Tulipa fosteriana

The plants can grow up to {{convert|40|-|55|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall with a thick stem.{{cite web |title=Tulipa fosteriana in Ornamental Plants From Russia And Adjacent States Of The Former Soviet Union @ efloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=120&taxon_id=242442606 |website=www.efloras.org |access-date=7 April 2021}} It has 3-5 leaves, which are broadly ovate shaped and glaucous.

It blooms in early mid spring,{{cite web |title=Pretty Tulips that Come Back Every Year |url=https://www.gardenia.net/guide/pretty-tulips-that-come-back-every-year |website=Gardenia.net |accessdate=19 April 2020}} between March-April (or in St. Petersburg in May). It has large red flowers, often lined with black,{{cite web|title=Tulipa Species Two |date=13 May 2015|url=http://pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/TulipaSpeciesTwo | publisher=www.pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=18 September 2017}}

They open out flat or cup-like in form. Inside, it has dark violet anthers which are twice as long as the stamens.

It produces seed in June.

Anthocyanins have been found in various tulip flowers, such as Tulipa gesneriana, Tulipa fosteriana and Tulipa eichleri.N. Marissen, W. G. van Doorn and U. van Meeteren, International Society for Horticultural Science {{google books|LnQfAQAAMAAJ|Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants, 2005|page=248}}

The Latin specific epithet fosteriana refers to Michael Foster (a known British Iris expert).Ray Desmond (25 Feb 1994) {{Google books|thmPzIltAV8C|Dictionary Of British And Irish Botantists And Horticulturalists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers|page=258}}

Tulipa fosteriana was first published and described by Walter Irving, a British botanist (1867-1934), in Gard. Chron. III, Vol.39 on page 322 in 1906.{{cite web |title=Taxon: Tulipa fosteriana W. Irving |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=40732 |website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov |accessdate=17 April 2020}}

In 2013, the phylogenetic relationships in the genus using DNA sequences was used to determine the taxonomy and classifications. As result T. fosteriana was placed in 'Tulipa subgenus Tulipa' (along with Tulipa agenensis Redouté, Tulipa hungarica Borbás and Tulipa greigii Regel ) with the characteristics of; bulb tunics densely lined inside with rippled or silky hairs or (nearly) glabrous. Stamens without hairs orboss. Stigmas sessile.{{cite journal |last1=CHRISTENHUSZ |first1=MAARTEN J. M. |last2=GOVAERTS |first2=RAFAËL |last3=DAVID |first3=JOHN C. |last4=HALL |first4=TONY |last5=BORLAND |first5=KATHERINE |last6=ROBERTS |first6=PENELOPE S. |last7=TUOMISTO |first7=ANNE |last8=BUERKI |first8=SVEN |last9=CHASE |first9=MARK W. |last10=FAY |first10=MICHAEL F. |title=Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae) |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2013 |volume=172 |issue=3 |pages=280–328|doi=10.1111/boj.12061 |doi-access=free }}

T. fosteriana is native to temperate regions of Central Asia. It can be found in Afghanistan and Tajikistan.

It is found in the wild on rocky scrub-covered hillsides, or on stony slopes at an altitude of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.

File:Tulip Tulipa 'Juan' Flower 2836px.jpg

File:Tulipa 'Zombie' 2018-04-15 03.jpg

Resistant to tulip breaking virus, it has been crossed into garden tulips (Tulipa × gesneriana).{{cite journal |last1=Marasek Ciolakowska |first1=Agnieszka |last2=Ramanna |first2=M. S. |last3=Arens |first3=Paul |last4=van Tuyl |first4=Jaap M. |date=2012 |title=Breeding and Cytogenetics in the Genus Tulipa |journal=Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology |volume=6 |issue=Special Issue 1 |pages=90–97 }}

They naturalize easily and can come back year after year in the garden. They are well suited to mixed borders and can also be used in bedding displays. They can grow in any garden soil but prefer sites in full sun. They also can be propagated vegetatively and also by seed. It can grow in USDA Hardiness Zones: 3 to 8.{{cite web |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jamie |title=14 Tulip Varieties to Plant for Spring Blooms |url=https://www.thespruce.com/tulip-types-for-spring-garden-1315804 |website=The Spruce |accessdate=17 April 2020 |language=en |date=21 March 2020}}

It is a well-known species, which has been the originator to many cultivars. The various cultivars can differ from one another in height, but all have solitary, bowl shaped flowers that are 5in wide (12cm), with a slender and sometimes striped leaves.

Its cultivar 'Juan' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.{{cite web|title=Tulipa 'Juan' (13) |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/59574/i-Tulipa-i-Juan-(13)/Details |publisher=The Royal Horticultural Society |accessdate=30 August 2020 }} It has red-orange flowers with yellow centres and variegated leaves.

Tulip 'Zombie' is another 'fosteriana' cultivar with large flowers and glaucous-blue leaves.{{cite web |title=Plant Profile: Tulipa fosteriana 'Zombie' |url=https://frustratedgardener.com/2020/03/29/plant-profile-tulipa-fosteriana-zombie/ |website=The Frustrated Gardener |accessdate=17 April 2020 |language=en |date=29 March 2020}}

Another known cultivar is 'Red Emperor'.{{cite web |title=PlantFiles: Fosteriana Tulip |url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/66097/ |website=Dave's Garden |accessdate=17 April 2020 |language=en}}

{{Reflist}}

• Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) URL: www.skud.info
• Christenhusz, J. M.. et al. 2013. Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 172:280-328.
• Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press.
• Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening Note: lists as Tulipa fosteriana Hoog ex W. Irv.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
• Marasek, A. & K. Okazaki. 2008. Analysis of introgression of the Tulipa fosteriana genome into Tulipa gesneriana using GISH and FISH. Euphytica 160:217-230. Note: Netherlands journal of plant breeding
• Marasek-Ciolakowska, A. et al. 2012. Breeding and cytogenetics in the genus Tulipa. Floriculture, Ornamental and plant biotechnology: Advances and topical issues. Volumes I-V. Global Science Books., London. 6(Special issue):90-97.
• Mathew, B. F. 1996. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
• Raamsdonk, L. W. D. van & T. de Vries. 1995. Species relationships and taxonomy in Tulipa subg. Tulipa (Liliaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 195:40.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
• Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986-2000. European garden flora.

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fosteriana

Category:Plants described in 1906

Category:Flora of Afghanistan

Category:Flora of Tajikistan