Tucanoan languages

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.

There are two dozen Tucanoan languages.{{Cite journal |last=Chacon |first=Thiago |date=2014 |title=A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=275–322 |doi=10.1086/676393|s2cid=147252620 }} There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. [https://www.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/317133282 The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки]. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.

{{tree list}}

• Tucanoan
• Western Tucanoan
• ?Cueretú (Kueretú) {{extinct}}
• Napo
• Orejón ({{aka}} M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
• Correguaje–Secoya
• Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, {{aka}} Caquetá)
• Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
• ?Macaguaje ({{aka}} Kakawahe, Piohé) {{extinct}}
• Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
• Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
• ?Tama {{extinct}}
• Eastern Tucanoan
• South
• Tanimuca ({{aka}} Retuarã)
• ?Yauna (Jaúna, Yahuna, Yaúna) {{extinct}}
• West
• Barasana–Macuna
• Macuna ({{aka}} Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
• Barasana (Southern Barasano, {{aka}} Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
• Cubeo–Desano
• Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa)
• Yupua–Desano
• ?Yupuá {{extinct}}
• Desano–Siriano ({{aka}} Desano)
• East
• Central
• Tucano (Tukana, {{aka}} Dasea)
• Waimaha–Tatuyo
• Waimajã ({{aka}} Bara, Northern Barasano)
• Tatuyo
• North
• Kotiria–Piratapuyo
• Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, {{aka}} Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
• Piratapuyo ({{aka}} Waikina, Uiquina)
• Pisamira–Yuruti
• Pisamira–Carapano (Carapana, Karapana)
• Tuyuca–Yuruti
• Tuyuka (Tejuca, Teyuka, Tuyuca, {{aka}} Bara, Barasana)
• Yurutí

{{tree list/end}}

Plus unclassified Miriti.{{extinct}}

Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas]. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.

({{extinct}} = extinct)

{{tree list}}

• Tukano
• Tukano, Western
• Kueretu {{extinct}}
• Tukano, Western, Nuclear
• Mai Huna
• Koreguaje-Pioje
• Koreguaje-Tama
• Koreguaje
• Tama {{extinct}}
• Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca)
• Makaguaje {{extinct}}
• Sekoya
• Siona
• Tetete {{extinct}}
• Tukano, Eastern
• Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna
• Tukano, Eastern, West
• Kubeo-Desano
• Kubeo
• Desano-Yupua
• Desano; Siriano
• Yupua {{extinct}}
• Makuna; Barasano; Eduria
• Tukano, Eastern, East
• Tukano-Tatuyo
• Tukano
• Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha
• Tatuyo
• Bara; Waimaha
• Tuyuka-Wanano
• Wanano-Piratapuyu
• Wanano
• Piratapuyo
• Tuyuka-Karapanã
• Karapanã; Pisamira
• Tuyuka; Yuruti

{{tree list/end}}

Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}

{{collapse top|expand=yes|Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)}}

;Western group

• Tama - spoken on the Yarú River and Caguán River, Caquetá territory, Colombia, but now perhaps extinct.
• Coreguaje - spoken at the sources of the Caquetá River, department of Cauca, Colombia.
• Amaguaje / Encabellado / Rumo - extinct language once spoken on the Aguarico River, department of Loreto, Peru.
• Siona / Zeona / Ceño / Kokakañú - language spoken at the sources of the Putumayo River and Caquetá River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
• Ificuene - spoken between the Güepi River and Aguarico River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Eno - language spoken by a few individuals at the mouth of the San Miguel River, Caquetá territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)
• Secoya - language spoken on the Putumayo River, Oriente province, Ecuador. (Johnson and Peeke 1962.)
• Icaguate - extinct language once spoken on the Caucaya River and Putumayo River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
• Macaguaje - spoken in the same territory on the Mecaya River and Caucaya River and around Puerto Restrepo, by a few families.
• Tetete / Eteteguaje - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Güepi River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Pioje / Angotero / Ancutere - spoken on the Napo River, Tarapoto River, and Aguarico River, Loreto.
• Cóto / Payoguaje - spoken at the mouth of the Napo River, Loreto, Peru.

;Yahuna group

• Yahuna / Jaúna - spoken on the Apoporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia.
• Tanimuca / Opaina - spoken by a small tribe on the Popeyaca River and Guacayá River, Amazonas, Colombia.
• Dätuana - spoken north of the preceding tribe on the Apoporis River.
• Menimehe - spoken by a very little known tribe at the mouth of the Mirití-paraná River and Caquetá River. (Unattested.)

;Yupua group

• Yupua / Hiupiá - spoken on the Coca River, a tributary of the Apoporis River, Colombia.
• Kushiita - once spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)
• Durina / Sokó - spoken on the Carapato River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.

;Coretu group

• Coretu / Kueretú - spoken on the Mirití-paraná River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.

;Cubeo group

• Cubeo / Kobéua / Kaniwa / Hahanana - spoken on the Caiarí River and Cuduiarí River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Dialects are:
• Dyuremáwa / Yiboia-tapuya - spoken on the Querarí River, Amazonas.
• Bahukíwa / Bahuna - spoken by a tribe that originally spoke a language of the Arawak stock, on the Cuduiarí River.
• Hehénawa - spoken on the Cuduiarí River.
• Hölöua - spoken on the Cuduiarí River, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)

;Särä group

• Särä - spoken between the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
• Ömöa - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
• Buhágana / Karawatana - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
• Macuna - spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, Colombia.

;Erulia group

• Erulia / Paboa / Eduria - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
• Tsaloa - spoken on the Piraparaná River.
• Palänoa - spoken on the middle course of the Piraparaná River.

;Desána group

• Desána / Wína / Vina - spoken between the Tiquié River and Caiarí River, partly in Colombia and partly in Brazil.
• Chiránga / Siriána - spoken on the Paca-igarapé River, Colombia.

;Tucano group

• Tucano / Tocano / Dace / Dagseje / Dajseá / Tocana - language of a large tribe that lived on the Vaupés and Tiquié River; state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Uaíana - on the Caiary River, Colombia.
• Tuyuca / Doxcapura - spoken on the Tiquié River and Papury River, partly in Brazil, partly in Colombia.
• Arapaso / Koréa - extinct language once spoken on the Yapú River, Amazonas, Brazil. The last survivors now speak only Tucano. (Unattested.)
• Waikína / Uiquina / Uaíkana / Pira-tapuya - spoken on the Papury River, Colombia.
• Uantya / Puçá-tapuya - once spoken on the Macú-igarapé River, Colombia.
• Bará / Pocanga - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
• Uasöna / Pisa-tapuya - spoken on the Caiary River, Colombia.
• Tsölá / Teiuana - spoken on the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Colombia.
• Urubú-tapuyo - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Caiary River, Colombia.
• Pamöá / Tatú-tapuyo - spoken at the sources of the Papury River and on the Tuyigarapé, Colombia.
• Patsoca / Iuruty-tapuyo - once spoken on the Abio River and Apoporis River, Colombia.
• Möxdöá / Carapana-tapuya - spoken between the Papury River and Caiary River, Colombia.
• Uanána / Wanána / Kotédia - spoken on the Caiarí River near the Cachoeira dos Araras, Brazil.

{{collapsebottom}}

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.

Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.

{{Reflist}}

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions}}

• Proel: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/tukanoan.htm Familia Tucanoana]

{{Tucanoan languages}}

{{Language families}}

{{South American languages}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Language families

Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Northwest

Category:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia