Tropical theileriosis
{{short description|Tick-borne disease of cattle}}
{{speciesbox
| taxon = Theileria annulata
}}
Tropical theileriosis or Mediterranean theileriosis is a theileriosis of cattle from the Mediterranean and Middle East area, from Morocco to Western parts of India and China. It is a tick-borne disease, caused by Theileria annulata. The vectors are ticks of the genera Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus.
The most prominent symptoms are fever and lymph node enlargement. But there is a wide range of clinical manifestations, especially in enzootic areas. Among them, the Doukkala area of Morocco, where the epidemiology and symptomatology of the disease were minutely studied.{{cite journal | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729005326/https://www.revmedvet.com/2002/RMV153_189_196.pdf | archive-date=2020-07-29 | first1=N. | last1=el Haj | first2=M. | last2=Kachani | first3=M. | last3=Bouslikhane | first4=H. | last4=Ouhelli| first5=A.T. | last5=Ahami | first6=J. | last6=Katende | first7=S.P. | last7=Morzaria | url=http://www.revmedvet.com/2002/RMV153_189_196.pdf | title=Séro-épidémiologie de la theilériose à Theileria annulata et de la babésiose à Babesia bigemina au Maroc | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=189–196 | s2cid=89204116 | journal=Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire | url-status=usurped}} AGRIS id [http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=FR2002001447 FR2002001447].
The disease was once considered as "benign" in the literature, in comparison to East Coast fever. With the introduction of European breeds into the region, however, it could become of major economic incidence.With mortalities up to 50 to 80 percent in the 1980s ([http://lucyin.walon.org/lv/theileria_papi.html#synthese L. Mahin]). An efficient treatment with parvaquone, then buparvaquone became available in many countries from the mid-1990s. Animals native to endemic areas appear more tolerant to the disease, buffalos especially, appear less susceptible.[http://en.wikivet.net/Theileriosis_-_Cattle Theileriosis - Cattle] reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 11 October 2011.
Clinical signs
Body temperature is regularly higher than in any other cattle disease. Fever from {{convert|41 to 42|C|F}} is common in acute stages. Later on (day 5 to day 10 from the clinical onset), temperature will lower to a normal range ({{convert|38.0–39.5|C|F}}), but the disease will continue to progress, despite a possible apparent clinical improvement (appetite comes back). Afterwards, from D10 to D15, there is a downfall stage, with hypothermia ({{convert|37 to 38|C|F}}), anemia, jaundice, and heart failure. Such animals rarely recover, even with intensive treatment.
Lymph nodes are commonly enlarged and there may be episodes of blood from the nose, difficulty breathing and weight loss.
Other signs, but not present in all cases are :
Diagnosis
File:Crexhioûles coxhrece sins maladeye.jpg
Lymph node enlargement and even hyperthermia can occur asymptomatically in enzootic area, during the disease season.
Clinical signs, including lymph node enlargement, anaemia, hyperthermia and history of tick infestation can lead to a suspicion of theileriosis
Definitive diagnosis relies on the observation of the pirolplasm stages of the organism in the erythrocytes in blood smears stained with Romanowsky stains. Lymph node aspirates can also be examined for the presence of 'Kock's Blue Bodies' which are schizont stages in lymphocytes. Necropsy reveals 'punched out ulcers' in the abomasum and greyish raised 'infarcts' on the kidneys. Numerous serological tests like ELISA, and indirect immunofluorescence test and PCR can also help diagnosis.
Treatment and control
Buparvaquone, halofuginone and tetracycline and butalex and oxytetracycline have all shown to be effective. Tick control should be considered, but resistance to parasiticide products may be increasing. There are various options for controlling ticks of domestic animals, including: topical application of parasiticidal chemicals in dip baths or spray races or pour-on formulations, spraying parasiticides on walls of cattle pens, and rendering the walls of cattle pens smooth with mortar to stop ticks molting there. Selection of cattle for good ability to acquire immune resistance to ticks is potentially effective.
Endemic stability is a state where animals are affected at a low levels or not as susceptible to the disease, and this may be encouraged in endemic areas.
Vaccination is available and should be performed in breeds that are susceptible to infection.
Live attenuated vaccine are being used in many countries like India, Iran, Turkey etc. Which is a basically a Lymphocyte infected with T. annulata schizont stage and passaged for attenuation.
Vectors
Hyalomma marginatum marginatum is by far the most common vector in the Extremadura region of Spain.{{cite journal | last1=Colebrook | first1=Ellen | last2=Wall | first2=Richard | title=Ectoparasites of livestock in Europe and the Mediterranean region | journal=Veterinary Parasitology | publisher=American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists (AAVP) + European Veterinary Parasitology College (EVPC) + World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) (Elsevier) | volume=120 | issue=4 | year=2004 | issn=0304-4017 | doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.01.012 | pages=251–274| pmid=15063937 }} The Habela team investigated several locations across the 1990s and collected their analysis in Habela et al 1999. They found Hmm very prevalently but also commonly found Rhipicephalus bursa, and Rb is most common in cattle and cattle suffer the worst. H. lusitanicum and R. sanguineus are rare.
Range
This is the most impactful tick-borne disease in the Extremadura Region of Spain. The Habela team found Mediterranean theileriosis consistently in several studies throughout the 1990s, collected in their Habela et al 1999.{{cite book | series=Monographies de microbiologie collection dirigée par Jean-Paul Larpent | last=Pérez-Eid | first=Claudine | title=Les Tiques : Identification, biologie, importance médicale et vétérinaire | publisher=Lavoisier | year=2007 | isbn=978-2-7430-1956-3 | oclc=1232455780 | language=fr}}{{rp|227}}
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Chakraborty |first1=S. |last2=Roy |first2=S. |last3=Mistry |first3=H.U. |last4=Murthy |first4=S. |last5=George |first5=N. |last6=Bhandari |first6=V. |last7=Sharma |first7=P. |title=Potential Sabotage of Host Cell Physiology by Apicomplexan Parasites for Their Survival Benefits |journal=Frontiers in Immunology |year=2017 |volume=8 |pages=1261 |pmid=29081773 |pmc=5645534 |doi=10.3389/fimmu.2017.01261 |doi-access=free }}
External links
- [http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/10411.htm The disease in the Merck Veterinary Manual]
- [http://lucyin.walon.org/lv/theileria.html Lucien Mahin's web-page on his clinical experience with Theileria annulata disease]
- {{cite web | url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/theileriosis_theileria_parva_and_theileria_annulata.pdf | title=Theileriosis in Cattle and Small Ruminants | date=February 2019 | author1=Iowa State University | author2=Institute for Cooperation in Animal Biologics | author3=Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine | author4=OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis of Animal Disease and Vaccine Evaluation in the Americas | author5=OIE Collaborating Centre for Day-One Veterinary Competencies and Continuing Education | author6=United States Department of Agriculture}}
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