Valenciennes

Valenciennes is first mentioned in 693 in a legal document written by Clovis II (Valentiana).{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In the 843 Treaty of Verdun, it was made a neutral city between Neustria and the Austrasia. Later in the 9th century the region was overrun by the Normans, and in 881 the town passed to them.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In 923, it passed to the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia dependent on the Holy Roman Empire. Once the Empire of the Franks was established, the city began to develop, though the archaeological record has still not revealed all it has to reveal about this period.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

In 1008, a terrible famine brought the Plague. According to the local tradition, the Virgin Mary held a cordon around the city which, miraculously, has since protected its people from the disease.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Since then, every year at that time, the Valenciennois used to walk around the {{cvt|14|km|0|abbr=off}} road round the town, in what is called the tour of the Holy Cordon.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 1259, Valenciennes was the site of a General Chapter of the Dominican Order at which Thomas Aquinas together with masters Bonushomo Britto,{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIYNAAAAQAAJ&dq=bonushomo&pg=PA103 |title=Histoire littéraire de la France: XIIIe siècle |date=1838 |publisher=Chez Osmont, à l'Olivier, Huart l'aîné, a la Justice, Clousier, à l'Ecu de France, Hourdel, David le jeune, à l'Esperance, Chaubert, à la Renommée & Gissey |language=fr}} Florentius,Probably Florentius de Hidinio, aka Florentius Gallicus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LIYNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA103 Histoire littéraire de la France: XIIIe siècle], Volume 19, p. 104, Accessed October 27, 2012 Albert, and Peter took part in establishing a ratio studiorum or program of studies for the Dominican Order[https://books.google.com/books?id=pf4hAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA701 Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics], Volume 10, p. 701. Accessed 9 June 2011 that featured the study of philosophy as an innovation for those not sufficiently trained to study theology. This innovation initiated the tradition of Dominican scholastic philosophy put into practice, for example, in 1265 at the Order's studium provinciale at the convent of Santa Sabina in Rome, out of which would develop the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.[http://www.domcentral.org/study/opstudy.htm "The Place of Study In the Ideal of St. Dominic"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229185458/http://www.domcentral.org/study/opstudy.htm |date=2010-12-29 }}, J. A. Weisheipl, O.P. (1923–1984), 1960. Accessed 19 March 2013

File:Valenciennes - Valentiana (Atlas van Loon).jpg

In 1524, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, arrived at Valenciennes, and – even when Henry II of France allied with him against the Protestants in 1552 – Valenciennes became ({{Circa|1560}}) an early center of Calvinism and in 1562 was location of the first act of resistance against persecution of Protestants in the Spanish Netherlands. On the "Journée des Mals Brûlés" (Bad Burnings Day) in 1562, a mob freed some Protestants condemned to die at the stake. In the wave of iconoclastic attacks called the Beeldenstorm that swept the Habsburg Netherlands in the summer of 1566, the city was the furthest south to see such an attack on August 24, 1566. It was also one of the first to feel the hand of repression after the siege and fall of the city on March 23, 1567. One of the victims of that repression was Guido de Bres, the author of the Belgic Confession. Following the "révolte des gueux's victory at Brielle, the army of Louis of Nassau, one of the major commanders of the Dutch rebel forces and supported by the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, invaded the Spanish Netherlands with an army composed of German, English, Scottish and French soldiers, and took Valenciennes on 21 May 1572.[http://historyreconsidered.net/eighty_Years_War_1568_1648.html The Eighty Years War (1568-1648)]Tracy p.82 However, Louis went on to Mons, and the

Protestant garrison left behind offered only a feeble defence to the Duke of Alba, at the head of the bulk of the Spanish army, who recaptured Valenciennes in early June 1572, depriving Louis' French allies, of one of their main bases.[https://books.google.com/books?id=G5K8SKVbm10C Duffy. Siege Warfare: Fortress in the Early Modern World]

The French army laid siege to the city in 1656 (Vauban participated in this siege without a commandMartin Barros, Nicole Salat et Thierry Sarmant. Vauban – L’intelligence du territoire. Éditions Nicolas Chaudun et Service historique de l'armée, Paris, 2006. Préface de Jean Nouvel. 175 p, {{ISBN|2-35039-028-4}}, p 166). Defending the city, Albert de Merode, marquis de Trélon was injured during a sortie on horseback, died as a result of his injuries and was buried in the Church of St. Paul (his tomb was found during the archaeological campaign in 1990).{{cn|date=December 2024}}

In 1677, the armies of Louis XIV of France (this time led by VaubanBarros et alii, p. 167.) captured the city and in 1678 the Treaty of Nijmegen gave the French control of Valenciennes (1678) and the surrounding southern part of Hainault, roughly cutting the former county in half.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

File:The Grand Attack on Valenciennes.png by Philip James de Loutherbourg, 1794]]

The city was besieged by the First Coalition against Revolutionary France in 1793.A painting of the siege was commissioned in 1793-4 from Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg by the publishers V. and R. Green and Christian von Mechel, who later commissioned a companion piece for it, Lord Howe's action, or the Glorious First of June. The two paintings were sold to Mr T. Vernon of Liverpool in 1799 and the 'Valenciennes' finished up in Lord Hesketh's collection at Easton Neston. Following a protracted Siege of Valenciennes the city was captured and occupied in July by Anglo-Austrian forces under the Duke of York and the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, and only retaken by the French Revolutionary armies in August 1794.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} In July 1795, one year after the execution of Robespierre put an end to the Reign of Terror, the Republicans of Valenciennes tortured, and guillotined five Ursuline nuns; by some accounts, the nuns were raped before being executed.{{cn|date=December 2024}} After the Napoleonic era, Valenciennes gave itself up to the Bourbons in 1815 for 5 years.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

During World War I the German army occupied the town in 1914. They were finally driven out by British forces at the Battle of Valenciennes in 1918, 'in which seven British divisions attacked eleven German divisions'. One dramatic first-hand experience of this battle is provided by A. S. Bullock who fought at a section of the front near Maresches.Bullock, A. S., Gloucestershire Between the Wars: A Memoir, The History Press, 2009, pages 84–85

The town's first antenna was set up in Lille in 1964, then the Centre universitaire was set up in 1970, becoming independent in 1979 as the University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambrésis.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In 2005, a local resident, Isabelle Dinoire, became the first person to have a partial face transplant.

Valenciennes has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Valenciennes is {{cvt|11.0|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|694.1|mm}} with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around {{cvt|18.7|C}}, and lowest in January, at around {{cvt|3.9|C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded in Valenciennes was {{cvt|40.9|C}} on 25 July 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|-14.9|C}} on 7 January 2009.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|location = Valenciennes (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1987−present)

|single line = Y

|metric first = Y

|Jan record high C = 15.3

|Feb record high C = 19.2

|Mar record high C = 23.9

|Apr record high C = 28.0

|May record high C = 31.2

|Jun record high C = 35.0

|Jul record high C = 40.9

|Aug record high C = 37.2

|Sep record high C = 34.8

|Oct record high C = 28.6

|Nov record high C = 21.8

|Dec record high C = 16.0

|Jan record low C = -14.9

|Feb record low C = -13.3

|Mar record low C = -11.9

|Apr record low C = -4.9

|May record low C = -1.1

|Jun record low C = 1.1

|Jul record low C = 5.0

|Aug record low C = 5.6

|Sep record low C = -0.4

|Oct record low C = -6.2

|Nov record low C = -10.1

|Dec record low C = -11.6

|Jan high C = 6.4

|Feb high C = 7.6

|Mar high C = 11.4

|Apr high C = 15.1

|May high C = 18.8

|Jun high C = 21.9

|Jul high C = 24.0

|Aug high C = 24.0

|Sep high C = 20.4

|Oct high C = 15.5

|Nov high C = 10.2

|Dec high C = 6.9

|year high C = 15.2

|Jan mean C = 3.9

|Feb mean C = 4.5

|Mar mean C = 7.4

|Apr mean C = 10.1

|May mean C = 13.6

|Jun mean C = 16.6

|Jul mean C = 18.7

|Aug mean C = 18.6

|Sep mean C = 15.5

|Oct mean C = 11.7

|Nov mean C = 7.3

|Dec mean C = 4.5

|year mean C = 11.0

|Jan low C = 1.3

|Feb low C = 1.4

|Mar low C = 3.3

|Apr low C = 5.0

|May low C = 8.4

|Jun low C = 11.4

|Jul low C = 13.5

|Aug low C = 13.2

|Sep low C = 10.7

|Oct low C = 8.0

|Nov low C = 4.4

|Dec low C = 2.0

|year low C = 6.9

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 54.3

|Feb precipitation mm = 47.3

|Mar precipitation mm = 50.8

|Apr precipitation mm = 41.8

|May precipitation mm = 57.9

|Jun precipitation mm = 63.1

|Jul precipitation mm = 66.4

|Aug precipitation mm = 67.6

|Sep precipitation mm = 52.1

|Oct precipitation mm = 60.1

|Nov precipitation mm = 63.9

|Dec precipitation mm = 68.8

|year precipitation mm = 694.1

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 11.3

|Feb precipitation days = 9.9

|Mar precipitation days = 10.0

|Apr precipitation days = 9.1

|May precipitation days = 9.6

|Jun precipitation days = 9.2

|Jul precipitation days = 9.9

|Aug precipitation days = 9.4

|Sep precipitation days = 8.9

|Oct precipitation days = 10.7

|Nov precipitation days = 12.0

|Dec precipitation days = 12.3

|year precipitation days = 122.3

|source 1 = Météo-France{{cite web

| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59606004.pdf

| title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records

| language = fr

| publisher = Météo-France

| access-date = September 7, 2022}}}}

{{Historical populations

| align = none

| cols = 2

| percentages = pagr

| source = EHESS{{Cassini-Ehess|38657|Valenciennes}} and INSEE (1968-2017)[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-59606#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE

| graph-pos = bottom

|1800 |16918

|1806 |19016

|1821 |19906

|1831 |18953

|1836 |19499

|1841 |21343

|1846 |22040

|1851 |23263

|1856 |24229

|1861 |24966

|1866 |24344

|1872 |24662

|1876 |26083

|1881 |27607

|1886 |27575

|1891 |28700

|1896 |29912

|1901 |30946

|1906 |31759

|1911 |34766

|1921 |34425

|1926 |40023

|1931 |42359

|1936 |42564

|1946 |38684

|1954 |43434

|1962 |45379

|1968 |46626

|1975 |42473

|1982 |40275

|1990 |38441

|1999 |41278

|2007 |42670

|2012 |42989

|2017 |43336

}}

File:Valenciennes hotel de ville cote.jpg (City Hall)]]

File:Valenciennes, Frankrijk Jun 02, 2019 02-28-11 PM.jpeg

The Hindenburg Line ran through Valenciennes during World War I, leading to extensive destruction. Valenciennes was again almost completely destroyed during World War II, and has since been rebuilt in concrete.

A few surviving monuments are: 1) The façade of the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall), which managed to survive the bombardments of the war; 2) the Basilica of Notre-Dame du Saint-Cordon, to which there is an annual pilgrimage; 3) La Maison Espagnole, the remains of the Spanish occupation, which ended in 1678. The building is now used as the town's tourist information office; 4) The Dodenne Tower, the remaining part of the medieval fortifications after Charles V ordered them reduced; 5) Théâtre le Phenix, a theatre and performing arts venue constructed in 1998; 6) The "Beffroi", a large, pin-like monument {{cvt|45|m|ft|abbr=off}} in height, built in 2007 on the site of the former belfry.{{cite web|url=https://www.jbmetais.com/index-fr.php?act=article&id=9|title=Litanie (2007) – Valenciennes (France)|publisher=Jean Bernard Metals|access-date=4 November 2024}}

File:Office du Tourisme, Valenciennes.jpg

File:Le Phénix.jpg

{{unreferenced section|date=December 2023}}

Valenciennes is historically renowned for its lace. Until the 1970s, the main industries were steel and textiles. Since their decline, reconversion attempts focus mainly on automobile production. In 2001, Toyota built its Western European assembly line for the Toyota Yaris in Onnaing near Valenciennes. Because of this and other changes, the average unemployment in the region is now below the national average.

On 15 July 2004, the Administrative Board of the European Union's Railway Agency held its first meeting in Phénix, with representatives of the 25 Member States and François Lamoureux, those days Director General for Energy and Transportation at the European Commission. Valenciennes was picked as the European Railway Agency headquarters in December 2003. International conferences are held in Lille.

File:Tramway valenciennes station.jpg

File:Ligne A du tramway de Valenciennes (208).JPG

Line No. 1 of the Tramway de Valenciennes was put into service on 3 July 2006. {{cvt|9.5|km|mi}} long, this tramway crosses the five communes in the Valenciennois Metropolitan area, at a cost of 242.75 million Euros.

Valenciennes railway station offers connections with Lille, Paris and several regional destinations.

Valenciennes is a subprefecture of the Nord département.

• 1947–1988: Pierre Carous, resigned (died in 1990)
• 1988–1989: Olivier Marlière
• 1989–2002: Jean-Louis Borloo, resigned when he entered the national government
• 2002–2012: Dominique Riquet
• 2012–present: Laurent Degallaix

{{colbegin}}

• Arnulf of Valenciennes, lord of the fort of Valenciennes
• Louis Auvray (1810–1890), sculptor
• Louis Bailly (1881–1974), French-Canadian violist and music educator
• Baldwin I, Latin Emperor (1172–c.1205), first Emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople
• Yves Balmer (born 1978), French and Swiss composer
• Charles Barbier (1767–1841), inventor of several forms of shorthand
• Émile Basly (1854–1928), trade unionist
• André Beauneveu (c.1335–c.1400), sculptor and painter
• Jean-Baptiste Bélanger (1790–1874), mathematician
• Yassin Ben Balla (born 1996), footballer
• Martin Berteau (1691–1771), cellist and composer
• Benjamin Berton (born 1974), writer
• Jean-Louis Borloo (born 1951), politician
• Alfred-Alphonse Bottiau (1889–1951), sculptor
• Eugène Bozza, (1905–1991), composer and violinist
• Hubert Cailleau (1526–1590), painter
• Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827–1875), sculptor, painter and tutor
• Louis Cattiaux (1904–1953), philosopher, painter and poet
• William Chambers (1809–1882), Welsh politician
• Bruno Chérier (1817–1880), decorative painter
• Bernard Chiarelli (born 1934), footballer
• Alphonse Chigot (1824–1917), historical painter, soldier and art tutor, particularly associated with the city of Valenciennes
• Eugène Chigot (1860–1923), post impressionist painter and official painter for the Marine Nationale
• Gustave Crauck (1827–1905), sculptor and painter
• Louise d'Épinay (1726–1783), writer
• Jean d'Oisy (1310–1377), architect
• Philippe d'Outreman (1585–1652), Jesuit writer
• Gérald Darmanin (born 1982), politician
• Felipe-Emmanuel de Bette (1677–1742), soldier and noble from the Spanish Netherlands
• Philippe III de Croÿ (1526–1595), Stadtholder of Flanders
• Charles de Gaulle (1837–1880), poet
• Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing (1557–1590), noble and army commander
• Charles de Lannoy (c.1487–1527), soldier and statesman
• Giovanni de Macque (1548/1550–1614), composer
• Abel de Pujol (1785–1861), painter
• Jennifer de Temmerman (born 1977), politician
• Herman de Valenciennes, 12th-century poet
• Marc Antoine René de Voyer (1722–1787), diplomat and politician
• Patrick Defossez (born 1959), Belgian composer and pianist
• Laurent Degallaix (born 1965), politician
• Grégoire Delacourt (born 1960), advertiser and writer
• Marine Deleeuw (born 1994), model
• Bruno Deletré (born 1961), banker
• Jules Delsart (1844–1900), cellist
• Léon Delsarte {1893–1963), gymnast
• Yohan Demont (born 1978), footballer
• Béatrice Descamps (born 1951), politician
• Hyacinthe François Joseph Despinoy (1764–1848), general
• Félix-Alexandre Desruelles (1865–1943), sculptor
• Collingwood Dickson (1817–1904), British Army officer
• Arthur Dinaux (1795–1864), journalist
• Isabelle Dinoire (1967–2016), first person to undergo a partial face transplant
• Louis Dorus (1812–1896), classical flautist
• Pierre Dubois (born 1945), author
• Michel Duchaussoy (1938–2012), film actor
• Julie Dufour (born 2001), footballer
• Léon Dumont (1837–1877), psychologist and philosopher
• Geordan Dupire (born 1993), footballer
• Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel (1774–1846), soldier and entomologist
• François-Joseph Duret (1729–1816), sculptor
• Christophe Dussart (born 1976), footballer
• Victor Duvant (1889–1963), gymnast
• Martine Duvivier (born 1953), middle distance runner
• Charles-Dominique-Joseph Eisen (1720–1778), painter and engraver
• François Eisen, painter and engraver
• Lara Escudero (born 1993), ice hockey player
• Léon Fagel (1851–1913), sculptor
• Denis Flahaut (born 1978), road cyclist
• Henry of Flanders (c.1178–1216), Latin emperor of Constantinople
• Jean Froissart (1337–1405), historian and poet
• Albert Gazier (1908–1997), trade union leader and politician
• Bernard Gérard (born 1953), politician
• Jacques Gestraut (born 1939), cyclist
• Alfred Mathieu Giard (1846–1908), zoologist
• Valérie Gomez-Bassac (born 1969), politician
• Pierre Gossez (1928–2001), jazz musician
• René Guilleré (1878–1931), lawyer
• Isabella of Hainault (1170–1190), Queen of France as the first wife of King Philip II
• Philippa of Hainault (1310/1315–1369), Queen of England
• Marie of Hainaut (1280–1354), daughter of John II, Count of Holland and Philippa of Luxembourg
• Henri Harpignies (1819–1916), painter and watercolourist
• John Hay Drummond Hay (1816–1893), United Kingdom's Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Morocco
• Henry VII (c. 1273–1313), Holy Roman Emperor
• Ernest-Eugène Hiolle (1834–1886), sculptor
• Georges Huisman (1889–1957), historian and politician
• Jérémie Janot (born 1977), footballer
• Jean-Baptiste Janson (1742–1803), cellist and composer
• Fabrice Jaumont, author, educator, advocate for dual-language bilingual education
• Éric Joly (born 1972), footballer
• Catherine Kamowski (born 1958), politician
• Marie Kubiak (born 1981), footballer
• Edmond Marin la Meslée (1912–1945), fighter pilot in World War II
• Sofian Laidouni (born 1995), kickboxer
• Charles Joseph Lambert (1804–1864), explorer and engineer
• Bruno Lanvin (born 1954), business academic
• Joseph Layraud (1834–1912), painter
• Claude Le Jeune (1528 to 1530–1600), Franco-Flemish composer
• Olivier Le May (1734–1797), painter and engraver
• Jean-René Lecerf (born 1951), politician
• Violette Leduc (1907–1972), writer
• Jean Lefebvre (1919–2004), film actor
• Julien Leghait (born 1994), footballer
• Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire (1798–1880), sculptor
• Rosalie Levasseur (1749–1826), soprano
• Pierre Joseph Michel Lorquin (1797–1873), entomologist
• Nathalie Lupino (born 1963), judoka
• Hélène Mannarino (born 1990), journalist, television, and radio presenter
• Julien Masson (born 1998), footballer
• Rudy Mater (born 1980), footballer
• Edma Morisot (1839–1921), artist
• Éric Mouquet (born 1960), musician
• Sarah Moussaddak (born 2000), kickboxer
• Freeman Murray (1804–1885), British Army general
• Christian Nau (1944–2022), land sailor and writer
• Frédéric Nihous (born 1967), politician
• Cécile Nowak (born 1967), judoka
• Charles Nungesser (1892–1927), ace pilot and adventurer
• Henri Parent (1819–1895), architect
• François Paris (born 1961), composer
• T. J. Parker (born 1984), basketballer
• Jean-Baptiste Pater (1695–1736), painter
• Vendémiaire Pavot (1883–1929), sculptor
• Raymond Pech (1876–1952), composer
• Sylvie Pétiaux (1836–1919), feminist and pacifist
• Jane Pierny (1869–1913), soprano
• Marcel Pinte (1938–1944), member of the French Resistance
• Arnauld Pontier, writer
• Jacob Farrand Pringle (1816–1901), Canadian judge, soldier, and politician
• Joris Jansen Rapelje (1604–1662/63), member of the Council of Twelve Men
• André Renard (1911–1962), Belgian trade union leader
• Léon Renard (1836–1916), politician
• Véronique Renties (born 1960), middle distance runner
• Pierre Richard (born 1934), actor, film director and screenwriter
• Léon Richet (1843–1907), landscape painter
• Dominique Riquet (born 1946), surgeon and politician
• Auguste Désiré Saint-Quentin (1838–1906), painter
• Jacques Saly (1717–1776), sculptor
• Rémi Sénéca (born 1995), rugby union player
• Elinor Sneshell, English barber-surgeon
• Fred Soyez (born 1978), field hockey coach
• Jean Stablinski (1932–2007), cyclist
• Clément Tainmont (born 1986), footballer
• Fabien Thiémé (1952–2019), politician
• Théophile Tilmant (1799–1878), violinist
• Renier of Trit, knight from Trith-Saint-Léger, Hainaut
• Jean Baptiste Vanmour (1671–1737), Flemish-French painter
• Julia Wagret (born 1999), ice dancer
• Henri-Alexandre Wallon (1812–1904), historian and statesman
• Mallory Wanecque (born 2006), actress
• Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684–1721), painter
• Louis Joseph Watteau (1731–1798), painter
• Robert Witchitz (1924–1944), volunteer soldier in the French liberation force
• Bruno Wojtinek (born 1963), racing cyclist

{{colend}}

File:Intérieur Stade du Hainaut (2013).JPG]]

Valenciennes FC is based in the city.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}

Valenciennes is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Valenciennes (Frankreich): Dürens Partnerstadt seit 1959 |url=https://www.dueren.de/assets/userfiles/pdf_bereich_kulturundtourismus/Valenciennes.pdf |website=dueren.de |publisher=Düren |page=9 |language=de |access-date=2021-04-14}}

• {{flagicon|ITA}} Agrigento, Italy
• {{flagicon|RUS}} Central AO (Moscow), Russia
• {{flagicon|GER}} Düren, Germany
• {{flagicon|POL}} Gliwice, Poland
• {{flagicon|UK}} Medway, England, United Kingdom
• {{flagicon|CHN}} Yichang, China

• Vendémiaire Pavot Sculptor of La Faunesse in Valenciennes

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Valenciennes}}

• {{Official website}} {{in lang|fr}}

{{Nord communes}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Communes of Nord (French department)

Category:Subprefectures in France