Tringa

The genus Tringa was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=148 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727055 }} The name Tringa is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper by the Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1603 based on Ancient Greek trungas, a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by Aristotle.{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A |year=2010|title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n390 390]}}{{ cite book | last=Aldrovandi| first=Ulisse | author-link=Ulisse Aldrovandi | year=1603 | title=Vlyssis Aldrovandi philosophi ac medici Bononiensis historiam naturalem in gymnasio Bononiensi profitentis, Ornithologiae | volume=3 | language=Latin | location=Bononiae (Bologna, Italy) | publisher=Franciscum de Franciscis Senensem | pages=480–483, Lib. 20 Cap. 54 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by5gAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA480 }} The type species is the green sandpiper (Tringa ochropus).{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=264 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483077 }}

The genus contains 13 species.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=17 August 2021 }}

{{Species table |genus= Tringa |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |species-count=thirteen|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row

|name= Green sandpiper |binomial=Tringa ochropus

|image=File:Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus) (49138263006).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= southern Europe, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and tropical Africa.

|range-image=File:TringaOchropusIUCNver2019-2.png

|range-image-size=180px

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|iucn-status= LC

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{{Species table/row

|name= Solitary sandpiper |binomial=Tringa solitaria

|image=File:Solitary Sandpiper - Flickr - Becky Matsubara.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Wilson |authority-year=1813 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= across Alaska and Canada. wintering in Central and South America, especially in the Amazon River basin, and the Caribbean. I

|range-image=File:Tringa solitaria map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= LC

|population=

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|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on

|T. s. cinnamomea, (Brewster, 1890)

|T. s. solitaria, (Wilson, 1813)

}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Grey-tailed tattler |binomial=Tringa brevipes

|image=File:Kiashi-shigi.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Vieillot |authority-year=1816 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= southeast Asia to Australia.

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|iucn-status= NT

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{{Species table/row

|name= Wandering tattler |binomial=Tringa incana

|image=File:Wandering_Tattler_(2018).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= far-eastern Russia, Alaska, portions of the California coast and northwestern Canada.

|range-image=File:Tringa incana map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

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|iucn-status= LC

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{{Species table/row

|name= Spotted redshank|binomial=Tringa erythropus

|image=File:Dunkler Wasserlaeufer1.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Pallas |authority-year=1764 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= the Arctic across much of the Palearctic, from Lapland in the west to Chukotskaya in the east

|range-image=File:TringaErythropusIUCN.png

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

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|iucn-status= LC

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{{Species table/row

|name=Greater yellowlegs |binomial=Tringa melanoleuca

|image=File:Greater Yellowlegs Huntley.png|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Canada and Alaska.Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, the Caribbean, and south to South America.

|range-image=File:Tringa melanoleuca map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

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|iucn-status= NT

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{{Species table/row

|name=Common greenshank |binomial=Tringa nebularia

|image=File:Common Greenshank - chillika lake.jpeg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gunnerus|authority-year= 1767 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= northern Scotland eastwards across northern Europe and east across the Palearctic

|range-image=File:TringaNebulariaIUCNver2018 2.png

|range-image-size=180px

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|iucn-status= LC

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{{Species table/row

|name=Willet |binomial=Tringa semipalmata

|image=File:W6501-crop.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gmelin, JF|authority-year= 1789 |authority-not-original=yes

|range=

|range-image=File:Tringa semipalmata map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= LC

|population=

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|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on

| T. s. semipalmata eastern willet

| T. s. inornata western willet

}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name= Lesser yellowlegs|binomial=Tringa flavipes

|image=File:Lesser yellowlegs bunche beach (31791842132).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Gulf coast of the United States, the Caribbean, and south to South America

|range-image=File:Tringa flavipes map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

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|iucn-status= VU

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{{Species table/row

|name= Nordmann's greenshank|binomial=Tringa guttifer

|image=File:Nordmann's Greenshank Tringa guttifer by Raju Kasambe DSCN3885 03.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Nordmann|authority-year= 1835 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= eastern Russia along the south-western and northern coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and on Sakhalin Island. South Korea, mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan on passage, and in Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia

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|iucn-status= EN

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{{Species table/row

|name=Marsh sandpiper |binomial=Tringa stagnatilis

|image=File:Marsh sandpiper 20.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Bechstein|authority-year= 1803 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Africa and India, and some migrating to Southeast Asia and Australia. T

|range-image=File:TringaStagnatilisIUCNver2018 2.png

|range-image-size=180px

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|iucn-status= LC

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{{Species table/row

|name= Common redshank|binomial=Tringa totanus

|image=|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= across temperate Eurasia.

|range-image=File:TringaTotanusIUCN2019 2.png

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

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|iucn-status= LC

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|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Six subspecies |bullets=on

| T. t. robusta (Schiøler, 1919)

| T. t. totanus (Linnaeus, 1758)

| T. t. ussuriensis Buturlin, 1934

| T. t. terrignotae Meinertzhagen, R. & Meinertzhagen, A., 1926

| T. t. craggi Hale, 1971

| T. t. eurhina (Oberholser, 1900)

}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Wood sandpiper |binomial=Tringa glareola

|image=File:Tringa glareola a2.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=

|range= subarctic wetlands, from the Scottish Highlands in the west, east across Eurasia and the Palearctic. Africa, South Asia (particularly India) and Australia.

|range-image=

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

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|iucn-status= LC

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{{Species table/end}}

File:WanderingTattler23.jpg (Tringa incana), formerly in Heteroscelus]]

File:Catoptrophorus-semipalmatus-001.jpg (Tringa semipalmata), formerly in monotypic Catoptrophorus]]

The shanks' and tattlers' closest relatives are sandpipers of the genera Actitis and Xenus. Together with these, they are related to the phalaropes, as well as the turnstones and calidrids.van Tuinen et al. (2004) The large genus Tringa and the two very small genera which are most closely related form a phylogeny similar to the situation found in many other shorebird lineages such as calidrids, snipes and woodcocks, or gulls.

The same study has indicated that some morphological characters such as details of the furcula and pelvis have evolved convergently and are no indicators of close relationship. Similarly, the leg/foot color wildly varies between close relatives, with the spotted redshank, the greater yellowlegs, and the common greenshank for example being more closely related among each other than to any other species in the group; the ancestral coloration of the legs and feet was fairly certainly drab buffish as in e.g. the green sandpiper. On the other hand, the molecular phylogeny reveals that the general habitus and size as well as the overall plumage pattern are good indicators of an evolutionary relationship in this group.

The Nordmann's greenshank, a rare and endangered species, was not available for molecular analyses. It is fairly aberrant and was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Pseudototanus. It appears closest overall to the semipalmata-flavipes and the stagnatilis-totanus-glareola groups, though it also has some similarities to the greater yellowlegs and common greenshank.

Fossil shanks are known since the Miocene, possibly even since the Eo-/Oligocene some 33-30 million years ago (mya) which would be far earlier than most extant genera of birds. However, it is uncertain whether Tringa edwardsi indeed belongs into the present-day genus or is a distinct, ancestral form. The time of the Tringa-Actitis-Xenus-Phalaropus divergence has been tentatively dated at 22 mya, the beginning of the Miocene;Paton et al. (2003) even if the dating is largely conjectural, it suggests that T. edwardsi does indeed not belong into the modern genus. Molecular datingPereira & Baker (2005)—which is not too reliable, however—indicates that the diversification into the known lineages occurred between 20 and 5 mya. The fossil record contains species formerly separated in Totanus from the Early Miocene onwards. Although these are usually known from very scant remains, the fact that apparently apomorphic Tringa as well as a putative phalarope are known from about 23-22 mya indicates that the shank-phalarope group had already diverged into the modern genera by the start of the Miocene. The biogeography of living and fossil species—notably, the rarity of the latter in well-researched North American sites—seems to suggest that Tringa originated in Eurasia. Time and place neatly coincide with the disappearance of the last vestiges of the Turgai Sea, and this process may well have been a major factor in the separation of the genera in the shank-phalarope clade. Still, scolopacids are very similar osteologically, and many of the early fossils of presumed shanks require revaluation.

• ?Tringa edwardsi (Quercy Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Mouillac, France)
• ?Tringa gracilis (Early Miocene of WC Europe) – calidrid?
• ?Tringa lartetianus (Early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France)
• Tringa spp. (Early Miocene of Ravolzhausen, Germany – Early Pleistocene of Europe)Apparently at least three species at Stránská skála (Czech Republic, Early Pleistocene) for example: Mlíkovský (2002)
• ?Tringa grivensis (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
• ?Tringa majori (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
• ?Tringa minor (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France) – includes "Erolia" ennouchii; calidriid?
• ?Tringa grigorescui (Middle Miocene of Ciobăniţa, Romania)
• ?Tringa scarabellii (Late Miocene of Senigallia, Italy)
• Tringa sp. 1 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
• Tringa sp. 2 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
• ?Tringa numenioides (Early Pliocene of Odesa, Ukraine)
• Tringa antiqua (Late Pliocene of Meade County, USA)
• Tringa ameghini (Late Pleistocene of Talara Tar Seeps, Peru)

"Tringa" hoffmanni is now in Ludiortyx. While its relationships are disputed, it was not a charadriiform.

• Hybridisation in shorebirds

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

• Ballmann, Peter (1969): Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère)]. Geobios 2: 157–204. [French with English abstract] {{doi|10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7}}
• Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, James D. & Stotz, Douglas F. (2006): [http://www.aou.org/checklist/Suppl47.pdf Forty-seventh Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds]. Auk 123(3): 926–936. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[926:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2
• Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe]. Ninox Press, Prague. {{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}}
• Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section X.D.2.b. Scolopacidae. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 174–175. Academic Press, New York.
• Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J.; Groth, J.G. & Barrowclough, G.F. (2003): "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds." Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29(2): 268–278. {{doi|10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8}} {{PMID|13678682}}
• Pereira, Sérgio Luiz & Baker, Alan J. (2005): [http://individual.utoronto.ca/sergiolp/pdf/Condor2005.pdf Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae)]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}. Condor 107(3): 514–526. DOI: 10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2
• van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David & Dyke, Gareth J. (2004): [http://www.stanford.edu/group/hadlylab/images/Lab%20Members/Marcel/JAB2004.PDF_1.pdf Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships]. J. Avian Biol. 35(3): 191–194. {{doi|10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x}}

{{Scolopacidae|2}}

{{Charadriiformes|S.|state=collapsed}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q41972}}

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Category:Bird genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Category:Taxa described in 1758