Tupari languages
{{Short description|Tupian language branch of Brazil}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Tuparí
| region = Brazil
| familycolor = tupian
| fam1 = Tupian
| glotto = tupa1251
| glottorefname = Tuparic
| child1 = Makurap
| child2 = Core/Nuclear Tupari
}}
The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.
Internal classification
The Tupari languages are:Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019. [http://periodicos.urca.br/ojs/index.php/MacREN/article/view/1910 Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama]. Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli, v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230133781.pdf PDF])Andrade, Rafael (to appear). As consoantes alvéolo-dentais do Proto-Tuparí: revisão e reconstrução fonológica. In: OLIVEIRA, Christiane Cunha de (ed.). Memórias do II Encontro dos Americanistas no Cerrado. Goiânia: Universidade Federal de Goiás.
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None are spoken by more than a few hundred people.
A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020. [https://jolr.ru/files/(294)jlr2020-18-3-4(284-319).pdf The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages]. Journal of Language Relationship 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319.
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Varieties
Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}
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- Tupari
- Macuráp group
- Macuráp - spoken at the sources of the Colorado River (Rondônia).
- Kanuːa / Koaratíra / Canoê - spoken in the valley of Apidía and on the middle course of the Verde River, Rondônia.
- Amniapé - spoken at the sources of the Mequéns River.
- Guaratégaja / Mequen - spoken at the sources of the Verde River and Mequéns River in the same region.
- Kabishiana - spoken between the Corumbiara River and Verde River, Rondônia.
- Wayoró / Wyarú - spoken at the sources of the Terevinto River and Colorado River (Rondônia).
- Apichum - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown.
- Tupari / Wakaraü - once spoken on the upper course of the Branco River or São Simão River, the same territory; now probably extinct.
- Kepkeriwát group
- Kepkeriwát / Quepi-quiri-uate - spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River.
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==Proto-language==
{{Infobox proto-language
| name = Proto-Tupari
| familycolor = tupian
| ancestor = Proto-Tupian
| child1 =
| target = Tupari languages
}}
Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):Moore, D. & Vilacy Galucio, A. (1994). Reconstruction of Proto-Tupari consonants and vowels. In Langdon, M. (eds.), Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. 119-30, Columbus: Ohio State University. Accessed from [https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Source/Details/3093 DiACL], 9 February 2020.
:
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
! gloss !! Proto-Tuparí | |
| ‘sweet potato’ | *gwagwo |
| ‘tapir’ | *ɨkwaay |
| ‘macaw’ | *pet+'a |
| ‘one’ | *kiẽt |
| ‘small’ | *Dĩĩt |
| ‘fish’ | *pot |
| ‘fowl’ | *õkɨra |
| ‘seed’ | *kit |
| ‘neck’ | *gwotkɨp |
| ‘heart’ | *ãnõã |
| ‘to know’ | *toã |
| ‘to give’ | *ñũã |
| ‘to speak’ | *mãYã |
| ‘sun, year’ | *ŋgiahkop |
| ‘stone’ | *ŋwa+'i |
| ‘earth’ | *kɨy |
| ‘fire; firewood’ | *agopkap |
| ‘mountain’ | *(n)dzo |
| ‘person’ | *aotse |
| ‘mother’ | *ñä |
| ‘husband’ | *mẽt |
| ‘hammock’ | *ẽ/*ĩnĩ |
| ‘seat’ | *ãβõ-pe |
| ‘seat’ | *ñãp-pe |
| ‘hair’ | *Dap |
| ‘tooth’ | *ñããy |
| ‘hand’ | *mbo |
| ‘nail’ | *mbo-ape |
| ‘skin’ | *pe |
| ‘liver’ | *pia |
| ‘foot’ | *mbi |
| ‘breast’ | *ŋẽp |
| ‘blood (n)’ | *a |
| ‘blood (n)’ | *eYɨ |
| ‘tobacco’ | *pitoa |
| ‘maize’ | *atsitsi |
| ‘axe’ | *gwi |
| ‘knife’ | *ŋgɨtpe |
| ‘timbo’ | *ŋĩk |
| ‘mortar’ | *ẽndzɨ |
| ‘salt’ | *ŋgɨɨt |
| ‘meat’ | *ñẽt+'ã |
| ‘water (n)’ | *ɨgɨ |
| ‘basin’ | *βãẽkɨt |
| ‘dust’ | *ñõ'õ |
| ‘path’ | *pee |
| ‘night’ | *ŋĩndak |
| ‘leaf’ | *Dep/*deep |
| ‘Brazil nut tree’ | *kãnã |
| ‘Brazil nut tree’ | *arao |
| ‘assai (palm)’ | *gwit+'i |
| ‘banana’ | *ehpiip |
| ‘cotton’ | *ororo |
| ‘genipap’ | *tsigaap |
| ‘peanut’ | *araɨgwi |
| ‘pepper’ | *kõỹ |
| ‘armadillo’ | *ndayto |
| ‘tail’ | *okway |
| ‘snake’ | *Dat/*daat |
| ‘lizard’ | *Dako |
| ‘turtle’ | *mbok+'a |
| ‘caiman’ | *gwaYto |
| ‘crab’ | *kera |
| ‘achiote’ | *ŋgop |
| ‘horn’ | *apikɨp |
| ‘paca’ | *gwãnãmbiro |
| ‘deer’ | *ɨtsɨɨ |
| ‘dog’ | *ãŋwẽko |
| ‘ocelot’ | *ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt |
| ‘agouti’ | *ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã |
| ‘bat’ | *ŋwari+'a |
| ‘coati’ | *pi'it |
| ‘capuchin monkey’ | *sahkɨrap |
| ‘spider monkey’ | *ãrĩmẽ |
| ‘honey marten’ (kinkajou?) | *ãmãnã |
| ‘peccary’ | *Daotse |
| ‘collared peccary’ | *Daotsey |
| ‘louse’ | *ãŋgɨp |
| ‘flea’ | *ñõk |
| ‘wasp’ | *ŋgap |
| ‘termite’ | *ŋgub+i |
| ‘big ant’ | *Dat+'a |
| ‘cockroach’ | *a |
| ‘cockroach’ | *eβape |
| ‘cicada’ | *ŋõtŋõna |
| ‘scorpion’ | *kɨtnĩŋã |
| ‘snail’ | *ɨ̃ỹã |
| ‘piranha’ | *ipñãỹ |
| ‘surubim’ | *ãnõrẽ |
| ‘mandi’ | *mõkoa |
| ‘toucan’ | *yo |
| ‘toucan’ | *ñõkãt |
| ‘duck’ | *ɨpek |
| ‘vulture’ | *ɨβe |
| ‘vulture’ | *ako |
| ‘hawk’ | *kẽỹ+'ã |
| ‘hummingbird’ | *mĩnĩt |
| ‘owl’ | *popoβa |
| ‘partridge’ | *kwãŋwã |
| ‘basket, big’ | *ãŋgerek |
| ‘canoe’ | *kɨp-pe |
| ‘clothing’ | *pe |
| ‘to drink’ | *ka |
| ‘to take’ | *ara |
| ‘to blow’ | *ɨβa |
| ‘to vomit’ | *ẽkẽt |
| ‘to push’ | *mõrã |
| ‘to swim’ | *tĩptĩpnã |
| ‘to see’ | *to'a |
| ‘to see’ | *-tso- |
| ‘hot’ | *ahkop |
| ‘good’ | *poat |
| ‘new’ | *pahgop |
| ‘old’ | *poot |
| ‘name’ | *Det |
| ‘sour’ | *kãỹ |
| ‘other’ | *nõõ |
| ‘smooth’ | *atsik |
| ‘rotten’ | *ãnde |
| ‘rotten’ | *ãkwĩ |
| ‘straight’ | *kɨɨt |
| ‘distant’ | *gwetsok |
| ‘2nd person’ | *ẽt |
Syntax
In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are absolutive, i.e., they index the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are nominative: they may encode the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) or the agent argument of a transitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró.{{cite journal |last1=Galucio |first1=Ana Vilacy |last2=de Souza Nogueira |first2=Antônia Fernanda |title=From object nominalization to object focus: The innovative A-alignment in the Tuparian languages (Tupian family) |journal=Journal of Historical Linguistics |date=20 July 2018 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=95–127 |doi=10.1075/jhl.16025.gal}}{{rp|99}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|ipa2=yes|glossing3=yes|glossing4=yes
| Eamõjãn (en).
| /e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/
| 2-dance-{{gcl|TH||Thematic vowel}}-{{gcl|NFUT||Nonfuture tense}} (2.{{gcl|NOM||Nominative case}})
| s-V (S)
| ‘You danced.’}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|ipa2=yes|glossing3=yes|glossing4=yes
| Etopkwap nã on.
| /e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/
| 2-see-{{gcl|PL||Verbal number}}-{{gcl|TH||Thematic vowel}}-p {{gcl|FUT||Future tense}} 1.{{gcl|NOM||Nominative case}}
| p-V {} A
| ‘I’ll see you every day.’}}
References
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Tupari reconstructions}}
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External links
- [https://digihum.leidenuniv.nl/amazonianlanguages Amazonian Languages of Rondônia and Bolivia]
{{Tupian languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupari languages}}