Trzciniec culture
{{short description|Bronze Age archaeological culture in Eastern Europe}}
{{Infobox archaeological culture
| name = Trzciniec culture
| map = Trzciniec culture.jpg
| mapalt =
| altnames =
| horizon =
| region = central and eastern Poland, western Ukraine, western Belarus
| period = Bronze Age Europe
| dates = ca. 2400–1300 BC
| typesite =
| majorsites =
| extra =
| precededby = Mierzanowice culture, Únětice culture, Iwno culture, Comb Ceramic culture, Multi-cordoned ware culture
| followedby = Lusatian culture, Urnfield culture
| definedby =
| antiquatedby=
| module =
}}
The Trzciniec culture is an Early and Middle Bronze Age (2400-1300 BC) archaeological culture in Central-Eastern Europe, mainly Poland and parts of Lithuania. The material culture similarity and overall chronological contemporaneity with Komarov (Ukraine) and Sośnica (Belarus) cultures resulted in the definition of the Trzciniec-Komaróv-Sośnica complex{{Citation |author = Jan Dąbrowski |title = Trzciniec-Komarów-Sosnica (A culture cycle from the Early and Middle Bronze Age) |journal = Archaeologia Polona |date = 1975 |volume = 16 |pages = 39–69 |language = en}} or, more recently, the Trzciniec Cultural Circle.{{Citation |author = Przemysław Makarowicz |title = Trzciniecki krąg kulturowy – wspólnota pogranicza Wschodu i Zachodu Europy |date = 2010 |place = Poznań |publisher = Wydawnictwo Poznańskie |language = pl}}
In Poland, the archaeological sites of the Trzciniec culture are found in Central, Southern, and Eastern Poland (Kuyavia, Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Podlachia, and Lublin Upland).
History
Trzciniec culture was first identified by Włodzimierz Antoniewicz, who named it "band pottery culture".
The term "Trzciniec culture" from the eponymous site Trzciniec near Opole Lubelskie was introduced by Józef Kostrzewski in 1930.{{Citation |author = Konrad Jażdżewski |title = Z działalności Polskiego Towarzystwa Prehistorycznego |journal = Z otchłani wieków |date = 1930 |volume = 5 |issue = 2 |pages = 26–30 |language = pl}}{{Citation |author = Janusz Czebreszuk; Przemysław Makarowicz |title = Józef Kostrzewski – badacz wczesnej i środkowej epoki brązu |journal = Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses |date = 2014 |volume = 50 |issue = 1 |pages = 49–58 |language = pl}}
The first complete monograph of the Trzciniec culture was written by Aleksander Gardawski.{{Citation |author = Aleksander Gardawski |title = Plemiona kultury trzcinieckiej w Polsce |journal = Materiały starożytne |date = 1959 | volume = 5 |language = pl}}
From a cultural-historical perspective, the origins of the Trzciniec culture are associated with three Corded Ware-related cultures: Mierzanowice, Strzyżów and Iwno.
In general, the Trzciniec culture was succeeded by the Lusatian culture.
Characteristics
File:Zbiornik Niewiadoma - zabytki odkryte w kurhanie datowanym na XVIII p.n.e.jpg
The best known settlements of the Trzciniec culture were in Złota Pińczowska, Więcławice Świętokrzyskie, Goszyce, and west Bondyrz, close to the kurgans of Guciów. Some of these sites include important treasures containing materials such as ornamental gold and silver like in Stawiszyce and Rawa Mazowiecka.
Burial rite of the Trzciniec culture is characterized by regional preferences in using inhumation and cremation. Cases of inhumation were discovered in Wolica Nowa, in the form of kurgans. Evidence of kurgan inhumation have been found at Łubna-Jakusy, whereas kurgan cremation has been found at Guciów.
There is evidence for the use of chariots by the Trzciniec culture.{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Field Archaeology|volume=48|issue=1|date=2023|title=An Elite Bronze Age Double-Horse Burial from Western Ukraine and the Chariot Package Dissemination|last1=Makarowicz|first1=Przemysław|doi=10.1080/00934690.2022.2143630|pages=19–35|s2cid=253568772 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/45034945 |journal=Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia |volume=15 |title=New finds of antler cheekpieces and horse burials from the Trzciniec Culture in the territory of western Little Poland |last=Przybyła |first=Marcin |date=2020 |doi=10.15584/anarres.2020.15.7 |pages=103–138|s2cid=235051187 }}
Genetics
Mittnik et al. (2018) examined the remains of seven possible Trzciniec individuals buried in Turlojiškė, Lithuania between 2,100 BC and 600 BC. The three samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1a1a1b (two samples) and CT, while the seven samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroup U5a2a1, T2b (three samples), H5, H4a1a1a3, and H.{{sfn|Mittnik et al.|2018|loc=Supplementary Data 1, Rows 94-100}}
Juras et al. (2020) examined the mtDNA of eighty individuals ascribed to the Trzciniec culture.{{sfn|Juras et al.|2020|p=3}}{{sfn|Juras et al.|2020|pp=6-7|loc=Table 1}} The individuals were determined to be closely related to peoples of the Corded Ware culture, Bell Beaker culture, Únětice culture, and the Mierzanowice culture. They were notably genetically different from peoples of the neighboring Strzyżów culture, which displayed closer genetic relations to cultures further east.{{sfn|Juras et al.|2020|pp=5-7}}
Gallery
File:KAM60.jpg|Bronze armbands
File:Horse bridle items, made from antler.jpg|Horse bridle items made from antler{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/50042820/Chariots_and_Horses_in_the_Carpathian_Lands_During_the_Bronze_Age |title=Chariots and Horses in the Carpathian Lands During the Bronze Age |date=2021}}
File:В музее - заповеднике Аркаим.jpg|Chariot model, Arkaim museum
File:Dispersion of double-horse burials (complete skeletons only) 2000-1300 BC.jpg|Double-horse burials 2000–1300 BC, associated with the spread of chariots{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Field Archaeology|volume=48|issue=1|date=2023|title=An Elite Bronze Age Double-Horse Burial from Western Ukraine and the Chariot Package Dissemination|last1=Makarowicz|first1=Przemysław|doi=10.1080/00934690.2022.2143630|pages=19–35|s2cid=253568772 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|journal=Nature |volume=598 |date=2021 |title=The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes |last1=Librado |first1=Pablo |issue=7882 |pages=634–640 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9|pmid=34671162 |pmc=8550961 |bibcode=2021Natur.598..634L }}
File:02019 1510 Gefäße der Trzciniec-Kultur im San-Zuflussbereich.jpg|Pottery
File:020210817 125712 Trzciniec culture pottery, vessel 1600-1300 BC, Przemyśl.jpg|Pottery
File:02022 1135 Die Artefakte aus den Siedlungen der Komarow - Kultur, MAK.jpg|Pottery and bronze artefacts from the Komarov culture
File:Zbiornik Niewiadoma - kurhan odkryty podczas budowy (datowany na XVIII p.n.e.).jpg|Excavation of a Trzciniec culture barrow in Poland dated to the 18th century BC
See also
{{Indo-European topics}}
{{Commons category|Trzciniec culture}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
{{Refbegin|2}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Juras |first1=Anna |last2=Makarowicz |first2=Przemysław |display-authors=1 |date=April 15, 2020 |title=Mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Poland reveal genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic and additional genetic affinities with the steppe populations |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |publisher=American Association of Physical Anthropologists |volume=172 |issue=2 |pages=176–188 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24057 |pmid= 32297323|s2cid=215793231 |ref={{harvid|Juras et al.|2020}}}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |last2=Wang |first2=Chuan-Chao |display-authors=1 |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=Nature Communications |publisher=Nature Research |volume=16 |issue=1 |page= 442|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 |pmc=5789860 |pmid=29382937 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..442M |ref={{harvid|Mittnik et al.|2018}}}}
- Prahistoria Ziem Polskich, tom IV pod redakcją W. Hensla Wydawnictwo PAN, Ossolineum, Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk, 1979.
- Pradzieje ziem polskich, tom I cz. 2 Epoka Brązu i początki Epoki Żelaza pod redakcją Kmiecińskiego, wyd. PWN Warszawa-Łodź 1989
- Wielka Historia Polski, tom I Najdawniejsze dzieje ziem polskich (do VII w.), Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, wyd. Fogra Kraków 1998
- Od neolityzacji do początków epoki brązu przemiany kulturowe w międzyrzeczu Odry i Dniepru VI i II tys. przed Chr. – praca zbiorowa pod redakcja Janusza Czebreszuka, Mikoly Kryvalceviča, Przemysława Makarowicza, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Instytut Prahistorii. Poznań : Wydaw. Poznańskie, 2001
- Encyklopedia historyczna świata tom I: Prehistoria, praca zbiorowe, opracowanie naukowe prof. Dr hab. Janusz K. Kozłowski, Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Oppress, Kraków 1999
- Kultura pradziejowa na ziemiach Polski zarys, Jerzy Gąssowski, PWN, Warszawa 1985
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Trzciniec Culture}}
Category:Archaeological cultures of Europe
Category:Slavic archaeological cultures
Category:Bronze Age cultures of Europe
Category:Archaeological cultures in Ukraine
Category:Archaeological cultures in Belarus