Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs

People also came to Colorado for the restorative benefits of its "clean air and sunshine."{{r|Varnell|p1=40|AJHS}} Starting in the 1860s, when tuberculosis (TB) was a worldwide problem, physicians in the eastern United States recommended that their patients go to Colorado to regain their health.{{r|Varnell|p=40}} As a result, the number of people with tuberculosis, called "lungers", in the state grew substantially{{r|Varnell|p=40}} and without the services or facilities to support their needs.{{r|Varnell|p1=39|Davis|p2=23}} Tuberculosis was called consumption "because its symptoms consumed those who had it."{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1-106967400.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329175652/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1-106967400.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 29, 2015 | author=Ryan Maye Handy | title=Colo. Hospital Strict With TB Patient | newspaper=AP Online | date=June 1, 2007 |url-access=| access-date=}}

In Denver, not knowing how to manage a population of homeless, ill people, many were taken to jail.{{r|Davis|p=23}} In 1878 in Colorado Springs, 25 or more of 73 who were buried at Mount Washington Cemetery had tuberculosis. Of the people that died in the city most of them had come to Colorado Springs so ill that it was not surprising that they died.{{ cite news | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/SpecialCollections/index/article_search.asp | title=Death Record for year 1878; seventy three interments; causes of death | date=January 18, 1879 | newspaper=Weekly Gazette | page=7:2 | access-date=February 15, 2015 | via=Pikes Peak Library District }} Because of the number of people with TB flocking to Denver, by the 1880s it was nicknamed the "World's Sanitarium".{{r|CJS}} On March 5, 1888, Dr. Frederick I. Knight, a specialist in lung diseases, spoke before the Boston Society of Medical Observation on the benefits of high altitude and the mountain climate of Colorado for patients with tuberculosis, including patients that experienced hemorrhaging.{{cite news | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialcollections/index/ArticleOrders/522516.pdf | title=Colorado climate: A valuable article for the guidance of physicians |date=May 12, 1888 | newspaper=Weekly Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | pages=6:1–3 | access-date=February 15, 2015 }} In the 1880s and 1890s more than a third of the city's residents came to Colorado Springs to improve their health.{{r|Sought cures}} Houses on the Old North End had large sleeping porches for consumptive boarders.{{r|History of Search}} Large houses along North Nevada Avenue were turned into boarding houses for people with tuberculosis.{{r|Sought cures}} Some stayed in tents and backyard cottages. The area became known as "lungers' row". Some of the famous individuals who came to the area to treat their tuberculosis include novelist Helen Hunt Jackson, railroad executive James J. Hagerman, author Marshall Sprague, and noted potter Artus Van Briggle.{{r|Sought cures}}

Cynthia Stout, a history scholar, asserted that by 1900 "one-third of Colorado's population were residents of the state because of tuberculosis."{{cite news |url=http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_6024584#ixzz1PW2pv3En |title=Tuberculosis in Colorado history |date=May 31, 2007 |newspaper=The Denver Post |access-date=June 16, 2011 }} In 1905, Dr. B.P. Anderson recommended open-air treatment in dry climates, like Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.{{cite news | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialcollections/index/ArticleOrders/388933.pdf | title=What open-air treatment accomplishes in Colorado |date=January 1, 1905 | newspaper=The Gazette, Annual Edition | page=55 | location=Colorado Springs | access-date=February 15, 2015 }} The sanatoriums in Colorado Springs adopted a European tuberculosis treatment approach, including rest, open-air, and "disciplined gluttony". People ate twice as much as they would normally eat and might gain up to 50 pounds while in treatment. The Shoshone Spring, one of Manitou Mineral Springs, was taken for its laxative effects{{r|Sought cures}} and the springs in general for their healing effects.{{r|History of Search}} The quality of care depended upon one's ability to pay. The poor might stay in open-air tents, some sanatoriums cost $7 per week, and the luxury accommodations were $50 per week.{{r|Sought cures}} Sanatoriums claimed that about 60% of their patients were cured from their treatment. But the treatment patients received made the illness regress, it did not cure tuberculosis.{{r|History of Search}}

Charles H. Boissevain, a mathematically trained biochemist and professor of biology at Colorado College,{{r|plb|p=31}} was in 1924 appointed the first chief of research and laboratory director of the newly founded Colorado Foundation for Research in Tuberculosis, later renamed the Webb-Waring Institute.{{r|cb|obit|p2=17|cbsa}} In 1940, four sanatoria remained: Cragmor, Glockner, National Methodist, St. Francis, Sunnyrest, and Modern Woodmen Sanatorium.{{r|Directory1940|p=27, 45, 47, 56, 62}} During World War II, the drug Isoniazid (INH) began to be used to effectively treat tuberculosis.{{r|Sought cures}} Then, sanatoriums began to close and the city shifted from a medical destination to one that developed a military presence.{{r|History of Search}}

The Battle Creek Sanitarium at 230 North Cascade Avenue{{cite book|author=Colorado. Board of Charities and Corrections|title=Biennial Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQRAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA249|year=1909|page=249}} was a branch of the Michigan facility that had been at 320 N. Tejon in 1903 and at that time was managed by Frank W. Patterson and K. E. McMillen. Lillian Voorhees was the nurse.{{r|Directory1903|p=74, 296, 344, 447}}

Cascade Villas was a short-lived home for the treatment of tuberculosis founded in 1874 by Dr. Thomas G. Horn. It was on Colorado Spring's North Cascade Avenue. Horn became the president of the Colorado State Medical Society in 1877.{{r|Sherlock|p=191}}

There was a Colorado Springs Sanitarium and Hotel in the city in 1892.{{r|State1893|p=10}} In 1903, the Colorado Springs Sanitarium and the Horn's Mineral Springs and Sanitarium were located at 1210 Lincoln Avenue and run by Dr. Thomas G. Horn.{{r|Directory1903|p=126, 235}} Colorado Springs Sanitarium was located downtown in a mansion one block from Acacia and Monument Valley Parks and the Carnegie Library in 1905. It was well-appointed, three-story building with modern heating and lighting and wide verandas for fresh-air. The building was originally built as a residence by a wealth contractor.{{r|Kellogg|p=4}} Dr. Charles R. Knox was the superintendent of the facility at 126 North Cascade in 1907, one that's principles were in keeping with the Battle Creek Sanitarium.{{cite web | url=http://docs.adventistarchives.org/docs/HR/HR19070701-V42-07__C.pdf | title=Kelloggs | work=Directory of Sanitariums | year=1907 | access-date=February 17, 2015 |page=4}} In 1909, the business manager was W. F. Patterson.{{cite book|author=Colorado. State Board of Charities and Corrections|title=Biennial Report of the State Board of Charities and Corrections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DisrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA249|year=1909|page=249}}{{efn|According to Blevins and other authors, it did not appear that the facility was ever a going concern.{{r|BlevinsEtAl}}}} It operated in 1912,{{r|Commerce1912|rp=396}} but by 1916 was the site of the Hallett and Baker Undertaking Company.{{r|Directory1916|p=306}}

File:MainHallformerCragmorSanatorium.jpg campus.{{r|gnis|type=retired|Sun Palace}} ]]

The Cragmor Sanatorium was founded by leading tuberculosis specialist Dr. Edwin S. Solly in 1906. It was built in the Austin Bluffs, or Cragmor area. General William Jackson Palmer donated funds toward the construction of the facility for 25 patients. It treated tuberculosis and related diseases. He died shortly after it was built and in 1910 a group of local residents bought the sanatorium.{{r|Cragmor reorg}} Alexius L. Forster as the Physician-in-Charge and Mary L Whitney RN was the Superintendent in 1916.{{r|Directory1916|p=235}}

Dr. Frank M. Houck, a House Manager at Cragmor, came to Colorado Springs in 1915 to treat his tuberculosis after receiving his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University. He built a {{convert|3.5|mi|km}} trail from Cragmor through Austin Bluffs that was called the "Happy Walk".{{r|Houck}}{{efn|Dr. Houck bought 1,000 acres in Colorado Springs beginning in 1917 and in 2007 Dr. Frank M. Houck Park was named for him and dedicated. It is in the University Park neighborhood at Rockhurst Boulevard and Collegiate Drive.{{r|Houck}}}} Cragmor was a place where millionaires, musicians, artists, dancers, and poets came to get well and was known for its luxury, easy rules, parties, and sexual affairs among patients.{{r|Sun Palace|Sought cures}} In 1936, the $500,000 facility was reorganized as a non-profit organization for treatment and research of tuberculosis.{{r|Cragmor reorg||page=Sec. 2, p. 1}} The Cragmor Sanatorium complex became the University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS) campus and two of its former buildings are Cragmor and Main halls.{{r|Sun Palace}}

As a memorial to her husband, Albert Glockner, the 22-year-old widow Marie Gwynne Glockner opened the Glockner Tuberculosis Sanatorium in 1890. Her husband had died of tuberculosis at 31 years of age. Glockner family members supported the development of the sanatorium. Patients were charged $1 ({{inflation|US|1|1890|fmt=eq}}) per day. The first superintendent was Dr. Boswell P. Anderson, who was a former Colorado Midland Railway physician. His assistant was Dr. Charles Fox Gardiner and the matron and head nurse was Sarah Callahan, RN.{{r|Sherlock|p=352|Side Streets}} It was located at 2200 N. Tejon{{r|Directory1916|p=20, 21}} in the North End addition.{{r|BlevinsEtAl}}

In 1893, Marie Gwynne Glockner gave the sanatorium to the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati, who were brought in for their care-giving and professional skills.{{r|Sherlock|p=xvi, 352}} In 1903, the manager was Sister Xavier Magevney.{{r|Directory1903|p=02}} The Glockner Sanatorium and Training School for Nurses was operated by Sister Rose Alexius, the superioress, in 1916.{{r|Directory1916|p=20, 21}} It had 200 beds by 1921{{r|AMA 1921}} and was the Glockner Sanatorium and Hospital in 1940.{{r|Directory1940}}

Glockner evolved over the years into Penrose Hospital.{{r|Side Streets}} Penrose Hospital won an Excellence in Historic Preservation Stewardship award in 2014 for the fully restored tuberculosis hut, or tent cottage, and its early 20th century furnishings that was used by people who came to the Colorado Springs area to cure their tuberculosis. The hut is located at the corner of Jackson Street and Cascade Avenue.{{cite news | url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-35564225 | author=Linda Navarro | title=Projects Honored as the Best in Historic Preservation | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | date=January 10, 2014 | via= |url-access= | access-date= }}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}

File:1916 Colorado Springs - Logan Av sanatoria.png

The Idlewold,{{r|AMA 1921}} also spelled Idlewild,{{r|Stone|page=776}} was located at 311 North Logan.{{r|Directory1916|p=21}} It was established in 1912 and the superintendent was Lois Shardlow, RN. Her sister, also a nurse, assisted in the management of the home. The facility had 10 rooms, all with sleeping porches, and treated patients with tuberculosis.{{r|AMA 1921}}{{cite book|title=The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcYCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA365|year=1914|publisher=Lakeside Publishing Company|page=365}} It is now a Ronald McDonald House.{{cite web | url=http://www.rmhcs.org/contact_us.asp | title=Staff / Contact Us | publisher=Ronald McDonald House of Colorado Springs | access-date=February 17, 2015 }}

Miramont Castle was built between 1895 and 1897 by Father Francolon, based upon architectural design elements that he picked up in his travels and ideas from his father, a diplomat. He hired brothers Archie and Angus Gillis to design the building, and was involved in the detailed planning meetings. The green sandstone used in the construction of the castle's walls was quarried nearby. It had electricity and indoor plumbing.{{ cite web | url=http://www.miramontcastle.org/index.php/castle-construction | title=Castle Construction | publisher=Miramont Castle | access-date=February 16, 2015 }} Father Francolon invited the Sisters of Mercy to use his home for a tuberculosis treatment facility. Their first patient arrived in August 1895 and the next year they built the sanitarium. The offered good food, clean lodging, and care to patients who were not very seriously ill and by 1896 taught music lessons. From 1900 to 1904, Miramont was vacant. That sanitarium was burned down due to an electrical fire in 1907 and patients moved into the Miramont Castle building.{{r|Sisters of Mercy}} It used about a dozen open-air TB huts until about 1923. One of the huts was donated to the museum in 1998{{r|TB hut|page=6:1}} is located on the museum grounds. Between 1928 and 1946, the castle was used by the Sisters as a luxury boarding house, a retreat for clergy, and stood vacant.{{r|Sisters of Mercy}} It is now a museum owned by the Manitou Springs Historical Society.{{r|Sisters of Mercy}}

File:1909 Colorado Springs Benford-Bryan map - Institute Heights.png (1874) and the St. Francis Hospital (1887).]]

The Eleanor Home, run by Eleanor Collier and about 30 women, administered care beginning in 1888 to patients with tuberculosis while the Bellevue Sanitarium was built.{{r|Sherlock|p=328}} The Bellevue Sanitarium opened in 1890 on Institute Street near St. Francis Hospital with five tents. It was founded by a group of physicians and the house physician was Dr. S. Edwin Solly. The matron was Mary E. Dean, RN. In 1900, it became the National Deaconess Sanitarium, sponsored by the Methodist Church. It evolved into the Beth-El Hospital in 1911 and ultimately Memorial Hospital in 1943.{{r|Sherlock|p=352}}

The National Methodist Sanatorium was a 1926 building on a {{Convert|29|acre|adj=on|abbr=on}} tract east of the "Nurse's Home" of the Beth-El General Hospital's medical complex.{{r|CHChistory}} The City of Colorado Springs bought the Beth-El complex, Sanatorium, its Nutrition Camp, and other buildings in 1943.{{r|CHChistory}}{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/27263033/ |title=Methodists Agree To Sell Hospitals To Colo. Springs | newspaper=Greeley Daily Tribune | location=Greeley, Colorado | date=March 25, 1943 | page=5 | access-date=February 16, 2015 }} The Beth-El Hospital became Memorial Hospital.{{r|CHChistory}} The Sanatorium became the Ent Air Force Base, which was the Air Defense Command and later North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) headquarters.{{r|CHChistory}}{{cite web | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialcollections/index/ArticleOrders/2007/450846.pdf | title=Pikes Peak in war or peace, symbol of nature's wonderland | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | date=June 30, 1943 | page=Supp:29 }} The property and site of the former sanatorium are now the United States Olympic Training Center.{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-2728476.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329174955/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-2728476.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 29, 2015 |author=Jim Bainbridge, The Gazette | title=Springs history lives on in museums |newspaper=The Gazette |location=Colorado Springs, CO |date=May 19, 2002 |url-access= | access-date= }}

The Knob Hill Lodge Sanatorium at 319 North Logan was a sanatorium operated by the proprietor and manager, the registered nurse Florence E Standish. Founded in 1912, it treated tuberculosis and had 35 beds.{{r|AMA 1921}}

File:Nordach Sanatorium, Austin Bluffs, Colorado 1906.jpg

The Nordrach Ranch Sanitarium was Colorado's first open-air sanatorium in which patients stayed in tents on the grounds of the facility. It operated from 1901 to 1903.{{r|Sought cures}} Nordrach was founded by Dr. Charles Fox Gardiner.{{r|Sherlock|p=522}} It was {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} northeast of city limits at Austin Bluffs. Dr. E. J. White was president, W. B. Price was vice-president, and M. E. Harper was secretary.{{r|Directory1903}}

Red Crags Manor was built by Dr. William Bell, a founding father of Manitou Springs. It was made into a sanatorium.{{r|Waters|p=76}} It was located one mile east of Manitou Springs. In 1916, the sanatorium was owned and operated by Mrs. Lilia P. Sawin, a nurse.{{r|Directory1916|p=29, 476}} The building is now a bed and breakfast.{{cite book|author=Stephanie Waters|title=Ghosts of Colorado Springs and Pikes Peak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eX9ieVrfsoAC&pg=PA76|year=2012|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-1-60949-467-4|page=76}}

The Colorado Midland Railway clinic{{r|Sherlock|p=328}} or St. Francis Hospital, built in 1887, was the city's first hospital. It was located at Pikes Peak Avenue and Prospect Street and among other health issues, it treated tuberculosis. Sisters from the St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration of Lafayette, Indiana, came to Colorado Springs to provide medical aid to the new city.{{r|Former St. Francis}} The women were Sisters Mary Huberta Duennebacke, Mary Silveria, Mary Notberga, and Mary Kunigunda Neuhoff. Sister Huberta was the administrator of the hospital from 1887 to 1890,{{r|Sherlock|p=319}} when she went to Denver to build the St. Anthony Hospital, which opened in 1893.{{r|Sherlock|p=111, 328}}{{efn|The Sisters from the St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration had been providing medical care railroad workers in Denver since 1884.{{r|Sherlock|p=351}} The Sisters also founded St Anthony North, Westminster in 1971.{{r|Sherlock|p=111}}}}

They treated patients at the first small building,{{r|Former St. Francis}} which was a clinic for the Colorado Midland Railway, and shortly after their arrival received an influx of patients due to a train accident that injured 60 people and killed several people. Realizing the need for a bigger hospital, Sisters Notberga and Huberta went door-to-door throughout El Paso County asking for donations to build a larger hospital.{{r|Sherlock|p=319}} In October 1887, the Sisters purchased the land and had a larger hospital built for $20,000 ({{inflation|US|20,000|1887|fmt=eq}}) at Pikes Peak Avenue and Institute Street in early 1888.{{r|Former St. Francis|Sherlock|p2=328}} Patients from the Colorado Midland Railway clinic were transferred to the new St. Francis Hospital.{{r|Sherlock|p=328}} It administered care to employees of the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and provided medical services to the greater public. Physicians and the Sisters treated a wide range of illness and injuries.{{r|Sherlock|p=328}} The sisters carried on their duties at the hospital and performed fund-raising to support the hospital and programs to provide food for the hungry. Sister Mary Hermana Meschede was the superior from 1890 to 1893.{{r|Sherlock|p=353}}

St. Francis Hospital grew to have three connected buildings. One of the buildings, the 29 building, was built in 1929 as a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients. It had private rooms with sun porches to provide fresh air and sunlight.{{r|Former St. Francis}} A crematorium was located near the Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind for the dead bodies of people who died of tuberculosis. The hospital complex was renamed St. Francis Health Center when it merged with Penrose Hospital in 1989. The hospital treated trauma patients until 1994 and mentally ill patients until 2010.{{cite news | url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-35402534 | author=Ned Hunter |title=PHOTOS: At the Former St. Francis Hospital in Colorado Springs, the Walls Really Do Talk | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | date=November 25, 2013 | via= |url-access= | access-date= }}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}

The Star Ranch in the Pines Sanatorium was founded in 1903. H. C. Goodson was the medical director of the 50-bed tuberculosis treatment facility.{{r|AMA 1921}}

Sunnyrest Sanitarium Sunnyrest was a sanitarium for men, women, and children run by five Sisters of the Kaiserwerth Deaconesses. Sister Ida Tobschall was the superintendent and there were three nurses and a cook. It was opened in 1910 and had handled 77 patients in three years, many who came to them through Associated Charities. It was a home-like setting with a living room with a fireplace, dining room, and two outdoor porches for men and women. Patients that could contribute paid $8 per week for their care. Most of the money came from donations from the community.{{cite news | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/SpecialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/381691.pdf | title=Where Colorado Springs proves its sense of brotherhood | date=October 5, 1913 | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | page=Sec. 2, 1:1 | access-date=February 15, 2015 | via=Pikes Peak Library District }} It was located at 926 E Boulder, and near the Beth-El Hospital.{{r|Directory1916|p=39}} Sunnyrest had 45 beds in 1921.{{r|AMA 1921}}

The Union Printers Home was a facility for rest and respite for the members of the International Typographical Union (ITU).{{Cite web |title=About UPH – UPHhistory.org |url=https://uphhistory.org/aboutuph/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |language=en-US}} The ITU established the facility in 1892, and maintained the property until the union's merger with the Communications Workers of America (CWA) in 1986. The idea of a facility that could care for the union's "aged and infirm" members - especially those with tuberculosis that spread in the cramped working conditions of printing shops and those with a specific type of black lung that came from inhaling the fumes of carbon-based ink used in the printing process.{{Cite web |date=2019-11-19 |title=Pneumoconiosis |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/pneumoconiosis |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org |language=en}}

In 1886, Philadelphia philanthropists and business partners, George W. Childs and Anthony J Drexel, donated a total{{efn|Or, Childs and Drexel each donated $5,000 towards the construction of a Union Printers Home.{{cite web | url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-31360992 | title=Union Printers Home in Springs Celebrates 120 Years | date=May 15, 2012 | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | author=Matt Steiner | access-date= | via= |url-access= }}{{dead link|date=July 2021}} of $10,000 ({{inflation|US|10,000|1892|fmt=eq}}) to the Union “without condition or suggestion of any kind, as an absolute gift, in full confidence that the sagacious and conservative counselors of your union will make or order wise use of it for the good of the union.”{{Cite journal |date=July 15, 1889 |editor-last=International Typographical Union |title=The Cobb Scheme |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112057545425&view=1up&seq=7&q1=Childs%20Drexel |journal=The Typographical Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1 |via=HathiTrust}} This donation began the Childs-Drexel Fund, which eventually became the initial money that led to the establishment of the Childs-Drexel Home for Union Printers (later renamed the Union Printers Home). The City of Colorado Springs deeded 80 acres to the ITU to build the home, which cost $71,144 ({{inflation|US|71,144|1892|fmt=eq}}) to build. It was dedicated on May 12, 1892.{{r|Celebrates 120 Years}}

Over the next few decades, the Home grew to approximately 300 acres, with numerous buildings for resident care, one of the largest dairy farms in the state, and various other agricultural ventures.{{r|Sherlock|p=378}}

With the decline of the printing trade in the 1960s and '70s, the ITU began to sell off portions of the property in order to stay afloat. In 1986, they merged with the Communications Workers of America. The CWA operated the property until 2014, when it was sold to Heart Living Centers, a Kansas-based private nursing care organization, which was open to the general public and offered long-term skilled nursing and assisted living for seniors and disabled veterans, as well as hospice care. The Union Printers Home was closed as a care facility in February 2020. It was purchased in June 2021 by a group of local, civic-minded Colorado Springs families to be reimagined into something new.{{Cite web |title=Union Printers Home |url=https://unionprintershome.com/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Union Printers Home Masterplan |language=en-US}}

File:Colony A and B, M.W. of A. Sanitorium, Colo. Springs, Colo., Oct. 17, '09 LCCN2007662001.tif

The Modern Woodmen of America Sanatorium was a facility of the Modern Woodmen of America north of the city for the treatment of tuberculosis that operated from 1909 to 1947.{{Cite book |last=Hellmann |first=Paul T |date=November 1, 2004 |title=Historical Gazetteer of the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQ-R4O2L3nEC&pg=PA129 |format=Google books |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=129 |isbn=978-0-203-99700-0 |access-date=2013-05-23}}{{cite web | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/SpecialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/336247.pdf | title=Modern Woodmen of America has 10,000 tubercular cases; Sanatorium work only in infancy, will grow until accommodation may be furnished to all patients | date=June 25, 1909 | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | pages=1–2 | access-date=February 15, 2015 | via=Pikes Peak Library District }} The Sanatorium had 80 patients in 1909, but the organization estimated that 10,000 of its 1 million members had tuberculosis. According to Head Consul A. R. Talbot, it intended to expand the facility within 10 years to meet the needs of all of its members.{{r|MWA 1909}} At its peak, the open-air facility accommodated 180 people. It was open-air throughout all seasons and patients might find themselves in snow.{{r|Sought cures}} Its members received treatment free of charge.{{r|Sought cures}}

Between 1909 and 1947, the facility cared for 12,000 patients. It was the Pikes Peak region's largest sanatorium.{{r|Healing Past}} The 1400-acre complex had a main building, administration building, auditorium, 24 homes, and a heating plant.{{r|Nuns acquire}} Two reservoirs, fed by three mountain streams, supplied water for the Sanatorium and it had a dairy farm.{{r|Nuns acquire}} Eighty employees were required to maintain the facility, but in 1947 there were only 18 patients and the sanatorium was sold.{{r|Davis Free Press}} When the facility closed, 205 huts were sold and became tool sheds and toy houses.{{cite web | url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-33226473 | title=A Healing Past: Tuberculosis Sanitoriums Were Springs' 1st Major Economic Driver |author=Nathan Vail | date=July 15, 2012 | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | access-date= | via=|url-access= }}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}{{r|Davis Free Press}}

The property was purchased by Blevins Davis in July 1950. His wife, Marguerite Davis, a railroad heiress, died in 1948 and wished to have her fortune used for charitable purposes. The Modern Woodmen Sanatorium property and a house in Broadmoor called Trianon were sold to the Poor Sisters of St. Francis (Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration) for $1 in 1952. The combined fortune that they received was worth $2,325,000 ({{inflation|US|2,325,000|1954|fmt=eq}}). The Catholic order of nuns ran the St. Francis Hospital in Colorado Springs and others in Nebraska, New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas.{{cite news |url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/SpecialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/196483.pdf |title=Sale of sanatorium questioned in court action | date=June 11, 1958 | newspaper=The Gazette |location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | page=1:7 | access-date=February 17, 2015 |via=Pikes Peak Library District }}{{cite news |url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/SpecialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/191179.pdf |title=Order of Catholic Nuns acquires MWA Sanatorium, Davis Mansion; Sisters given $2,325,000 by estate of Mrs. Davis | date=December 2, 1952 | newspaper=The Gazette |location=Colorado Springs, Colorado| page=1 | access-date=February 17, 2015 |via=Pikes Peak Library District }}{{cite news |url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/SpecialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/429021.pdf

|title=Nuns acquire Davis properties; Trianon, MWA site bought after Mrs. Davis' bequest | date=December 2, 1952 | newspaper=Free Press |location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | page=1:6 | access-date=February 17, 2015 |via=Pikes Peak Library District }}

In 1954, the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration moved from Denver to Colorado Springs and have operated educational facilities and programs, mentoring programs, and Mount Saint Francis skilled nursing facilities on what is now a 110-acre property.{{cite web | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-36110323.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329175506/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-36110323.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 29, 2015 | title=Sisters of Mount Saint Francis Celebrate 60th with Benefit Concert |author=Stephanie Earls | date=June 1, 2014 | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | access-date= |url-access= }}

Woodmen Road, a major east–west arterial starts near the original sanatorium and runs for 15 miles through the northern suburbs of Colorado Springs. It is named both for the sanatorium and the Modern Woodmen of America.{{r|History of Search}}

Reverend William R. Stephens from the People's Methodist Episcopal Church of Colorado Springs was a trustee for a sanatorium in Calhan. James K. Polk Taylor, a former slave, and his freeborn wife Elizabeth James Taylor, 71 and 75 years old respectively, donated 480 acres of rich farming land in Calhan for a sanatorium in 1910. They had worked the land for fourteen years and wished to have a tuberculosis sanatorium built for African Americans and other races. Their land, valued at about $4,800 ({{inflation|US|4,800|1910|fmt=eq}}), was donated to the Charles Sumner National Tuberculosis Association. The Taylors were to live on the farm in a cottage built by the association. The advisory committee for the association included W. E. B. Du Bois.{{cite news | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/SpecialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/355046.pdf | title=Aged negro couple give land for new National Tuberculosis Sanatorium | date=November 22, 1910 | newspaper=The Gazette | page=1 | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | access-date=February 15, 2015 }}

The free clinic for people with tuberculosis was opened in two offices of the Visiting Nurses Association in 1919. It was located at 302 South Wahsatch Avenue and was run by Dr. Mary Riggs Noble. It was open under the auspices of the recently formed local branch of the Colorado Public Health Association.{{cite news | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/SpecialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/388890.pdf | title=Free clinic opened for consumptives; Dr. Mary R. Noble made medical director; Indigent are offered relief thru Public Health Association | date=March 29, 1919 | newspaper=The Gazette | pages=1–5 | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | access-date=February 15, 2015 }}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/denverhosp.html |title=Denver Jewry Builds a Hospital |author=American Jewish Historical Society |year=2011 |publisher=The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise }}

{{cite book|title=American Medical Directory|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_c-s5AQAAMAAJ|year=1921|publisher=American Medical Association|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_c-s5AQAAMAAJ/page/n277 259]–260}}

{{Cite book |editor1=Tim Blevins |editor2=Dennis Daily |editor3=Sydne Dean |editor4=Chris Nicholl |editor5=Michael L. Olsen |editor6=Katherine Scott Sturdevant |editor7=Amy Ziegler |title=Doctors, Disease, and Dying |year=2012 |publisher=Pikes Peak Library District |isbn=9781567352818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9Y9amzb7EwC&q=midland&pg=PA119 |format=Google books |access-date=2013-12-09 }}

{{ cite book | author=Charles H. Boissevain and Carol Davidson | title=Colorado Cacti: An Illustrated Guide Describing All of the Native Colorado Cacti | location=Pasadena, CA | publisher=Abbey Garden Press | year=1940 }}

{{ cite web | url=http://www.cobioscience.com/news-1/cbsa-praises-boettcher-foundation-for-ongoing-commitment-to-early-career-investigators-through-its-w | title=CBSA Praises Boettcher Foundation for Ongoing Commitment to Early-Career Investigators Through Its Webb-Waring Biomedical Research Program | publisher=Colorado Bio-Science Association }}

{{Cite web |title=The Origin of Memorial Hospital, Colorado Springs |url=http://www.coloradohealthcarehistory.com/hospitals-memorial-colorado-springs.html |format=web chronology |work=Colorado's Healthcare Heritage |publisher=ColoradoHealthcareHistory.com |access-date=2013-10-20 }}

{{cite web |url=http://www.du.edu/cjs/jacobs.html |title=A Legacy of Caring: Jewish Women in Early Colorado: Frances Wisebart Jacobs – Mother of All Charities |year=2007 |publisher=Center for Judaic Studies, University of Denver. |access-date=2011-06-16 }}

{{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce|title=The Pure Food and Drugs Act|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgE9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396|year=1912|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}

{{cite news | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/238334.pdf | title=Cragmor Reorganized As Non-Profit Tuberculosis Sanatorium | date=February 16, 1936 | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado |page=Sec. 2, p. 1 | access-date=February 15, 2015 }}

{{cite book | title=The Intangibles of Leadership | author=Davis, Richard | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | location=Mississauga, Ontario |year=2010 | page=[https://archive.org/details/intangiblesoflea0000davi/page/22 22] | isbn=978-0-470-67915-9 }}

{{Cite book |type=almanac |date=May 1903 |title=The Giles City Directory of Colorado Springs and Manitou |url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/ColoradoSpringsCityDirectories/1903CSCityDirectory.pdf |publisher=The Giles Directory Company |access-date=2013-11-02 }}

{{Cite book |year=1916 |title=Colorado Springs, Colorado City and Manitou City Directory |url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/ColoradoSpringsCityDirectories/1916CSCityDirectory.pdf |volume= XIII |publisher=The R. L. Polk Directory Co |access-date=November 15, 2013 | via=Pikes Peak Library District }}

{{Citation |date=Spring 1940 |title=Telephone Directory...for Colorado Springs... |url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/1940TelephoneDirectory.pdf |publisher=The Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company |page=16 |access-date=2013-11-24 }}

{{Cite gnis |type=retired|193349|Cragmor Sanitarium (193349) |access-date=2013-11-01 }} October 13, 1978.

{{cite news | url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-37520540 | author=Ryan Maye Handy | title=History of Search for TB Cure Tied to History of Colorado Springs | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | date=December 27, 2014 | via= |url-access= | access-date= }}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}

{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1338587921.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329175614/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1338587921.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 29, 2015 | title=Houck Park, High Meadows to be Dedicated September 20 | newspaper=US Fed News Service, Including US State News | publisher=The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. |date=September 18, 2007 |url-access= | access-date= }}

{{cite book|author=John Harvey Kellogg|title=The Medical Missionary|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8DhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA254|year=1905|publisher=International Health and Temperance Association|chapter=Colorado Springs Sanitarium}}

{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19461021&id=UhwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2727,2837993 |title=Obituaries | newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=October 21, 1946 }}

{{cite book | author=Peter L. Bernstein | title=Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street | publisher=Wiley | year=2005}}

{{cite book|author=Tom Sherlock|title=Colorado's Healthcare Heritage: A Chronology of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Volume One - 1800-1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZinKI6-HEC&pg=PA352|year=2013|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4759-8025-7}}

{{ cite web | url=http://www.miramontcastle.org/index.php/the-sisters-of-mercy | title=The Sisters of Mercy | publisher=Miramont Castle | access-date=February 16, 2015 }}

{{cite news | url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-33962720 | author=Bill Vogrin | title=Side Streets: Celebrating Lorraine Crocker's Century in the Springs | newspaper=The Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | date=December 6, 2012 | via= |url-access=| access-date= }}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}

{{cite news | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialCollections/Index/ArticleOrders/157883.pdf | title=Around turn of century, tuberculosis patients sought cure in Springs |date=April 19, 1992 | author=D'Arcy Fallon |newspaper=Weekly Gazette | location=Colorado Springs, Colorado | pages=B 1:3 | access-date=February 15, 2015 }}

{{cite book|author=Colorado. Dept. of State|title=Biennial Report of the Secretary of State of Colorado|url=https://archive.org/details/biennialreportof1891colo|year=1893|publisher=State of Colorado }}

{{cite book|author=Wilbur Fiske Stone|title=History of Colorado|url=https://archive.org/details/historycolorado01ston|year=1918|publisher=S. J. Clarke|page=[https://archive.org/details/historycolorado01ston/page/776 776]}}

{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2799085001.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329175530/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2799085001.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 29, 2015 | title='Sun Palace: A Tribute to Cragmor' to Be Performed at University of Colorado Colorado Springs | newspaper=US Fed News Service, Including US State News | publisher=The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. |date=October 26, 2012 |url-access= | access-date= }}

{{cite news | url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialcollections/index/ArticleOrders/234389.pdf | title=1890s TB hut donated to museum |date=October 3, 1998 | newspaper=The Gazette | page=6:1 | access-date=February 15, 2015 |via=Pikes Peak Library District }}

{{cite book | title=Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame | author=Varnell, Jeanne | publisher=Johnson Press | location=Boulder |year=1999 | isbn=1-55566-214-5 }}

}}

{{Colorado Springs}}

Category:Healthcare by city of the United States

Category:Tuberculosis sanatoria in the United States

Category:History of Colorado Springs, Colorado