Transport in Turkey

{{Main|Rail transport in Turkey|History of rail transport in Turkey|High-speed rail in Turkey}}

File:TCDD Network Map 2023.svg

File:Rasimpaşa,_Haydarpaşa_İskelesi,_Haydarpaşa_Gar_Binası_Yanı,_34716_Kadıköy-İstanbul,_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg built in 1909 by the Anatolian Railway (CFOA) as the western terminus of the Baghdad and Hedjaz railways, has become a symbol of Istanbul and Turkey and is famous throughout the Middle East.]]

File:HT80101.jpg (Siemens Velaro TR) has a maximum operating speed of {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:0e1ccf29-d0bf-468e-a9c6-2722aea68261/datasheet-velaro-tr-e.pdf|title=Velaro Turkey: High-Speed Train for TCDD|publisher=Siemens Mobility|access-date=2020-04-16}}{{cite web|url=https://press.siemens.com/global/en/feature/velaro-turkey-high-speed-train|title=Velaro Turkey High-Speed Train|publisher=Siemens Mobility|access-date=2020-04-16}}]]

The TCDD – Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish State Railways) possess 13,919 km of {{RailGauge|sg}} gauge, of which 7,142 km are electrified (2024).https://adminapi.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr/files/pdfs/TCDD-Tasimacilik-2023-istatistikleri.pdf

There are daily regular passenger trains all through the network.Uysal, Onur. [http://railturkey.org/2014/03/05/traveling-by-train-in-turkey/ "Traveling by Train in Turkey"], Rail Turkey, 5 Mar 2014 TCDD has started an investment program of building 5.000 km high-speed lines until 2023. Multiple high speed train routes are running, including: Ankara-Eskişehir-İstanbul, Ankara-Konya and Ankara-Sivas lines.

The freight transportation is mainly organized as block trains for domestic routes, since TCDD discourages under 200 to loads by surcharges.

File:Kayseray.JPG]]

After almost 30 years without any trams, Turkey is experiencing a revival in trams. Established in 1992, the tram system of Istanbul earned the best large-scale tram management award in 2005. Another award-winning tram network belongs to Eskişehir (EsTram) where a modern tram system opened in 2004. Several other cities are planning or constructing tram lines, with modern low-flow trams.

By 2014, there have been 12 cities in Turkey using railroads for transportation.

• Cities with commuter rail systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Sakarya, Gaziantep
• Cities with metro systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Bursa, Adana
• Cities with light rail transit systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Adana, Bursa, Eskişehir, Konya, Antalya, Kayseri, Gaziantep, Samsun, Kocaeli.

• {{flagicon|AZE}} Azerbaijan – via Georgia – under construction
• {{flagicon|ARM}} Armenia – closed (see Kars Gyumri Akhalkalaki railway line)Railway Gazette International – January 2008 p51
• {{flagicon|BUL}} Bulgaria – open – {{RailGauge|sg}}
• {{flagicon|GEO}} Georgia – under reconstruction – break-of-gauge {{RailGauge|sg}}/{{RailGauge|1520mm}}.
• {{flagicon|GRC}} Greece – open – {{RailGauge|sg}} (Note: Passenger services as Express of Friendship/Filia suspended from 13 February 2012 {{Cite web |url=http://www.tcdd.gov.tr/home/detail/?id=233 |title=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507025911/http://www.tcdd.gov.tr/home/detail/?id=233 |url-status=dead }})
• {{flagicon|IRN}} Iran – via Lake Van train ferry – same gauge
• {{flagicon|IRQ}} Iraq – No direct link, traffic routed via Syria – same gauge
• {{flagicon|SYR}} Syria – closed (plans to reopen it is on the agenda{{Cn|date=January 2025}})– {{RailGauge|sg}} (Note: It was suspended after breakout of Syrian Civil War in 29 August 2011)

File:O-3.jpg

File:Osman_Gazi_Köprüsü,_Altınova_ayağından_köprüye_giriş_istikameti.jpg{{See also|Automotive industry in Turkey}}

Road transport is responsible for much air pollution in Turkey and almost a fifth of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions, mainly via diesel. It is one of 3 G20 countries without a fuel efficiency standard.{{cite web | url=https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/how-australia-can-boost-electric-vehicle-supply/ | title=Everything you need to know about how Australia can boost electric vehicle supply | date=10 August 2022 }} {{As of|2020}} there are many old, inefficient, polluting trucks.{{sfnp|Difiglio|Güray|Merdan|2020|p=102}} Retiring old polluting vehicles by forcing all cars and trucks to meet tailpipe emission standards would reduce disease, especially from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.{{sfnp|Difiglio|Güray|Merdan|2020|p=154}} {{As of|2024}}, the country has a roadway network of {{convert|68617|km|mi|abbr=off}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|title=Yol Ağı Bilgileri|publisher=Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109030650/http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|url-status=dead}} The total length of the rail network was {{convert|13919|km|abbr=off}} in 2024, including {{convert|7142|km|mi|abbr=off}} of electrified and {{convert|2251|km|mi|abbr=off}} of high-speed track.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=CIA World Factbook: Turkey|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=29 August 2011}}{{cite web|title=Dünyada Ve Türkıyede Hizli Tren |url=https://hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr/home/detail/?id=6 |website=hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr |access-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705152333/https://hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr/home/detail/?id=6 |archive-date=5 July 2014 }} The Turkish State Railways started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. The Ankara-Konya line became operational in 2011, while the Ankara-Istanbul line entered service in 2014. Opened in 2013, the Marmaray tunnel under the Bosphorus connects the railway and metro lines of Istanbul's European and Asian sides; while the nearby Eurasia Tunnel (2016) provides an undersea road connection for motor vehicles.{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/economy/istanbuls-13bn-eurasia-tunnel-prepares-to-open/709440|title=Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open|publisher=Anadolu Agency|date=19 December 2016}} The Bosphorus Bridge (1973), Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (1988) and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. The Osman Gazi Bridge (2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the Gulf of İzmit. The 1915 Çanakkale Bridge (2022) , connects the European and Asian shores of the Dardanelles strait.

{{As of|2022}} fuel quality and emissions standards are not as good as those in the EU.{{Cite web |title=Türkiye 2022 Report |url=https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/news/turkiye-2022-report-10910 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=EU Delegation to Türkiye |language=en}}

In 2023 the World Bank said the government should plan and subsidize the rollout of public electric car chargers, particularly because so many people live in flats. They said that a subsidy would provide environmental and social benefits. They also said that cities should set an end date for diesel buses.{{cite web | url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/publication/deploying-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-in-turkiye | title=Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Türkiye }}

{{Main|List of highways in Turkey}}File:Motorway Map of Turkey (revised).png

There are three types of intercity roads in Turkey:

– The first is the historical and free road network called State roads (Devlet Yolları) that are completely under the responsibility of the General Directorate of Highways except for urban sections (like the sections falling within the inner part of ring roads of Ankara, Istanbul or İzmir. Even if they mostly possess dual carriageways and interchanges, they also have some traffic lights and intersections.

– The second type of roads are controlled-access highways that are officially named Otoyol. But it isn't uncommon that people in Turkey call them Otoban (referring to Autobahn) as this types of roads entered popular culture by the means of Turks in Germany. They also depend on the General Directorate of Highways except those that are financed with a BOT model.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

– The third type of roads are provincial roads (Il Yolları) are highways of secondary importance linking districts within a province to each other , the provincial center, the districts in the neighboring provinces, the state roads, railway stations, seaports, and airports

• Motorways: Motorway 3.796 km (January 2025){{cite web |title=KGM 2025 Performance Report |url=https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Kurumsal/PerformansProgrami/2025Performans.pdf |website=kgm.gov.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206144445/https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Kurumsal/PerformansProgrami/2025Performans.pdf |page=29 |language=Turkish |date=2023-01-01}}
• Dual carriageways: 29.673 km (January 2025)
• State Highways 30.832 km (January 2025)
• Provincial Roads 33.922 km (January 2025)
• Motorway Projects‐Vision 8.325 km (in 2053){{cite web |title=Bakan Karaismailoğlu: Hedefimiz 2053'e kadar otoyol uzunluğumuzu 8 bin 325 kilometreye ulaştırmak |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/bakan-karaismailoglu-hedefimiz-2053e-kadar-otoyol-uzunlugumuzu-8-bin-325-kilometreye-ulastirmak/2756634 |publisher=aa.com.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209153832/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/bakan-karaismailoglu-hedefimiz-2053e-kadar-otoyol-uzunlugumuzu-8-bin-325-kilometreye-ulastirmak/2756634 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |language=Turkish |date=2022-12-06}}

As of 2023, there are 471 tunnels (total length 665 km){{cite web |title=Tunnel projects |url=https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/TunelProjeleri.aspx |publisher=kgm.gov.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206151546/https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/TunelProjeleri.aspx |archive-date=2023-02-06}} and 9.660 bridges (total length 739 km){{cite web |title=Bridge Projects |url=https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/KopruProjeleri.aspx |publisher=kgm.gov.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206150943/https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/KopruProjeleri.aspx |archive-date=2023-02-06 |language=Turkish}} on the network.

File:AydınBusTerminus_(4).JPG

There are numerous private bus companies providing connections between cities in Turkey.

For local trips to villages there are dolmuşes, small vans that seat about twenty passengers.

As of 2024, number of road vehicles is around 31 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows.https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Motorlu-Kara-Tasitlari-Aralik-2024-53463&dil=1

• Car 16,232,458
• Minibus 522,608
• Bus 213,416
• Small truck 4,703,287
• Truck 1,000,326
• Motorcycle 6,261,927
• Special Purpose vehicle 102,100
• Tractor 2,265,267
• Total: 31,301,389

Sourcehttps://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr

{{Excerpt|Cycling in Turkey}}

Escooter rental is available in some cities,{{Cite web|title=E-scooter company Fenix acquires Palm for $5M, gains entry to Turkish market|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/02/e-scooter-company-fenix-acquires-palm-for-5m-gains-entry-to-turkish-market/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}} and escooters can be used on cycle paths, and on urban roads without cycle paths where the speed limit is below 50 kph.{{Cite web|title=Regulation for use of e-scooter enters into force - Turkey News|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/regulation-for-use-of-e-scooter-enters-into-force-163974|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=16 April 2021 |language=en}}

{{As of|2024|}} over half the registered motor vehicles are cars - about 16.2 million - of which 5.5 million are diesel fueled, 5.2 million LPG, 4,9 million gasoline, 0.4 million Hybrid, and 0.2 million electric.{{Cite web|last=Çoban|first=Hasan Hüseyin|date=23 November 2020|title=A 100% Renewable Energy System: The Case of Turkey In The Year 2050|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1369506|access-date=|website=}}

File:Istanbul_Airport,_Arnavutköy_(P1090186).jpg is the largest airport in Turkey.]]

{{main|Aviation in Turkey}}

In 2013 Turkey had the tenth largest passenger air market in the world with 74,353,297 passengers.World Bank Datebase, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR In 2013 there were 98 airports in Turkey,{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=CIA World Factbook: Turkey|access-date=17 November 2014}} including 22 international airports.{{cite web|url=http://www.studyinturkey.org/en/discover-turkey/first-step-to-turkey/international-airports/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225064653/http://www.studyinturkey.org/en/discover-turkey/first-step-to-turkey/international-airports/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2013 |title=Study in Turkey: International Airports in Turkey |access-date=17 November 2014 }} {{As of|2015}}, Istanbul Atatürk Airport is the 11th busiest airport in the world, serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014, according to Airports Council International.{{cite web |url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |title=Year to date Passenger Traffic |publisher=ACI |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813170044/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |url-status=dead }} The new (third) international airport of Istanbul is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per annum.{{cite web|url=http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/haberler.aspx?HaberID=1451|title=It will be the biggest airport of the world|date=24 January 2013|access-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129004331/http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/haberler.aspx?HaberID=1451|archive-date=29 January 2013|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/istanbuls-new-erdogan-backed-airport-be-named-after-erdogan-264580|title=Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan|website=Newsweek|date=14 August 2014}} Turkish Airlines, flag carrier of Turkey since 1933, was selected by Skytrax as Europe's best airline for five consecutive years in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2012/europe.htm |title=Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe at the 2012 World Airline Awards held at Farnborough Air Show |publisher=Skytrax |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425042957/http://www.worldairlineawards.com/awards_2012/europe.htm |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-airlines-named-best-airline-in-europe-for-fifth-year-in-a-row.aspx?PageID=238&NID=84117&NewsCatID=345|title=Turkish Airlines named best airline in Europe for fifth year in a row – BUSINESS|date=17 June 2015 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2014/europe.htm |title=Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827141123/http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2014/europe.htm |archive-date=27 August 2014 }} With 435 destinations (51 domestic and 384 international) in 126 countries worldwide, Turkish Airlines is the largest carrier in the world by number of countries served {{As of|2016|lc=y}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/flights-tickets/flights-destinations/ |title=Turkish Airlines: International Flight Destinations |publisher=Turkish Airlines |access-date=22 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519093619/http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/flights-tickets/flights-destinations |archive-date=19 May 2016 }}

{{Main|List of airlines of Turkey|List of defunct airlines of Turkey}}

File:Turkish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_TC-LLC_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg, the flag carrier of Turkey]]

{{Main|List of airports in Turkey}}

Total number of Airports in Turkey: 117 (2007)

Airports – with paved runways

total:

88

over 3,047 m:

16

2,438 to 3,047 m:

1,524 to 2,437 m:

19

914 to 1,523 m:

16

under 914 m:

4 (2010)

(Link:{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2017-01-13}})

Airports – with unpaved runways

total:

11

1,524 to 2,437 m:

1

914 to 1,523 m:

6

under 914 m:

4 (2010)

(Link:)

Heliports

20 (2010)

About 1,200 km

Black Sea

• Hopa
• Inebolu
• Samsun
• Trabzon
• Zonguldak

Aegean Sea

• İzmir

Mediterranean Sea

• İskenderun
• Mersin
• Antalya

Sea of Marmara

• Gemlik
• Bandırma
• Istanbul
• İzmit
• Derince

Road traffic is a major source of air pollution in Turkey,{{Cite web|title=Report: Air pollution becoming more lethal in Turkey while scientists struggle to access data|url=https://www.bianet.org/english/environment/228962-report-air-pollution-becoming-more-lethal-in-turkey-while-scientists-struggle-to-access-data|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi}} and Istanbul is one of the few European cities without a low emission zone.{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/management/article/21133727/emerging-practices-in-low-emission-zones-throughout-europe|access-date=2020-11-09|website=www.masstransitmag.com|date=14 April 2020 }}{{Cite thesis |title=Low emission zone study in İstanbul by using MODELS-3/CMAQ framework |url=https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/127639 |publisher=Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü |date=2018-08-06 |degree=masterThesis |language=en |first=Merve |last=Gökgöz Ergül}}

Transport emitted 85 megatonnes of CO₂ in 2018, about one tonne per person and 16 percent of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. Road transport dominated transport emissions with 79 megatonnes, including agricultural vehicles.{{Cite web|title=Turkey. 2020 National Inventory Report (NIR)|url=https://unfccc.int/documents/223580|access-date=2020-11-09|website=unfccc.int}}

{{Portal|Railways}}

• Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey
• Public transport in Istanbul
• List of highways in Turkey
• Turkish State Highway System
• List of otoyol routes in Turkey
• Otoyol
• List of countries by vehicles per capita Turkey "total number of vehicles" 16th, Turkey "vehicles per capita" 66th

• {{Cite report

|title=Turkey Energy Outlook

|first1=Prof. Carmine

|last1=Difiglio

|first2=Bora Şekip

|last2=Güray

|first3=Ersin

|last3=Merdan

|publisher=Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC)

|url=https://iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/teo

|date=November 2020

|website=iicec.sabanciuniv.edu

|isbn=978-605-70031-9-5

}}

• {{Cite report

|title=Bisiklet Yolları Klavuzu

|trans-title=Bicycle Path Guidelines

|url=https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/meslekihizmetler/haberler/b-s-klet-yollari-kilavuzu-23.12.2019-20191223102511.pdf

|date=December 2019

|publisher = Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)

|language=tr

}}

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Transport in Turkey}}

{{Local transport in Turkey}}

{{Asia topic|Transport in}}

{{Transportation in Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Turkey}}