Tontemboan language

Other names and dialect names are: Makela'i-Maotow, Makelai, Matana'i-Maore', Matanai, Pakewa, Kumawangkoan, Tompakewa, Tumompaso, Sonder, and Tountemboan.[http://www.language-archives.org/language/tnt OLAC resources in and about the Tontemboan language]

• /ɣ/ can be heard as [ɡ] in free variation.
• /s/ may also be pronounced as [ʃ] when before front vowels.

• Vowels /e/ and /u/ can have allophones of [ɛ] and [ɯ].{{Cite book |last=Lomban Ticoalu |first=H. Th. |title=Struktur Bahasa Tontemboan |collaboration=et al. |publisher=Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan |year=1984 |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3624/}}

As of 2013, an estimated 100,000 people speak the language, but it is not being passed on to children. It is used in the areas of Sonder, Kawangkoan, Tompaso, Langowan, Tumpaan, Suluun, Amurang, Kumelembuai, Motoling, Tompaso Baru, and Modoinding.{{harvp|Sneddon|1970|page=16}} Documentation of the language assembled by missionaries in the early 20th century is relatively inaccessible to Tontemboan speakers, as it is written in the Dutch language.{{Cite episode |title=When New Yorker Rose Monintja speaks her native tongue, the memories flood back |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2013-10-10/endangered-indonesian-language-looking-comeback-nyc |access-date=2013-10-16 |series=The World |date=2013-10-10 |publisher=Public Radio International |credits=Bruce Wallace (Director) |work=The World}}

In 1907, Firma P.W.M Trap, Leiden, Holland published a Bible in the Tontemboan language. It was edited by Maria Lamberta Adriani-Gunning and Johannis Regar.

{{Reflist}}

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• {{Cite book |last=Schwarz |first=J. A. T. |url=http://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet01schwgoog |title=Tontemboansche Teksten |date=1907a |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |volume=1 |location='s Gravenhage |language=Dutch}}
• {{Cite book |last=Schwarz |first=J. A. T. |url=http://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet02schwgoog |title=Tontemboansche Teksten |date=1907b |publisher=E. J. Brill |volume=2 |location=Leiden |language=Dutch}}
• {{Cite book |last=Schwarz |first=J. A. T. |url=http://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet00schwgoog |title=Tontemboansche Teksten |date=1907c |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |volume=3 |location='s Gravenhage |language=Dutch}}
• {{Cite book |last=Schwarz |first=J. A. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqVEAQAAMAAJ |title=Hoofdstukken uit de Spraakkunst van het Tontemboansch |date=1908a |publisher=Uitg. door Koninklijk Instituut voor de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië [bij] M. Nijhoff |language=Dutch}}
• {{Cite book |last=Schwarz |first=J. A. T. |title=Tontemboansch-Nederlandsch Woordenboek met Nederlandsch-Tontemboansch Register |date=1908b |publisher=E. J. Brill |language=Dutch}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Liao |first=Hsiu-chuan |date=2008 |title=A Typology of First Person Dual Pronouns and Their Reconstructibility in Philippine Languages |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0002 |jstor=20172338 |s2cid=144968420 }}
• {{Cite journal |last=Sneddon |first=J. N. |date=1970 |title=The Languages of Minahasa, North Celebes |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–36 |doi=10.2307/3622930 |jstor=3622930 }}

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• [http://www.language-archives.org/language/tnt OLAC resources in and about the Tontemboan language]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131016141503/http://208.72.3.146/find_a_bible/?Language=tnt Tontemboan Gospel of Mark]
• [http://www.omniglot.com/babel/tontemboan.htm The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11: 1–9)]

{{incubator|tnt}}

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Category:Languages of Sulawesi

Category:Minahasan languages