Transportation in Canada#Air transport

The standard history covers the French regime, fur traders, the canals, and early roads, and gives extensive attention to the railways.G.P. de T. Glazebrook, A history of transportation in Canada (1938; reprinted 1969)

Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs.

Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay.[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/ Virtual Vault], an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada

In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately {{convert|8|to|15|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite web | last =Rodrigue | first = Dr. Jean-Paul | title = Historical Geography of Transportation - Part I | work = Dept. of Economics & Geography | publisher = Hofstra University | date = 1998–2008 | url =http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/ch1c3_1en.html | access-date = January 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080112113050/http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/ch1c3_1en.html |archive-date = January 12, 2008}}

Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}}. Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. Railways also connected city centres, in such a way that the traveller went by sleeper, railway hotel, to the cities. Crossing the country by train took four or five days, as it still does by car. People generally lived within {{convert|5|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the downtown core thus the train could be used for inter-city travel and the tram for commuting.

The advent of controlled-access highways in Canada established ribbon development, truck stops, and industrial corridors along throughways.

{{Blockquote|Different parts of the country are shut off from each other by Cabot Strait, the Strait of Belle Isle, by areas of rough, rocky forest terrain, such as the region lying between New Brunswick and Quebec, the areas north of Lakes Huron and Superior, dividing the industrial region of Ontario and Quebec from the agricultural areas of the prairies, and the barriers interposed by the mountains of British Columbia|The Canada Year Book 1956{{Cite journal |last=Howe |first=C.D. |author-link=C. D. Howe |journal=Canada Year Book – Information Services Division – Dominion Bureau of Statistics | title=The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress |place=Ottawa, Ontario |publisher=Kings Printer and Controller of Stationery |year=1956 |pages=713 to 791}}}}

The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight-rates.

{{See also|Roads in Canada|Numbered highways in Canada}}

Image:Transca chwk.jpg

There is a total of {{convert|1042300|km|abbr=on}} of roads in Canada, of which {{convert|415600|km|abbr=on}} are paved, including {{convert|17000|km|abbr=on}} of expressways (the third-longest collection in the world, behind the Interstate Highway System of the United States and China's National Trunk Highway System). As of 2008, {{convert|626700|km|abbr=on}} were unpaved.{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Canada|access-date=January 13, 2011 }} There are no regulations at a federal level that regulate Canada's road infrastructure, highway system, or traffic safety laws; it is left to the individual provinces and territories to regulate these elements. Regulations on a provincial level include Ontario's Highway Traffic Act,{{Cite web | url = https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h08 | title = Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8 | publisher = King's Printer of Ontario | date = July 1, 2024 | access-date = August 16, 2024}} Alberta's Traffic Safety Act,{{Cite book | url = https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/t06.pdf | title = Traffic Safety Act | publisher = Alberta King's Printer | date = May 16, 2024 | access-date = August 16, 2024}} and British Columbia's Motor Vehicle Act,{{cite web | url = https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96318_00 | title = Table of Contents - Motor Vehicle Act | publisher = King's Printer for British Columbia | date = August 4, 2024 | access-date = August 16, 2024}} for example. The only regulation at a federal level that relates to motor vehicles is the Motor Vehicle Safety Act, which deals with the manufacturing and importing of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment within the country.{{cite web | url = https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/M-10.01/FullText.html | title = Motor Vehicle Safety Act | website = Justice Laws Website | publisher = Government of Canada | date = June 19, 2024 | access-date = August 16, 2024}}

In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under {{convert|4.5|t|lk=on}}, 2.4% were vehicles between {{convert|4.5|and|15|t}} and 1.6% were {{convert|15|t}} or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5- to 15-tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle-kilometres were intra-province trips, 4.9% were inter-province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle-kilometres were intra-province trips, 20% inter-province trips, 13.8% Canada-US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada.{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/53-223-x/53-223-x2009000-eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820013415/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/53-223-x/53-223-x2009000-eng.pdf |archive-date=August 20, 2012 |url-status=live |title=Canadian Vehicle Survey: Annual |publisher=Statistics Canada |year=2009 |access-date=January 13, 2011}}

Image:Ambassador bridge evening.jpg between Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan has a quarter of US-Canada trade cross over it.]]

Canada's vehicles consumed a total of {{convert|31.4|e6m3|Moilbbl|lk=out}} of gasoline and {{convert|9.91|e6m3|Moilbbl}} of diesel. Trucking generated 35% of the total GDP from transport, compared to 25% for rail, water and air combined (the remainder being generated by the industry's transit, pipeline, scenic and support activities). Hence roads are the dominant means of passenger and freight transport in Canada.

Roads and highways were managed by provincial and municipal authorities until construction of the Northwest Highway System (the Alaska Highway) and the Trans-Canada Highway project initiation. The Alaska Highway of 1942 was constructed during World War II for military purposes connecting Fort St. John, British Columbia with Fairbanks, Alaska. The transcontinental highway, a joint national and provincial expenditure, was begun in 1949 under the initiation of the Trans Canada Highway Act on December 10, 1949. The {{convert|7821|km|adj=on}} highway was completed in 1962 at a total expenditure of $1.4 billion.{{Cite journal | last = Coneghan | first =Daria | title =Trans-Canada Highway | work =The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | publisher =Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina | year =2006 | url =http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/trans-canada_highway.html | access-date =December 29, 2007 }}

Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations.{{cite web|url=http://www.cta-otc.gc.ca/contact/regional_e.html |title=Regional Enforcement Officers |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Canadian Transportation Agency |publisher=Canadian Transportation Agency}}{{cite web|url=http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2004/09/21/c2149.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |title=Enforcement blitz improves road safety |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Ministry of Transportation |publisher=Canada NewsWire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215145409/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2004/09/21/c2149.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |archive-date=December 15, 2005 }} The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well.

The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers.{{cite web|url=http://www.iraptranstats.net/ca |title=Transport in Canada |access-date=October 6, 2008 |work=International Transport Statistics Database |publisher=iRAP}}

{{Further|Category:Airports in Canada|Category:Lists of airports in Canada}}

Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz).[http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/ccarcs/aspscripts/en/quicksearch.asp Transport Canada listing of aircraft owned by Air Canada and Air Canada Jazz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718042755/http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/ccarcs/aspscripts/en/quicksearch.asp |date=July 18, 2011 }} (enter Air Canada (226 aircraft), Jazz Air LP (137 aircraft), Canadian Helicopters or Westjet in the box titled "Owner Name") CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft and WestJet, a low-cost carrier formed in 1996, is third with 100 aircraft. Canada's airline industry saw significant change following the signing of the US-Canada open skies agreement in 1995, when the marketplace became less regulated and more competitive.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.ca/english/preview/87-003-XIE/P0039987-003-XIE.pdf |title=Travelog - Volume 18, Number 3|access-date=March 27, 2008 |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409105657/http://www.statcan.ca/english/preview/87-003-XIE/P0039987-003-XIE.pdf |archive-date = April 9, 2008}}

According to a 2016 report, Canada's air transportation was the most expensive for consumers globally;{{Cite web |title=International flights from Canada are the most expensive in the world: report {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2931748/international-flights-from-canada-are-the-most-expensive-in-the-world-report/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Global News |language=en-US}} however, this was prior to the emergence of ultra-low-cost carriers such as Flair Airlines.{{Cite web |title=Flair Airlines is now Canada’s lone low-cost carrier. Can it rise to the moment? {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10387928/flair-airlines-lynx-air-low-cost-airlines/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}

The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers.{{cite web |url=http://www.cta-otc.gc.ca/air-aerien/enforce/index_e.html |title=Enforcement |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Canadian Transportation Agency |publisher=Canadian Transportation Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922160215/http://www.cta-otc.gc.ca/air-aerien/enforce/index_e.html |archive-date=September 22, 2007}} The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted{{cite web| title = National Airports Policy| url = http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/Airports/policy/menu.htm| access-date = January 18, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071121072354/http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/Airports/policy/menu.htm| archive-date = November 21, 2007| url-status = dead}}

{{Further|National Airports System|List of the busiest airports in Canada|List of airports in Canada}}

Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases,{{CFS}} 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/airports/status/menu.htm |title=Airport Divestiture Status Report |publisher=Tc.gc.ca |date=January 12, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2011}} (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers.{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/airports-policy-nationallist-303.htm |title=Airports in the national airports category (Appendix A) |publisher=Tc.gc.ca |date=December 16, 2010 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607171304/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/airports-policy-nationallist-303.htm |archive-date=June 7, 2011}} The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities).

Below is a table of Canada's ten biggest airports by passenger traffic in 2019.

Image:Toronto-pearson aerial.JPG

File:Vancouver_International_Airport_Aerial.JPG

Image:Eastbound over SCB.jpg]]{{See also|Canadian National Railway|Canadian Pacific Railway|Via Rail}}

{{Further|Rail transport in Canada|History of rail transport in Canada}}

In 2007, Canada had a total of {{convert|72212|km|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad47a.htm |title=Rail transportation, length of track operated for freight and passenger transportation, by province and territory |access-date=March 13, 2009 |author=Statistics Canada |work=statcan.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004214148/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad47a.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2008 }} of freight and passenger railway, of which {{convert|31|km|abbr=on}} is electrified.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} While intercity passenger transportation by rail is now very limited, freight transport by rail remains common. Total revenues of rail services in 2006 was $10.4 billion, of which only 2.8% was from passenger services. In a year are usually earned about $11 billion, of which 3.2% is from passengers and the rest from freight. The Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Kansas City are Canada's two major freight railway companies, each having operations throughout North America. In 2007, 357 billion tonne-kilometres of freight were transported by rail, and 4.33 million passengers travelled 1.44 billion passenger-kilometres (an almost negligible amount compared to the 491 billion passenger-kilometres made in light road vehicles). 34,281 people were employed by the rail industry in the same year.{{cite web | title = Railway carriers, operating statistics | publisher = Statistics Canada | url = http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad46a.htm | access-date = March 26, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080223200711/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad46a.htm |archive-date = February 23, 2008}}

Nationwide passenger services are provided by the federal crown corporation Via Rail. VIA Rail has faced criticism for frequent delays, and low speeds compared to peer countries and historical train travel times, such as the records set by the TurboTrain during the 1970s.{{Cite web |last=D'Cunha |first=Patricia |date=2024-01-12 |title=Why are Canada's passenger trains so slow? |url=https://thebigstorypodcast.ca/2024/01/12/why-are-canadas-passenger-trains-so-slow/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=CityNews Toronto}}

Three Canadian cities have commuter rail services: in the Montreal area by Exo, in the Toronto area by GO Transit, and in the Vancouver area by West Coast Express. Smaller railways such as Ontario Northland, Rocky Mountaineer, and Algoma Central also run passenger trains to remote rural areas.

In Canada railways are served by standard gauge, {{RailGauge|ussg}}, rails. See also track gauge in Canada.

Canada has railway links with the lower 48 US States, but no connection with Alaska, although a line has been proposed.{{cite web |url=http://www.alaskacanadarail.org |title=AlaskaCanadaRail.org |publisher=AlaskaCanadaRail.org |date=July 1, 2005 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104414/http://www.alaskacanadarail.org/ |archive-date=January 17, 2013}} There are no other international rail connections.

Image:PortOVan.jpg, Canada's busiest port]]

{{See also|Category:Water transport in Canada}}

In 2005, {{convert|139.2|e6t|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} of cargo was loaded and unloaded at Canadian ports.{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad51a.htm |title=Domestic and international cargo, tonnage loaded and unloaded by water transport, by province and territory. |access-date=April 4, 2008 |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080329204334/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad51a.htm |archive-date = March 29, 2008}} The Port of Vancouver is the busiest port in Canada, moving {{convert|68|e6t|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} or 15% of Canada's total in domestic and international shipping in 2003.{{cite web|url=http://www41.statcan.ca/2006/4006/ceb4006_001_e.htm |title=Vancouver: Canada's busiest port |access-date=April 9, 2008 |author=Statistics Canada |publisher=Statistics Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706203734/http://www41.statcan.ca/2006/4006/ceb4006_001_e.htm |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}

Transport Canada oversees most of the regulatory functions related to marine registration,{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/CES/Small-Commercial-Vessels/SVMIP-upto15.htm |title=Small Vessel Monitoring & Inspection Program |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070913212748/http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/CES/Small-Commercial-Vessels/SVMIP-upto15.htm |archive-date = September 13, 2007}} safety of large vessel,{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/oep/inspection/psc/menu.htm |title=Port State Control |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014024149/http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/oep/inspection/psc/menu.htm |archive-date=October 14, 2007 |url-status=dead }} and port pilotage duties.{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/mpsp/menu.htm |title=Marine Personnel Standards and Pilotage |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada}} Many of Canada's port facilities are in the process of being divested from federal responsibility to other agencies or municipalities.{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/Programs/Ports/menu.htm |title=Airport and Port Programs |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111084507/http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/ports/menu.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |url-status=dead }}

Inland waterways comprise {{convert|3000|km|abbr=on}}, including the St. Lawrence Seaway. Transport Canada enforces acts and regulations governing water transportation and safety.{{cite web | title = Marine Acts and Regulations | work = Transport Canada | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/marine/menu.htm | access-date = January 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080115201221/http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/marine/menu.htm |archive-date = January 15, 2008}}

File:Spirit of vi 3.jpg from the Swartz Bay ferry terminal]]

{{See also|Category:Ferries of Canada}}

• Passenger ferry service
• Vancouver Island and surrounding islands and peninsulas to the British Columbia mainland{{Cite web|title=Discover Our Routes {{!}} BC Ferries|url=https://www.bcferries.com/routes-fares/discover-route-map|access-date=August 19, 2021|website=www.bcferries.com|language=en}}
• Several Sunshine Coast communities to the British Columbia mainland and to Alaska
• Internationally to St. Pierre and Miquelon
• Automobile ferry service
• Nova Scotia to Newfoundland and Labrador
• Quebec to Newfoundland across the Strait of Belle Isle
• Labrador to Newfoundland
• Chandler to the Magdalen Islands, Quebec
• Prince Edward Island to the Magdalen Islands, Quebec
• Prince Edward Island to Nova Scotia
• Digby, Nova Scotia, to Saint John, New Brunswick

Image:Welland Canal Lock 1 Port Weller 1.jpg

{{See also|List of canals of Canada}}

The main route canals of Canada are those of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. The others are subsidiary canals.

• St. Lawrence Seaway
• Welland Canal
• Soo Locks
• Trent-Severn Waterway
• Rideau Canal

{{See also|Category:Port settlements in Canada}}

The National Harbours Board administered Halifax, Saint John, Chicoutimi, Trois-Rivières, Churchill, and Vancouver until 1983. At one time, over 300 harbours across Canada were supervised by the Department of Transport. A program of divestiture was implemented around the turn of the millennium, and as of 2014, 493 of the 549 sites identified for divestiture in 1995 have been sold or otherwise transferred,{{cite web|url=http://actionplan.gc.ca/en/initiative/strengthening-canadas-port-system|website=actionplan.gc.ca|title=actionplan.gc.ca: "Strengthening Canada's Port System|access-date=2021-01-11}} as indicated by a DoT list.[http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/ports-deproclamationnotice2%281%29-1111.htm tc.gc.ca: "Deproclamation Notice Subsection 2(1)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815161623/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/ports-deproclamationnotice2%281%29-1111.htm |date=August 15, 2016 }} The government maintains an active divestiture programme,{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/ports-menu-1127.htm|website=tc.gc.ca|title=tc.gc.ca: "Port Programs|access-date=January 11, 2021}} and after divestiture Transport Canada oversees only 17 Canada Port Authorities for the 17 largest shipping ports.{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/ports/index.htm|title=Ports|publisher=Transport Canada|access-date=February 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303202248/http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/ports/index.htm|archive-date=March 3, 2009|url-status=dead}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303202248/http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/ports/index.htm tc.gc.ca: "Ports"], archive.org March 3, 2009

{{col-begin}}

{{col-break}}

• Victoria, British Columbia
• Vancouver, British Columbia
• Prince Rupert, British Columbia

• Halifax, Nova Scotia
• Saint John, New Brunswick
• St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
• Sept-Îles, Quebec
• Sydney, Nova Scotia
• Botwood, Newfoundland and Labrador

{{col-break}}

• Churchill, Manitoba

Image:Churchill Seaport 1996-08-12.jpg Seaport]]

• Bécancour, Quebec
• Hamilton, Ontario
• Montreal, Quebec
• Quebec City, Quebec
• Trois-Rivières, Quebec
• Thunder Bay, Ontario
• Toronto, Ontario
• Windsor, Ontario

{{col-end}}

{{Further|Canadian Merchant Navy}}

Canada's merchant marine comprised a total of 173 ships ({{GT|1000|metric|disp=long}} or over) {{GT|2,129,243|metric}} or {{DWT|716,340|metric|disp=long}} at the end of 2007.

Image:TransCanada pipeline.png{{See also|Category:Natural gas pipelines in Canada|Lakehead Pipeline|TransCanada pipeline}}

Pipelines are part of the energy extraction and transportation network of Canada and are used to transport natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, synthetic crude and other petroleum based products. Canada has {{convert|23564|km|abbr=on}} of pipeline for transportation of crude and refined oil, and {{convert|74980|km|abbr=on}} for liquefied petroleum gas.

{{main|Public transport in Canada}}

Image:NorthAmericanPublicTransport.png

File:McGillMetro-RushHour.JPG's McGill station during rush hour]]

Most Canadian cities have public transport, if only a bus system. Three Canadian cities have rapid transit systems, four have light rail systems, and three have commuter rail systems (see below). In 2016, 12.4% of Canadians used public transportation to get to work. This compares to 79.5% that got to work using a car (67.4% driving alone, 12.1% as part of a carpool), 5.5% that walked and 1.4% that rode a bike.{{cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171129/dq171129c-eng.htm|title=Journey to work: Key results from the 2016 Census|date=November 29, 2017|publisher=Statistics Canada}}

Government organizations across Canada owned 17,852 buses of various types in 2016. Organizations in Ontario (38.8%) and Quebec (21.9%) accounted for just over three-fifths of the country's total bus fleet. Urban municipalities owned more than 85% of all buses.[https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181127/dq181127c-eng.htm]

in 2016, diesel buses were the leading bus type in Canada (65.9%), followed by bio-diesel (18.1%) and hybrid (9.4%) buses. Electric, natural gas and other buses collectively accounted for the remaining 6.6%.[https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181127/dq181127c-eng.htm]

{{Main|Rapid transit in Canada}}

There are three rapid transit systems operating in Canada: the Montreal Metro, the Toronto subway, and the Vancouver SkyTrain.

There is also an airport circulator, the Link Train, at Toronto Pearson International Airport. It operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and is wheelchair-accessible. It is free of cost.

{{Main|Light rail in Canada}}

There are light rail systems in four cities – the Calgary CTrain, the Edmonton LRT, the Ottawa O-Train, and Waterloo Region's Ion – while Toronto has an extensive streetcar system.

The 2016 Canada's Core Public Infrastructure Survey from Statistics Canada found that all of Canada's 247 streetcars were owned by the City of Toronto. The vast majority (87.9%) of these streetcars were purchased from 1970 to 1999, while 12.1% were purchased in 2016. Reflecting the age of the streetcars, 88.0% were reported to be in very poor condition, while 12.0% were reported to be in good condition.[https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181127/dq181127c-eng.htm]

Commuter trains serve the cities and surrounding areas of Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver:

{{Portal|Canada}}

{{Commons category|Transport in Canada}}

• Royal Commission on Railways
• The Romance of Transportation in Canada, a National Film Board of Canada animated short
• Taxicabs of Canada
• Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada

{{Reflist}}

• Brown, Ron. Rails Across the Prairies: The Railway Heritage of Canada's Prairie Provinces (Dundurn, 2012)
• Currie, Archibald William. Economics of Canadian transportation (U of Toronto Press, 1954.)
• Daniels, Rudolph L. Trains across the continent: North American railroad history (Indiana University Press, 2000)
• Glazebrook, G.P. de T. A history of transportation in Canada (1938; reprinted 1969), The standard scholarly history
• McCalla, Robert J. Water Transportation in Canada (1994)
• McIlwraith, Thomas F. "Transportation in Old Ontario." American Review of Canadian Studies 14.2 (1984): 177–192.
• Pigott, Peter. Canada: The History (2014); Pigott has numerous books on aviation in Canada
• Schreiner, John. Transportation: The evolution of Canada's networks (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1972)
• Stagg, Ronald. The Golden Dream: A History of the St. Lawrence Seaway (Dundurn, 2010)
• Willoughby, William R. The St. Lawrence waterway: a study in politics and diplomacy (University of Wisconsin Press, 1961)

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150503235850/http://www.transportationindustry.ca/ Directory of Canada Transportation Companies] www.transportationindustry.ca
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050359/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Transportation+and+Maps&PHPSESSID=4nel0brdl9jig2875u4atpbmc4 "Transportation and Maps" in Virtual Vault], an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada
• [http://nats.sct.gob.mx/ North American transportation statistics]

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