Tsat language
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Hainan, China}}
{{lead extra info|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Tsat
| states = China
| region = Hainan
| ethnicity = Utsul
| speakers = 4,500
| date = 2007
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian
| fam3 = Malayo-Sumbawan (?)
| fam4 = Chamic
| fam5 = Highlands
| fam6 = Northern Chamic
| iso3 = huq
| glotto = tsat1238
| glottorefname = Tsat
| altname = Hainan Cham
}}
Tsat, also known as Utsat, Utset, Hainan Cham, or Huihui ({{zh|s=回辉语|t=回輝語|p=Huíhuīyǔ}}), is a tonal Austronesian language spoken by 4,500 Utsul people in the Huihui and Huixin villages near the city of Sanya in Hainan, China. Tsat is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian group within the Austronesian language family, and is one of the Chamic languages originating on the coast of present-day Vietnam. It is thus closely related to Acehnese, Cham and Jarai.
Phonology
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | |
| rowspan="3" |Plosive
|{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} |
|---|
| aspirated
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} |{{IPA link|tʰ}} | |{{IPA link|kʰ}} | |
| implosive
|{{IPA link|ɓ}} |{{IPA link|ɗ}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Affricate
| |{{IPA link|ts}} | | | |
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
| |{{IPA link|s}} | | |{{IPA link|h}} |
| voiced
|{{IPA link|v}} |{{IPA link|z}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
| colspan="2" |Lateral
| |{{IPA link|l}} | | | |
- Sounds /ts, s/ may also be pronounced as [tɕ, ɕ] when before /i/.
= Vowels =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! !Back |
| align="center"
|{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |
| align="center"
!Mid |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|ə}} |{{IPA link|o}} |
| align="center"
!Open | |{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}} | |
- Final glide sounds [j, w] may also occur as a realization of /i/, /u/ at the end of falling diphthongs.Thurgood & Li (2014)
Tonogenesis
Hainan Cham tones correspond to various Proto-Chamic sounds.{{Cite book |last=Thurgood |first=Graham |title=Tonality in Austronesian Languages |date=1993 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |editor-last=Edmondson |editor-first=Jerold A. |series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication, 24 |location=Honolulu |pages=91–106 |language=en |chapter=Phan Rang Cham and Utsat: Tonogenetic Themes and Variants |editor-last2=Gregerson |editor-first2=Kenneth J. |author-link=Graham Thurgood}}
| class="wikitable"
|+Hainan Cham Tonogenesis !c=01| Tone value !c=02| Type of tone !c=03| Proto-Chamic final sound |
| c=01| 55
|c=02| High |c=03| *-h, *-s; PAN *-q |
| c=01| 42
|c=02| Falling |c=03| *-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ }} |
| c=01| 24
|c=02| Rising |c=03| *-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ |
| c=01| 11
|c=02| Low |c=03| Vowels and nasals, *-a:s |
| c=01| 33
|c=02| Mid |c=03| Vowels and nasals, *a:s |
History
Unusually for an Austronesian language, Tsat has developed into a tonal language, probably as a result of areal linguistic effects and contact with the diverse tonal languages spoken on Hainan including Sinitic languages such as Hainanese and Standard Chinese, Tai–Kadai languages such as the Hlai languages, and Hmong–Mien languages such as Kim Mun.{{Cite book|last=Thurgood|first=Graham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBGYb84A7SAC&q=tsat+li&pg=PA230|title=From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change: With an Appendix of Chamic Reconstructions and Loanwords|date=1999|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-2131-9|page=239|access-date=2011-05-15}}
Notes
{{notelist-la}}
{{Reflist}}
References
{{refbegin}}
- {{Cite book |last=Edmondson |first=Jerold A. |title=Tonality in Austronesian Languages |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-8248-1530-0 |edition=illustrated |language=en}}
- {{Cite journal |last1=Thurgood |first1=Graham |last2=Li |first2=Fengxiang |date=2002 |title=Contact Induced Variation and Syntactic Change in the Tsat of Hainan |journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=149 |doi=10.3765/bls.v28i2.1033 |doi-access=free |language=en|hdl=1885/254195 |hdl-access=free }}
- {{Cite journal |last=Thurgood |first=Graham |date=2010 |title=Hainan Cham, Anong, and Eastern Cham: Three Languages, Three Social Contexts, Three Patterns of Change |journal=Journal of Language Contact |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39–65 |doi=10.1163/19552629-90000019 |doi-access=free |language=en }}
- {{Cite book |last1=Thurgood |first1=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSgABwAAQBAJ |title=A Grammatical Sketch of Hainan Cham: History, Contact, and Phonology |last2=Thurgood |first2=Ela |last3=Li |first3=Fengxiang |date=2014 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-1-61451-877-8 |series=Pacific Linguistics |via=Google Books |language=en}}
- {{Cite book |last=Zheng |first=Yiqing 郑贻青 |title=Huíhuīhuà yánjiū |date=1997 |publisher=Shanghai yuandong chubanshe |location=Shanghai |language=zh |script-title=zh:回辉话研究 |trans-title=A Study of the Huihui Language}}
{{refend}}
External links
- {{Cite web |last=Pérez Pereiro |first=Alberto |title=Tonality in Phan Rang Cham and Tsat |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~aperez7/TONALITY.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320070439/http://www.public.asu.edu/~aperez7/TONALITY.html |archive-date=2006-03-20 |access-date=2006-12-22 |language=en}}
- [http://www.csuchico.edu/~gthurgood/Papers/SEAPapers.html Recent papers on Tsat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051055/http://www.csuchico.edu/~gthurgood/Papers/SEAPapers.html |date=2016-03-04 }}
{{Languages of China}}
{{Chamic languages}}
{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages}}