the tombs of Omri and Ahab are located beneath the Iron Age palace.{{Cite journal |last=Franklin |first=Norma |date=2007 |title=Tombs of the Kings of Israel |url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/33/4/7 |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=26–34}} Excavations in the palace uncovered 500 pieces of carved ivory, portraying exotic animals and plants, mythological creatures, and foreign deities, among other things.{{Cite journal |last=Biblical Archaeology Society Staff |date=2017 |title=The Samaria Ivories—Phoenician or Israelite? |url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/the-samaria-ivories-phoenician-or-israelite/#note02 |journal=Strata in Biblical Archaeology Review}} Some scholars identified those with the "palace adorned with ivory" mentioned in the Bible ({{Bibleverse|1 Kings|22:39|KJV}}).{{Cite journal |last=Pienaar |first=D. N. |date=2008-12-01 |title=Symbolism in the Samaria ivories and architecture |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC111399 |journal=Acta Theologica |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=48–68 |hdl=10520/EJC111399}} Some of the ivories are on display at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem and in other locations across the world.

File:Furniture_Inlays,_9th-8th_Century_BC_(43218922881).jpg in the city of Jerusalem]]

In the 1960s, further small scale excavations directed by Fawzi Zayadine were carried out on behalf of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan.Zayadine, F (1966). "Samaria-Sebaste: Clearance and Excavations (October 1965 – June 1967)". Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, vol. 12, pp. 77–80

• Omrides
• Tel Jezreel
• Biblical archeology
• Cities of the ancient Near East
• List of modern names for biblical place names

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite journal |title=Excavations at Samaria |journal=The Harvard Theological Review |date=1908 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=518–519 |doi=10.1017/S001781600000674X |jstor=1507225 |s2cid=193255908 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507225 |issn=0017-8160|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lyon |first1=David G. |title=Hebrew Ostraca from Samaria |journal=The Harvard Theological Review |date=1911 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=136–143 |doi=10.1017/S0017816000006970 |jstor=1507545 |s2cid=163915013 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507545 |issn=0017-8160|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite book |last1=Reisner |first1=George Andrew |last2=Fisher |first2=Clarence Stanley |last3=Lyon |first3=David Gordon |title=Harvard Excavations at Samaria, 1908-1910. Vol. I: Text |date=1924 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge|url=http://www.etana.org/node/746}}
• {{cite book |last1=Reisner |first1=George Andrew |last2=Fisher |first2=Clarence Stanley |last3=Lyon |first3=David Gordon |title=Harvard Excavations at Samaria, 1908-1910. Vol. II: Plans and Plates|date=1924 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge|url=http://www.etana.org/node/747}}
• {{cite book |last1=Crowfoot |first1=J.W. |last2=Crowfoot|first2=G. M. |title=Samaria-Sebaste 2: Early ivories from Samaria |date=1938|publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund |location=London}}
• {{cite book |last1=Sukenik |first1=E.L. |editor1-last=Vincent |editor1-first=L.-H. |title=Mémorial Lagrange: Cinquantenaire del'École Biblique et Archéologique Française de Jérusalem |date=1940 |publisher=Gabalda |location=Paris |pages=59–65 |chapter=Arrangements for the Cult of the Dead in Ugarit and Samaria}}
• {{cite book |last1=Crowfoot |first1=J.W. |last2=Kenyon |first2=K.M. |last3=Sukenik |first3=E.L. |title=Samaria-Sebaste 1: The Buildings at Samaria |date=1942 |publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund |location=London}}
• {{cite book |last1=Crowfoot |first1=J. W |last2=Crowfoot |first2=Grace Mary |last3=Kenyon |first3=Kathleen M. |title=Samaria-Sebaste 3: The objects from Samaria |date=1957 |publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund |location=London |oclc=648989 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/648989 |language=English}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Bach |first1=Robert |title=Zur Siedlungsgeschichte des Talkessels von Samaria |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins|date=1958 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=41–54 |jstor=27930564 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27930564 |issn=0012-1169}}
• {{cite book |last1=Parrot |first1=André |translator-last1=Hooke |translator-first1=S. H. |title=Samaria, the capital of the kingdom of Israel |date=1958 |publisher=SCM Press |location=London}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Tadmor |first1=Hayim |title=The Campaigns of Sargon II of Assur: A Chronological-Historical Study |journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies |date=1958 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–40 |doi=10.2307/1359580 |jstor=1359580 |s2cid=164043881 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1359580 |issn=0022-0256|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=G.E. |title=Israelite Samaria and Iron Age Chronology |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |date=1959 |volume=155 |issue=155 |pages=13–29|doi=10.2307/1355671 |jstor=1355671 |s2cid=164050660 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=G.E. |title=Samaria |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |date=1959 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.2307/3209132 |jstor=3209132 |s2cid=224788149 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/3209132|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hennessy |first1=J.B. |title=Excavations at Samaria-Sebaste, 1968 |journal=Levant |date=1970 |volume=2 |pages=1–21|doi=10.1179/007589170790216981 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Tadmor |first1=Miriam |title=Fragments of an Achaemenid Throne from Samaria |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |date=1974 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=37–43 |jstor=27925437 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925437 |issn=0021-2059}}
• Grayson, A.K. (1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5. New York. pp 69–87.
• {{cite book |last1=Mallowan |first1=M. E. L. |editor1-last=Moorey |editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Parr |editor2-first=P. |title=Archaeology in the Levant |date=1978 |publisher=Aris & Phillips |location=Warminster, England |pages=155–163 |chapter=Samaria and Calah Nimrud: Conjunctions in History and Archaeology}}
• {{cite book |last1=Timm |first1=S. |title=Die Dynastie Omri. Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Israels im 9. Jahrhun- dert vor Christus. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments 124 |date=1982 |location=Göttingen}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Na'aman |first1=Nadav |title=The Historical Background to the Conquest of Samaria (720 BC) |journal=Biblica |date=1990 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=206–225 |jstor=42611103 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611103 |issn=0006-0887}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Stager |first=Lawrence E. |date=1990 |title=Shemer's Estate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357375 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue=277/278 |pages=93–107 |doi=10.2307/1357375 |jstor=1357375 |s2cid=163576333 |issn=0003-097X|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hayes |first1=John H. |last2=Kuan |first2=Jeffrey K. |title=The Final Years of Samaria (730-720 BC) |journal=Biblica |date=1991 |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=153–181 |jstor=42611173 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611173 |issn=0006-0887}}
• {{cite book |last1=Becking |first1=Bob |title=The fall of Samaria: an historical and archaeological study |date=1992 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004096332 |url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/ancientworld/books/brill_awdl000058}}
• Tappy, R. E. (1992). The Archaeology of Israelite Samaria: Vol. I, Early Iron Age through the Ninth Century BCE. Harvard Semitic Studies 44. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.
• {{cite journal |last1=Beach |first1=Eleanor Ferris |title=The Samaria Ivories, Marzeaḥ, and Biblical Text |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |date=1993 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=94–104 |doi=10.2307/3210252 |jstor=3210252 |s2cid=166018412 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210252 |issn=0006-0895|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Albenda |first1=Pauline |title=Some Remarks on the Samaria Ivories and Other Iconographic Resources |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |date=1994 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=60 |doi=10.2307/3210398 |jstor=3210398 |s2cid=187293603 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210398 |issn=0006-0895|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Galil |first1=Gershon |title=The Last Years of the Kingdom of Israel and the Fall of Samaria |journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly |date=1995 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=52–65 |jstor=43722052 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43722052 |issn=0008-7912}}
• {{cite book|last1=Ussishkin |first1=David |chapter=Jezreel, Samaria and Megiddo: Royal Centres of Omri and Ahab|title=Congress Volume, Cambridge 1995: Vetus Testamentum, Supplements 66|date= 1997 |pages=351–364 |isbn=978-90-04-10687-1|doi=10.1163/9789004275904_019}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Eshel |first1=Hanan |title=The Rulers of Samaria during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE / מושלי מדינת שמרין במאות הה'–הד' לפסה"נ |journal=Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה |date=1999 |volume=כו |pages=8–12 |jstor=23629878 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23629878 |issn=0071-108X}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Younger |first1=K. Lawson |title=The Fall of Samaria in Light of Recent Research |journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly |date=1999 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=461–482 |jstor=43723630 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43723630 |issn=0008-7912}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=Omride Architecture |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |date=2000 |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=114–138 |jstor=27931645 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27931645 |issn=0012-1169}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Gerson |first1=Stephen N. |title=Fractional Coins of Judea and Samaria in the Fourth Century BCE |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |date=2001 |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=106–121 |doi=10.2307/3210840 |jstor=3210840 |s2cid=156640795 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210840 |issn=1094-2076|url-access=subscription }}
• Tappy, R. E. (2001). The Archaeology of Israelite Samaria: Vol. II, The Eighth Century BCE. Harvard Semitic Studies 50. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
• {{cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Norma |title=Masons' Marks from the 9th Century BCE Northern Kingdom of Israel. Evidence of the Nascent Carian Alphabet? |journal=Kadmos |date=2001 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=107–116|doi=10.1515/kadm.2001.40.2.97 |s2cid=162295146 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Magness |first1=Jodi |title=The Cults of Isis and Kore at Samaria-Sebaste in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods |journal=The Harvard Theological Review |date=2001 |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=157–177 |doi=10.1017/S0017816001029029 |jstor=3657401 |s2cid=162272677 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657401 |issn=0017-8160}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Norma |title=The Tombs of the Kings of Israel: Two Recently Identified 9th-Century Tombs from Omride Samaria |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins|date=2003 |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |jstor=27931708 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27931708 |issn=0012-1169}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Norma |title=Samria from the bedrock to the Omride palace |journal=Levant |date=2004 |volume=36 |pages=189–202 |doi=10.1179/lev.2004.36.1.189 |s2cid=162217071 |url=https://www.academia.edu/234542}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Ussishkin |first1=David |title=Megiddo and Samaria: A Rejoinder to Norma Franklin |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |date=2007 |volume=348 |issue=348 |pages=49–70 |doi=10.1086/BASOR25067037 |jstor=25067037 |s2cid=163737898 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25067037 |issn=0003-097X|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Mahieu |first1=Bieke |title=The Foundation Year of Samaria-Sebaste and its Chronological Implications|journal=Ancient Society |date=2008 |volume=38 |pages=183–196 |doi=10.2143/AS.38.0.2033275 |jstor=44080267 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44080267 |issn=0066-1619|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Sung Jin |title=A New Historical Reconstruction of the Fall of Samaria |journal=Biblica |date=2012 |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=98–106 |jstor=42615082 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42615082 |issn=0006-0887}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Wetherill |first1=R. |last2=Tappy |first2=Ron. E. |title=The Archaeology of the Ostraca House at Israelite Samaria: Epigraphic Discoveries in Complicated Contexts|journal=The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research |date=2016 |volume=70 |publisher=American Schools of Oriental Research|jstor=26539223 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26539223}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Yezerski |first1=Irit |title=The Iron Age II S-Tombs at Samaria-Sebaste, Rediscovered |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |date=2017 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=183–208 |jstor=26740628 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26740628 |issn=0021-2059}}

{{refend}}

• [https://www.biblewalks.com/samariacity Samaria (city)], biblewalks
• {{Wikisource-inline|list=
• {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Samaria|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Samaria |short=x |noicon=x}}
• {{Cite CE1913 |last=Vailhé |first=S. |wstitle=Samaria|short=x |noicon=x}}

}}

{{authority control}}

Category:Archaeological sites in Samaria

Category:Ruins in Palestine

Category:Populated places established in the 9th century BC

Category:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)

Category:Omrides

Category:Hebrew Bible cities

Category:Roman sites in Palestine

Category:Archaeological sites in the West Bank