Tonna galea

File:2-Dolium geant.jpg image of a shell of Tonna galea]]

File:Wenceslas Hollar - Tonna galea.jpg of Tonna galea by Wenceslas Hollar. The image is reversed because of the engraving process.]]

The ventricose shell of adult Tonna galea is very large, with an average height of {{convert|6|in}}.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ekfhub2YU5EC&pg=PA240|title=A Field Guide to Southeastern and Caribbean Seashores: Cape Hatteras to the Gulf Coast, Florida, and the Caribbean|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=1999|last=Kaplan|first=Eugene H.|page=240|isbn=978-0395975169}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpk_EKysBxwC&pg=PA206|title=A Field Guide to Shells: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2001|last=Morris|first=Percy A.|page=206|isbn=978-0618164394}} Specimens of this species have been quoted of the size of a man's head. The shell is thin and inflated, but still relatively solid and durable. The shell is almost diaphanous when young; at that time the transverse ribs of the surface are only indicated by lines of a slightly deeper tint. In terms of its weight however, the thin shell is very much lighter than the shell of most other large sea snails. The aperture of the shell is "distinctly round" and wide.{{cite journal|last1=Bertini|first1=Giovana|last2=Fransozo|first2=Adilson|year=2000|title=Patterns of shell utilization in Petrochirus diogenes (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae) in the Ubatuba Region, São Paulo, Brazil|journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology|volume=20|issue=3|pages=468–473|access-date=January 17, 2014|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1651/0278-0372%282000%29020%5B0468%3APOSUIP%5D2.0.CO%3B2|doi=10.1163/20021975-99990061|doi-access=free}} {{subscription required}}

The conical spire is formed of six convex, very distinct whorls, loaded externally with wide, flat, slightly raised ribs, separated by narrow and superficial furrows. The whorls of the spire are

isolated by a deep channeled suture. The body whorl is rounded and very ventricose. The aperture is large, subovate, colored interiorly with reddish, and marked with transverse ribs corresponding to the furrows without. The outer lip is dilated, undulated, tinged with black, or a deep brown upon the edge. The inner lip is whitish, spread out in a very thin plate upon the belly of the body whorl. The columella is smooth, polished, and forms at the left of the umbilicus a thick rib, marked by transverse striae, which terminates at the emargination of the base. The external surface of this shell is of a uniform reddish fawn color ; nevertheless the ribs are varied with wide spots or irregular brown and white blotches which are very remarkable.[https://archive.org/details/generalspeciesic00kien Kiener (1840). General species and iconography of recent shells : comprising the Massena Museum, the collection of Lamarck, the collection of the Museum of Natural History, and the recent discoveries of travellers; Boston :W.D. Ticknor,1837] (described as Dolium olearium)

The animal is of a clear brownish red, without spots, and its tentacles are encircled, towards the point, with a wide reddish-brown ring. The foot beneath is of a dark violet, with the edge embroidered with deep brown. Tonna galea possess large salivary glands. The structure of these glands was first described and detailed by Heinrich Weber in 1927.{{cite journal|last1=Houbrick|first1=Joseph R.|last2=Fretter|first2=Vera|year=1969|title=Some aspects of the functional anatomy and biology of Cymatium and Bursa |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies|volume=38|issue=5|pages=415–429|access-date=January 17, 2014|url=http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/5/415.full.pdf}} {{subscription required}} Furthermore, the giant tun is also a luminescent species; this is an extremely rare characteristic among the prosobranch gastropods. The animal gives off light that is green-white in colour when it traverses through the water with its foot "well-extended".{{cite journal|last=Haneda|first=Y.|date=April 1958|title=Studies on Luminescence in Marine Snails|journal=Pacific Science|volume=12|issue=2|pages=152–156|access-date=February 14, 2014|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/7903/vol12n2-152-156.pdf?sequence=1|issn=0030-8870}}

This large sea snail is found in the North Atlantic Ocean (specifically the Canary Islands and Madeira), the Mediterranean Sea, the Caribbean Sea, and in the waters off the coast of Angola, Cape Verde and West Africa. The preferred habitat for this species is seabeds that are muddy or sandy with seagrass beds. In the Mediterranean, these snails are typically found at depths ranging from just beneath the surface to {{convert|120|m}}.{{cite journal|last1=Doxa|first1=Chrisa K.|last2=Sterioti|first2=Aspasia|last3=Kentouri|first3=Maroudio|last4=Divanach|first4=Pascal|year=2011|title=Encapsulated development of the marine gastropod Tonna galea (Linnaeus, 1758) in captivity|journal=Journal of Biological Research|volume=16|pages=304–307|access-date=February 13, 2014|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232162893}} {{subscription required}}

Tonna galea has been placed on Annex II of both the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and the Protocol of the Barcelona Convention for Protection against Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea.{{cite web|title=European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist/downloads/European_molluscs.pdf|year=2011|first1=Annabelle|last1=Cuttelod|first2=Mary|last2=Seddon|first3=Eike|last3=Neubert|work=European Commission|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union|access-date=February 13, 2014}} In spite these designations, it continues to be "exploited".

Information on the biology and life history of Tonna galea is scarce, due to the fact that the species has only rarely been studied. It is carnivorous,{{cite journal|last=Morton|first=Brian|year=1969|title=Aspects of Predation by Tonna zonatum (Prosobranchia: Tonnoidea) Feeding On Holothurians in Hong Kong|journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies|volume=57|issue=1|pages=11–19|access-date=February 17, 2014|url=http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/1/11.full.pdf|doi=10.1093/mollus/57.1.11}} {{subscription required}} and utilizes its two proboscises—located on top of its head—to envelop its prey, which primarily consists of sea cucumbers.{{cite encyclopedia|editor-first=L.|editor-last=Scalera-Liaci|encyclopedia=Echinoderm Research 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pcYQGHp5I4C&pg=PA204|title=Holothurians' responses to attack by the tonnid gastropod Tonna galea|publisher=CRC Press|date=June 1, 1992|last1=Toscano|first1=A.|last2=Bentivegna|first2=F.|last3=Cirino|first3=P.|page=204|isbn=9789054100492}} To a lesser extent it also feeds on sea urchins, starfish.{{cite journal|last=Alyakrinskaya|first=I. O.|year=2002|title=Morphofunctional properties of nutrition of certain predatory gastropods|journal=Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences|volume=29|issue=6|pages=589–600|doi=10.1023/A:1021728311595|s2cid=1678597 }} fish, bivalves and crustaceans. As a defense mechanism, the snail will squirt its highly-acidic saliva when disturbed. This contains approximately 2–5% sulfuric acid, which is used to kill its prey. The presence of this acid was recorded by Franz Hermann Troschel in 1854.

This is a list of all the various scientific names that have been applied to this species over time.

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• Buccinum galea Linnaeus, 1758 (original combination)
• Buccinum olearium Linnaeus, 1758
• Cadium galea (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Cadus galea (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Dolium (Dolium) galea (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Dolium (Dolium) galea antillarum (Mörch, 1877)
• Dolium (Dolium) galea var. brasiliana (Mörch, 1877)
• Dolium (Dolium) galea var. epidermata (de Gregorio, 1884)
• Dolium (Dolium) galea var. spirintrorsum (de Gregorio, 1884)
• Dolium (Dolium) galea var. tardina (de Gregorio, 1884)
• Dolium antillarum Mörch, 1877
• Dolium antillarum var. brasiliana Mörch, 1877
• Dolium epidermata de Gregorio, 1884
• Dolium galea (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Dolium galea var. epidermata de Gregorio, 1884
• Dolium galea var. spirintrorsa de Gregorio, 1884
• Dolium galea var. spirintrorsum de Gregorio, 1884
• Dolium galea var. tardina de Gregorio, 1884
• Dolium galeatum Locard, 1886
• † Dolium modjokasriense Martin, 1899
• Dolium tardina de Gregorio, 1884
• Dolium tenue Menke, 1830
• Tonna (Tonna) galea (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Tonna (Tonna) galea brasiliana (Mörch, 1877)
• Tonna (Tonna) galea galea (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Tonna galea abbotti Macsotay & Campos, 2001
• Tonna galea brasiliana (Mörch, 1877)
• Tonna olearium (Linnaeus, 1758)

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{{commons category|Tonna galea}}

{{wikispecies}}

• {{cite journal|last=Penchaszadeh|first=Pablo E.|year=1981|title=A peculiar developmental pattern in Tonna galea (Mollusca, Prosobranchiata) from Venezuela|journal=International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–212|doi=10.1080/01651269.1981.10553429}} {{subscription required}}

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Category:Tonnidae

Category:Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean

Category:Molluscs of the Mediterranean Sea

Category:Gastropods described in 1758

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus