Titewhai Harawira
{{Short description|New Zealand Māori activist (1932–2023)}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Titewhai Harawira (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Harawira in 2017
| birth_name = Titewhai Te Hoia Hinewhare
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1932}}
| birth_place = Whakapara, New Zealand
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2023|01|25|90|df=yes}}
| death_place = Avondale, New Zealand
| other_names =
| occupation = Political activist
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| children = 12, including Hone
| spouse = {{Marriage|John Puriri Harawira|1952|1977|end=d.}}
}}
Titewhai Te Hoia Hinewhare Harawira{{efn|Harawira's middle name is given in reliable sources as Te Hoia or Te Huia. This article uses the former, used for example by The New Zealand Herald and Radio New Zealand. The latter is used for example by Stuff. }} (1932 – 25 January 2023) was a New Zealand Māori activist. Born in Whakapara and descended from Ngāpuhi chiefs, Harawira was an outspoken political commentator and a civil rights campaigner beginning with her involvement with activist group Ngā Tamatoa in the 1970s. She became a nationally recognised figure due in part to her role escorting New Zealand prime ministers onto the marae (meeting place) during annual Waitangi Day celebrations.
After her death in January 2023, she was described by Māori development minister Willie Jackson as an important leader in New Zealand during the Māori renaissance. Her activities and style of activism were at times controversial, including when in 1998 she objected to Helen Clark, then the leader of New Zealand's opposition, speaking on the marae, as Māori women were not allowed to do so.
Life and career
=Early life and family=
Harawira was born in 1932 in Whakapara, the eldest of seven children.{{cite news |title=Titewhai Harawira dies, aged 90 |url= https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/483043/titewhai-harawira-dies-aged-90 |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=Radio New Zealand |date=25 January 2023 |language=en-nz}}{{cite news |last1=Welham |first1=Keri |title=Hater, wrecker? |url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/314621909 |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The Press |date=15 May 2004 |page=D1|id={{ProQuest|314621909}} }} She was part of the iwi (tribes) of Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Wai, and descended from Ngāpuhi chiefs Eruera Maihi Patuone and Tāmati Wāka Nene.{{Cite news |last=Day |first=Simon |date=10 February 2013 |title=A tete-a-tete with Titewhai |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/editors-picks/8283238/A-tete-a-tete-with-Titewhai |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=Stuff }} She was raised by her mother's parents, attended Whakapara Native School followed by the Queen Victoria School for Māori Girls,{{cite news |last1=Husband |first1=Dale |title=Titewhai Harawira: We have to fight for everything |url= https://e-tangata.co.nz/korero/titewhai-harawira-we-have-to-fight-for-everything/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=E-Tangata |date=23 September 2017}}{{cite news |url= http://www.stuff.co.nz/archived-stuff-sections/archived-national-sections/korero/763186/Harawira-reflects-on-life-and-love |title=Harawira reflects on life and love |date=31 January 2009 |work=Western Leader |accessdate=27 January 2023 }} and trained as a nurse. In 1952 she married John Puriri Harawira, a Māori warden and taxi driver, and they had twelve children (three through whāngai adoption), including New Zealand politician Hone Harawira.{{cite news |last1=Jacobson |first1=Julie |title=Tapping the mother lode |url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/338273587 |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The Dominion Post |date=11 May 2006 |page=D1|id={{ProQuest|338273587}} }} Shortly after their marriage they moved to Avondale in Auckland.
Harawira and her husband were founding members of Hoani Waititi Marae and she was active in the Māori Women's Welfare League. She later recalled that she would visit the children's schools to ensure their Māori names were being spelled and pronounced correctly: "It was necessary for me to enforce a safety barrier around my children so that they would feel comfortable about being Maori and having a language to be proud of." Her husband died in 1977 when their youngest child was eight years old. After his death, she worked part-time including as a telephone exchange operator.
=1970s to 1990s=
In the 1970s she became one of the leading members of the Māori activist group Ngā Tamatoa. The group presented a petition of over 30,000 signatures to Parliament in 1972. Harawira helped gather signatures,{{cite news |last2=Ruru |first2=Karanama |last1=McConnell |first1=Glenn |title=Moe mai rā, Titewhai Harawira |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/300791568/moe-mai-r-titewhai-harawira |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Stuff |date=24 January 2023}} and has said the petition led to the revitalisation of the Māori language through the Maori Language Act 1987, the development of Māori language immersion schools like kōhanga reo, kura kaupapa and wharekura, Māori Television and iwi radio stations, and wānanga (Māori tertiary education providers).{{cite news |title=Feisty fighter, lovely gran: Titewhai Harawira and nearly 90 years of activism |url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/feisty-fighter-lovely-gran-titewhai-harawira-and-nearly-90-years-of-activism/TRUGJ6J7MGFT7EMWXEJFFT4KVQ/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=25 January 2023}} In later years, she explained:{{cite news |last1=Los'e |first1=Joseph |last2=de Graaf |first2=Peter |title='She didn't bow to anyone': Ngāpuhi matriarch Titewhai Harawira dies aged 90 |url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/she-didnt-bow-to-anyone-ngapuhi-matriarch-titewhai-harawira-dies-agd-90/EBHADSBEKRHCRO3D6MIGKF5K7M/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The Northern Advocate |date=25 January 2023}} {{blockquote|We were determined to rescue our language because we felt and we believed, and we believe today, that a people without its language is a people that die.}}
In the 1974 local elections, she stood unsuccessfully for the Auckland City Council on a Labour Party ticket.{{cite news |title=Declaration of Result of Election | work=The New Zealand Herald |date=23 October 1974 |page=16}} In 1975 following the retirement of Hugh Watt, she was one of twenty-seven candidates who sought Labour Party selection for the Onehunga electorate, but lost to Frank Rogers.{{Cite news |title=Local Contractor Beats Big Names in Onehunga Selection |date=18 August 1975 |work=The New Zealand Herald |page=3 }}
In 1975 she was one of the organisers of the Māori land march, a hikoi (protest march) from Northland to Wellington to protest against the taking of Māori land.{{cite news |title=Maori marchers to 'assault' Parliament |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19750930.2.76 |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=The Press |date=30 September 1975 |page=16}} On arriving at Parliament she led an occupation of the Parliament grounds for two months, against the wishes of the public leader of the march, Whina Cooper.{{cite news |title=Maori protesters gain support |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19751230.2.121 |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=The Press |date=30 December 1975 |page=10}} She also criticised then prime minister Robert Muldoon and his National party government for what she described as their "racist attitudes", particularly towards young Māori.{{cite news |title=National Govt is accused of racist attitudes |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19760113.2.2 |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=The Press |date=13 January 1976 |page=1}} In 1979 she was part of a small group which formed the Waitangi Action Committee to shut down Waitangi Day celebrations until the Treaty of Waitangi was honoured.{{cite book |title=The Urban Context: Ethnicity, Social Networks and Situational Analysis |editor1-first=Alisdair |editor1-last=Rogers |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Vertovec |editor3-first=C. |editor3-last=Panter-Bric |year=1995 |page=83 |isbn=9781859730720 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CzPkRRSydOEC&dq=titewhai+harawira&pg=PA83 |publisher=Berg Publishers}}{{cite news |last1=Webb-Liddall |first1=Alice |title=Five wāhine Māori protestors (who other Māori thought were a pain in the ass) |url= https://thespinoff.co.nz/atea/02-08-2019/five-wahine-maori-protestors-who-other-maori-thought-were-a-pain-in-the-ass |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The Spinoff |date=2 August 2019}} Eva Rickard and Harawira led a hikoi at Waitangi in 1984.{{cite encyclopedia |first=Basil |last=Keane |title=Whina Cooper, Eva Rickard and Titewhai Harawira |access-date=27 January 2023 |encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/35935/whina-cooper-eva-rickard-and-titewhai-harawira}}
In the late 1980s, she established the Whare Paia mental health unit for Māori at Carrington Hospital; in 1989, she was jailed for nine months for assaulting a patient, with four other staff members also convicted, including her daughter and son.{{cite news |url= http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/opinion/columnists/rosemary-mcleod/4667388/The-pity-of-Harawira |title=The pity of Harawira |first=Rosemary |last=McLeod |date=17 February 2011 |work=The Press |access-date=27 January 2023 }}{{cite news |title=Titewhai Harawira: Nana or Bully? |url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/titewhai-harawira-nana-or-bully/4NOMI44CMZM6AQAKTIXFJSOKJU/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=10 February 2013 }} Harawira claimed that the victim had sexually assaulted a staff member; however, the sentencing judge called the attacks "an arrogant and frightening abuse of authority and power", and noted that Harawira should have used her authority to prevent the assault. News website Stuff noted that this incident overshadowed her "lauded work with Māori health initiatives". As a consequence of her conviction, she was unable to stand for election to the Auckland Area Health Board in 1989 as planned, and her nomination to be on the Māori advisory committee to Auckland City Council in 1995 was rejected.{{cite news |last1=Welham |first1=Keri |title=Activist aims for Beehive |url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/314578993 |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The Press |date=12 May 2004 |page=A3|id={{ProQuest|314578993}} }}
In 1990 Harawira went to the Netherlands to ask the Dutch government to take back the name "New Zealand" so that the original Māori name of "Aotearoa" could be used for the country instead.{{cite book|title=The Penguin History of New Zealand|first=Michael|last=King|year=2003|page=100 (p. 108 in the 2011 edition) |isbn=9781459623750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKQP2sw_BVoC&dq=titewhai+harawira&pg=PA108}}
=Waitangi Day role=
For many years, Harawira undertook the informal role of welcoming and accompanying the New Zealand prime minister onto Te Tii marae at Waitangi during celebrations for Waitangi Day.{{cite news |title=Titewhai Harawira wins over escorting PM at Waitangi |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/127203/titewhai-harawira-wins-over-escorting-pm-at-waitangi |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Radio New Zealand |date=4 February 2013 |language=en-nz}}{{cite news |title=Tributes flow as Titewhai Harawira dies aged 90 |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/tributes-flow-titewhai-harawira-dies-aged-90 |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Otago Daily Times |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/key-waits-on-granny-gate/QGOZNKEK7UZJ23HSOSTWCCVMJQ/?c_id=1&objectid=10863714|title=Key waits on 'Granny-gate'|first=Claire|last=Trevett|work=The New Zealand Herald|date=6 February 2013|access-date=27 January 2023}} Ngāti Hine leader Pita Tipene noted that although Harawira had strong political views and was often critical of the government, she was always respectful in this role and "differentiated between politics and people".
In 1998 Harawira publicly objected to Helen Clark, then the leader of the opposition party, speaking on the marae during the pōwhiri (welcoming ceremony). Harawira explained that she objected to a non-Māori woman being given speaking rights when Ngāpuhi women, like those of most iwi, were traditionally prevented from speaking on the marae.{{cite news |last1=Knight |first1=Richard |title=Speaking rights row goes to elders' hui |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/speaking-rights-row-goes-to-elders-hui/7RHU7APET372AFR4X3ON5D3TZU/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The New Zealand Herald |issue=30 June 2000 |language=en-NZ}} Clark was shown on television in tears (later, she said that the tears were "not for myself but for the ruination, yet again, of an event which has so much potential for healing, reconciliation, and taking matters forward").{{cite news |last1=Watkins |first1=Tracy |title=Is it time for John Key to turn his back on Waitangi? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/opinion/76505019/is-it-time-for-john-key-to-turn-his-back-on-waitangi |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Stuff |date=2 February 2016 |language=en}} At the time, Clark observed that other women had spoken at the marae without issue, including then prime minister Jenny Shipley who had spoken the day before. She said she would not celebrate Waitangi Day at Waitangi in the future unless she was treated respectfully.{{Cite news |title=Memorable moments at Waitangi 1998 – Helen Clark in tears |last1=Barlow |first1=Jack |date=3 February 2018 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/the-dominion-post/20180203/282071982345395 |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=The Dominion Post}}
In 2000, after her election as prime minister, Clark attended Waitangi for the celebrations but did not visit Te Tii marae. In May that year, Harawira wrote to Clark apologising for the hurt caused, but noting that she would be "watching what your government does with guarded expectation". She also said that she and Clark had met to discuss the issue, although did not give details.{{Cite news |last1=Hewitson |first1=Michele |title=The taming of Titewhai Harawira |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/the-taming-of-titewhai-harawira/OX5NZIGUE5WYAFRN33XIAGXOCI/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=The New Zealand Herald |date=10 October 2002 |language=en-NZ}} In 2002, Clark returned to Te Tii marae and was escorted by Harawira; Clark agreed it was "time to move on" and that it was important to re-establish a relationship between the government and Ngāpuhi.{{Cite news|title=Clark closes ugly chapter at Waitangi |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/clark-closes-ugly-chapter-at-waitangi/LUYB2W5H6Q4BIVM5FXKIFL7M7Q/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=The New Zealand Herald |date=6 February 2002 |last1=Young |first1=Aubrey |language=en-NZ}} Thereafter, female politicians were not permitted to speak on Te Tii marae until 2014.
In 2013, Te Tii marae's board nominated a different woman to escort prime minister John Key, suggesting that Harawira had "had her turn". In an apparent compromise, however, both women assisted Key onto the marae.
=Later work and activism=
Harawira was on the New Zealand Māori Council for 45 years, and was a talkback host on Radio Waatea.{{cite web |last1=Royal |first1=Te Ahukaramū Charles |title=Radio Waatea |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/ephemera/4275/radio-waatea |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=27 January 2023 |language=en}}{{cite news |title=Titewhai Harawira calls on Turia, Sharples to quit |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/57107/titewhai-harawira-calls-on-turia,-sharples-to-quit |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Radio New Zealand |date=17 September 2010 |language=en-nz}} When the Māori Party was formed in 2004 she considered standing as a candidate for the Te Tai Tokerau electorate, but her son Hone Harawira stood instead. Earlier that year she participated in the hikoi protesting against controversial foreshore and seabed legislation.{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Gordon John |title=On the road again |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/338056071 |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The Dominion Post |date=1 May 2004 |page=WM1|id={{ProQuest|338056071}} }}
In March 2007, together with other senior members of the Ngāpuhi iwi, she commissioned a report into the claims by Ngāpuhi at the Waitangi Tribunal, intended to stand alongside any decision by the Waitangi Tribunal. The report was published in 2012 and found that Ngāpuhi did not sign away its sovereignty and governance to the Crown.{{cite news |title=Ngapuhi role in Treaty examined |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/northland/8076281/Ngapuhi-role-in-Treaty-examined |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=Stuff |date=13 December 2012 |language=en}} She was active in supporting Ngāpuhi's claims at the tribunal throughout its progress, and in January 2023 (shortly before her death) had worked to organise a meeting to discuss a recent tribunal report.
Criticism
Harawira was a polarising figure who was criticised by some political leaders and even sometimes by her own iwi for her style of activism. In 2011, co-leader of the Māori Party, Pita Sharples, said Harawira had turned up to a Māori Party meeting and had yelled and sung over the top of people speaking. Harawira was reported to have called Sharples' co-leader Tariana Turia a "snake" and a "bloody liar".{{cite news |last=Hartevelt |first =John |url= http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/4977722/Sharples-Titewhai-Harawiras-rudeness-uncontrollable |title=Sharples: Titewhai Harawira's rudeness 'uncontrollable' |work=Stuff |date=9 May 2011 |accessdate=29 January 2013}}{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Audrey |title=Harawira pair's abuse sickens Turia |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/harawira-pairs-abuse-sickens-turia/FZVT6WGXP6J2N43N5CZ7VZKLTM/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=9 May 2011 |language=en-NZ}} Following the incident, the board of the Te Tii marae considered banning her from the marae for her behaviour, and a Ngāpuhi elder called her "a bully";{{cite news |last1=Watkins |first1=Tracy |title=Key walks into war at Waitangi |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/ipad-editors-picks/8256595/Key-walks-into-war-at-Waitangi |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Sunday Star-Times |date=3 February 2013 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Tahana |first1=Yvonne |title=Harawira matriarch faces marae ban |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/harawira-matriarch-faces-marae-ban/W54AHVP6XF2FOIYRJA3DHABCRE/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=17 May 2011 |language=en-NZ}} in response, she labelled him a "wimp", who "needs to grow a backbone".
News website Stuff suggested that prime minister John Key had "targeted" Harawira's style of activism in his annual speech on Waitangi Day in 2013, by referring to "headline-seekers" who distract from the real issues facing Māori. In response, Harawira noted the results from Māori activism in the 1970s, and said Māori "get benefits as a Treaty partner because we fight for them". She also observed that she had earned the respect of her own people, if not the Government, by "not compromising".
Death and legacy
Harawira died on 25 January 2023, at age 90. The new prime minister Chris Hipkins, who had succeeded Jacinda Ardern in the office that day, paid tribute to Harawira during one of his first public addresses as prime minister:{{Cite news |last1=Hurihanganui |first1=Te Aniwa |title=Long-time activist Titewhai Harawira dies aged 90 |url= https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/01/25/long-time-activist-titewhai-harawira-dies-aged-90/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |date=25 January 2023 |work=1News}}
{{blockquote|I do want to acknowledge her passing, and I do want to send my condolences and my aroha [love] to her whānau [family]... There will be a lot of Kiwis who didn't agree with Titewhai Harawira, but no one could doubt her passion and her sincerity and her commitment to Māori.}} Hipkins also delivered a reflection written by Ardern:{{cite news |last1=Ruru |first1=Karanama |title=New PM Chris Hipkins pays respects to Titewhai Harawira as tangi begins |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/300792919/new-pm-chris-hipkins-pays-respects-to-titewhai-harawira-as-tangi-begins |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Stuff |date=26 January 2023}}
Each year as I arrived [at Te Tii marae] I hoped that what I had done for the past 12 months was good enough, because I knew if she didn't think so, I would soon be told.
Minister for Māori Development Willie Jackson also paid tribute, praising Harawira's commitment to change, as well as saying that she signified "the essence of the Māori renaissance period" and the period where activists began to promote the Māori language and the promises of the Treaty of Waitangi.{{Cite news|title=Politicians pay their respects to the life of respected kuia Titewhai Harawira |url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/titewhai-harawira-dies-aged-90/X4RETO3XLBDPDCLIOCD6U4IT44/ |last1=Los'e |first1=Joseph |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=24 January 2023 |language=en-NZ}}
Notes
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References
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Category:New Zealand women activists