Toniná

Toniná means house of stone in the Tzeltal language of the local Maya inhabitants, an alternative interpretation is the place where stone sculptures are raised to honour time.Yadeun 2001, p.44. However, this is a modern name and the original name was either Po or Popo, appearing in Classic Maya texts in the title used for the kings of Toniná, k'uhul po' ajaw (Divine Lord of Po).Martin & Grube 2000, p.179. A Maya rebellion in Colonial times, in 1558, featured a group called the po' winikob' (People of Po). Early versions of the Toniná emblem glyph bore a doubled po glyph and the term Popo is also found in Colonial records. Since double sounds were often abbreviated in hieroglyphic texts, Popo may represent the original name of the city.

Toniná is located at an altitude of {{convert|800|to|900|m|ft}} above mean sea level in the Chiapas highlands of southern Mexico, some {{convert|40|mi|km}} south of the contemporary Maya city of Palenque, Toniná's greatest rival throughout its recorded history.Martin & Grube 2000, p.177. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.471. Toniná is separated from Palenque by mountainous terrain and the site core is located along an easily defended ascending limestone ridge immediately to the west of a seasonal tributary of the Río Jataté, one of the two rivers forming the Ocosingo Valley.Martin & Grube 2000, p.181. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.471. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (1).

Image:Toniná 5.jpg

Rulers of Toniná recorded in the Maya script on Toniná monuments include:

The last known recorded date at the site is featured on Monument 101 as 15 January 909 CE.Martin & Grube 2000, p.189.

Toniná had a particularly active Early Classic presence, although the Early Classic remains lie entirely buried under later construction. Due to this, early texts are scarce and only offer a glimpse of the early history of the site. An 8th-century text refers to a king ruling in AD 217, although it only mentions his title, not his name.

Ruler 1 is depicted on a couple of Early Classic monuments, the better preserved of which is an altar that dates to 514. A ruler known as Jaguar Bird Peccary is represented on a 6th-century stela, which describes him acceding to the throne in 568.

The first mention of Toniná in a record from a foreign state is from the site of Chinikiha, located {{convert|72|km|mi}} to the northeast on the Usumacinta River, the text is from a throne and describes the capture of a person from Toniná in 573.

Image:Toniná Stela 1.jpg

Toniná's history comes into focus in the Late Classic, when its historical record is more fully represented by hieroglyphic texts.Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.472-3. In 633 K'inich Hix Chapat is recorded as installing two subordinate lords but little else is known of his reign,Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.473. although he was probably enthroned in 595. The last mention of K'inich Hix Chapat is in a monument dated to 665 that appears to be a memorial stone.

Ruler 2 acceded to the throne of Toniná in 668. His rule is marked by warfare and the frequent depiction of bound captives on his monuments.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.473. Martin & Grube 2000, p.180. Ruler 2 established the use of in-the-round sculptural style that came to typify the stelae of Toniná. A monument dated to 682 depicts three naked prisoners with their arms bound, one of them is identified as a lord from Annak', an as yet unidentified site. His reign may have ended with his defeat and capture by K'inich Kan Balam II of Palenque in September 687, as described in a glyphic text from Temple 17 in the rival city, an event that probably culminated in his sacrifice.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.473. Stuart & Stuart 2008, p.188.

K'inich B'aaknal Chaak was enthroned in 688, twenty years after Ruler 2, and reigned for twenty-seven years. During his reign he restored Toniná's power with a number of military victories over Palenque, and his reign was dominated by the struggle against the rival city for regional power.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.473. Martin & Grube 2000, p.181. Ballcourt 1, the larger of Toniná's two ballcourts, was dedicated in 699 to celebrate three victories over the city's arch-rival. The ballcourt originally had six sculptures of bound captives, all vassals of the enemy Palenque king from the Usumacinta region.Martin & Grube 2000, pp.181-2. The date of the king's death is unknown.

Image:Toniná 6.jpg

Ruler 4 came to power in 708 at a very young age. Three years later, in 711, while Ruler 4 was still a child, Toniná gained an important victory over Palenque. The battle resulted in the capture of Kan Joy Chitam II of Palenque and made Toniná the dominant centre in the lower Usumacinta region.Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.473-4. The victory was so complete that it resulted in a ten-year gap in the dynastic history of the defeated city,Martin & Grube 2000, p.183. during which the captured ruler may have been held hostage.Drew 1999, p.273. Ruler 4 continued in power to celebrate the period endings of 716 and 721. A captive depicted on one of his monuments is identified as being from the distant city of Calakmul, one of the two Maya "superpowers".

Ruler 4 was succeeded by K'inich Ich'aak Chapat in 723. Around 725 Toniná fought a war against Piedras Negras, a city on the north bank of the Usumacinta River, now in Guatemala.Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.422, 424. A series of events during his reign were marked on monuments between 726 and 729 and in 730 he rededicated the tomb of his predecessor K'inich B'aaknal Chaak. The mother of K'inich Ich'aak Chapat is named as Lady Winik Timan K'awiil and his father may well have been K'inich B'aaknal Chaak himself. The reign of K'inich Ich'aak Chapat is notable for the absence of the usual sculptures depicting bound war captives, although the reason for this is unknown.

{{Maya civilization}}

Little is known of the next two rulers, Ruler 6 is named as K'inich Tuun Chapat, he celebrated the period ending of 736 and may have died 762.Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.474-5. A damaged text accompanying the image of a bound captive indicates renewed warfare with Palenque during his reign, however the name of the prisoner is lost and it is unclear if it is the actual king of Palenque or merely one of his vassals.Martin & Grube 2000, p.187.

He was succeeded by Ruler 7, about whom even less is known. Around 764 Toniná defeated Palenque in battle.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.460.

Ruler 7 has been identified as the mysterious Lady K'awil, known from a fragmentary text on an altar disc which records her death in 774.{{cite book|last1=Falcon|first1=Maricela Ayala|editor1-last=Ardren|editor1-first=Tracy|editor1-link=Ancient Maya Women|title=Lady K'awil, Goddess O and Maya Warfare|date=2002|publisher=Rowman Altamira|pages=109–110}}

In 775 a text recorded the death of Lord Wak Chan K'ak', a prince who appears to have been the heir to the throne and who died before he could take power.

Ruler 8 was the last of the successful warrior kings of Toniná.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.476. He celebrated a series of events between 789 and 806, including the defeat of Pomoy in 789, and the capture of the ruler Ucha'an Aj Chih, who appears to have been the vassal of B'olon K'awiil of Calakmul.Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.475-6. Martin & Grube 2000, p.189. In 799 he rededicated the tomb of Ruler 1. Ruler 8 oversaw an extensive remodelling of the upper levels of the Acropolis.Martin & Grube 2000, p.188. Ruler 8 erected a number of sculptures of bound prisoners of war and adopted the title aj b'olon b'aak, "He of Many Captives". However, the lesser extent of Toniná's power is evident from its victory over the site of Sak Tz'i' (White Dog), an important city in the Lacandon region, an area which had once been dominated by Toniná.

By the time of Ruler 8's successor, Uh Chapat, Toniná was clearly in decline. Only a single event, in 837, can be dated to his reign, although a stucco mural depicting captives with garrottes at their throats may belong to his period of rule.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.476. Martin & Grube 2000, p.189.

The history of Toniná continued after most other Classic Maya cities had fallen, perhaps aided by the site's relative isolation. Ruler 10 is associated with a monument dating to 904 in the Terminal Classic and a monument dating to 909 bears the last known Long Count date although the name of the king has not survived. Ceramic fragments indicate that occupation at the site continued for another century or more.

Urns containing cremated remains of Mayan rulers discovered in the Temple of the Sun at Toniná, were found to also contain rubber, coal, and roots - materials that make up the rubber balls used in the mesoamerican ball game - leading archeologists to believe that the Mayans of this period in Toniná memorialized their rulers by incorporating their ashes into the ritual game of ball typical of mesoamerican cultures.National Geographic Mayas

The first published account of the ruins was made by Fray Jacinto Garrido at the end of the 17th century.Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (1). A number of visitors investigated the ruins of Toniná in the 19th century, the first being an expedition led by Guillaume Dupaix in 1808. John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood visited in 1840, and Stephens wrote an extensive description of the site.Kelly 2001, p.358. Eduard Seler and Caecilie Seler-Sachs investigated the monuments at Toniná, publishing their reports at the turn of the 20th century.Kelly 2001, p.359. Karl Sapper visited the site in 1895 and 1896. Frans Blom and Oliver La Farge investigated the site in 1920s for Tulane University, publishing their reports in 1926—1927.

The French Toniná Project began excavations in 1972 which continued through 1975, then resumed in 1979 to 1980, under the direction of Pierre Becquelin and Claude Baudez. The National Institute of Anthropology and History of Mexico (INAH, the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia) began their own excavations at Toniná the following year.

The site is accessible for tourism and has a small museum that was inaugurated on 15 July 2000.Yadeun 2001, pp.48-49.

Image:Toniná 7.jpg

The site was built on a platform covering {{convert|6|ha|sqft}}.Pulido Solís 2001, p.82. The principal architecture is located in the acropolis, which occupies seven south-facing terraces on the northern side of the platform, rising {{convert|71|m|ft}} over the plaza below.Miller 1999, p.43. Kelly 2001, p.355. Pulido Solís 2001, p.82. It has a more distinct geometry than at most Maya sites, with a right-angle relationship between most structures.Miller 1999, p.43.

Much of the public imagery of the site details the ruthless manner in which the city dealt with its enemies. A {{convert|16|by|4|m|ft}} stucco sculpture rising from the fourth to fifth terraces depicts a skeletal death god carrying the severed head of a lord of Palenque in one hand.Miller 1999, p.43. GuideMexico 2010. A frieze on the fifth terrace probably displayed Toniná's most distinguished victims, dozens of fragments of this frieze were discovered in the plaza below. This frieze was carved from the local sandstone but its style is that of Palenque, suggesting that captured artists carried out the work.Miller 1999, p.119.

After the abandonment of the city at the end of the Classic Period, many of the sculptures fell down the steep embankment supporting the seven terraces.Miller 1999, p.118.

Ballcourt 1 (the Sunken Ballcourt) was dedicated in 699 by K'inich B'aaknal Chaak to mark three victories over K'inich Kan Balam II of Palenque.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.473. Martin & Grube 2000, p.176. Sculptures of the torsos of six captured vassals of the Palenque king were used as ballcourt markers. One of these vassals is named as Yax Ahk (Green Turtle), who was the lord of Annay Te', a site that probably lay on the south side of the Usumacinta between Piedras Negras and Yaxchilán.Martin & Grube 2000, pp.180-1.

Ballcourt 2 is the smaller of the two ballcourts and lies in the north of the plaza, at the foot of the Acropolis.Kelly 2001, p.355. Martin & Grube 2000, p.176.

Image:Toniná 12.jpg

The Palace of the Underworld is entered via three step-vaulted arches on the eastern side of the second terrace of the Acropolis.Kelly 2001, p.356.

The Palace of Frets is located on the fourth terrace of the Acropolis.INAH. The south facade of the palace is decorated with four large stepped frets. On the east side of the palace a stairway leads to a decorated throne of stone and stucco. One of the rooms of the palace contains a stucco decoration representing feathered serpents and crossed bones.

The monuments of Toniná tend to be smaller than those at other Maya sites, with most of the stelae measuring less than {{convert|2|m|ft}} tall.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.471. The most important difference from monuments at other Maya sites is that they are carved in the round like statues, often with hieroglyphic text running down the spine.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.471. Miller 1999, p.119. On the fifth terrace, in-the-round sculptures of Toniná's rulers dominated two-dimensional representations of defeated enemies.

The dated monuments at Toniná span the period from AD 495 to 909, covering most of the Classic Period.

Image:Toniná 3.jpg

Monument 3 is broken into various fragments, five of which were recovered from various locations in Ocosingo and Toniná through the course of the 20th century and most of which were reunited in the Toniná site museum. Aside from being broken, the stela is largely complete and only lightly eroded, it is a statue of a ruler with inscriptions describing the accession of K'inich Baaknal Chaak and the promotion to the priesthood of Aj Ch'aaj Naah.Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (2).

Monument 5 was recovered from a school in Ocosingo and moved to the site museum of Toniná. It is a badly eroded life-size human statue with the head missing.Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (3).

Monument 7 is carved from yellow sandstone and has suffered only minor damage. It is a stela base with well-preserved hieroglyphs on all four vertical sides and was dedicated by K'inich Ich'aak Chapat in 728. It is currently in the Museo Regional in Tuxtla Gutiérrez.Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (4).

Monument 8 dates to the reign of Ruler 2. It marks the period ending of 682 and shows the presentation of three war captives.

Monument 12 is a sculpture carved in the round, representing Ruler 2. It dates to AD 672.

Monument 27 is a carved step depicting K'awiil Mo', a lord from Palenque, as an elderly prisoner, bound and lying on his back with his profile positioned in such a way as to be trodden on time and again.Miller 1999, p.162. Stuart & Stuart 2008, p.215.

Monument 99 is an undated fragment that depicts a female captive, which is rare in Maya art.

Monument 101 has the last Long Count date from any Maya monument, it marks the K'atun ending of AD 909.Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.471, 476.

Monument 106 is the earliest securely dated monument at the site, dating to AD 593. It depicts Ruler 1.Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.471-2.

Monument 113 depicts Ruler 2 participating in a scattering ritual.

Monument 114 was dedicated in 794 by Ruler 8. It commemorates the death of an important noble, apparently a relative or vassal of Ruler 8's predecessor Tuun Chapat.

Monument 122 is a low relief sculpture marking the defeat of Palenque by Ruler 4 in 711 and the capture of Kan Joy Chitam II, who is depicted as a bound captive.Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.473, 475.

Monument 141 is a very well preserved hieroglyphic panel carved from fine grained white limestone with almost the whole inscription intact.Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (5). It describes the dedication of a ballcourt by K'inich B'aaknal Chaak.Stuart 2002, p.1.

Monument 154 dates to the reign of K'inich Hix Chapat and records his installing of two subordinate lords in 633.

Monument 158 has a very late date, in AD 904, at the very end of the Classic Period. It was erected during the reign of Ruler 10.

File:Toniná stucco frieze.jpg

The Frieze of the Dream Lords (also known as the Frieze of the Four Suns or Frieze of the Four Eras) was uncovered by archaeologists during excavations in 1992. It is a stucco mural located at the east end of the 5th terrace. It represents a complex supernatural scene divided into four by a feather-covered scaffold from which hang the severed heads of sacrificial victims. Among the scaffold partitions are depicted the wayob (spirit companions) of the Maya elite. The most well-preserved section of the sculpture depicts a skeletal supernatural way named Ak Ok Kimi ("Turtle Foot Death") wearing turtleshells on its feet and carrying a severed head in one hand, interpreted as the way of a lord from the site of Pipa'. The frieze was once brightly painted in red, blue and yellow. This frieze has strong stylistic parallels with mural paintings at the great Early Classic metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico.Martin & Grube 2000, p.185. Stuart 1998, p.394.

Image:Toniná 2.jpg, the supreme god of creation and destruction, in the site museum of Toniná.Espinosa Díaz 2001, p.16.]]

The site museum is located {{convert|300|m|ft}} outside of the Toniná archaeological zone.Yadeun 2001, p.49. It possesses 2 exhibition rooms and a conference room. The first room explains the pyramidal form of the acropolis and how it relates to Maya mythology, while the main room contains sculptures of the city's rulers.Yadeun 2001, p.48.

Artefacts in the collection include stone sculptures, ceramics and artefacts sculpted from bone, shell, obsidian and flint. The pieces in the museum graphically depict the two sides of the power exercised by Toniná, on the one hand with sculptures of the city's rulers and on the other with its depictions of bound prisoners of war.

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File:Tonina 1.jpg

{{Reflist|3}}

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• {{cite web |title=Toniná at the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions |url=http://140.247.102.177/CMHI/site.php?site=Tonina |publisher=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology |access-date=2010-02-23 |author=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (1) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529061119/http://140.247.102.177/CMHI/site.php?site=Tonina |archive-date=2011-05-29 }}
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• {{cite web |title=Toniná Monument 5 at the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions |url=http://140.247.102.177/CMHI/detail.php?num=5&site=Tonina&type=Monument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529061135/http://140.247.102.177/CMHI/detail.php?num=5&site=Tonina&type=Monument |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-29 |publisher=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology |access-date=2010-02-24 |author=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (3) }}
• {{cite web |title=Toniná Monument 7 at the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions |url=http://140.247.102.177/CMHI/detail.php?num=7&site=Tonina&type=Monument# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529061143/http://140.247.102.177/CMHI/detail.php?num=7&site=Tonina&type=Monument |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-29 |publisher=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology |access-date=2010-02-24 |author=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (4) }}
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{{Commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529061119/http://140.247.102.177/CMHI/site.php?site=Tonina#loc Toniná at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions]

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