Turbocharged petrol engine

File:1962 Oldsmobile Jetfire (27224201910).jpg engine]]

• 1962: The first turbocharged production car engine was the Oldsmobile Turbo Jetfire used in the Oldsmobile Jetfire.{{cite web|url=http://en.turbolader.net/Technology/History.aspx |title=The history of turbocharging |publisher=Turbolader |location=Germany |accessdate=2012-04-13}} A Garrett AiResearch turbocharger with integral wastegate was used.{{cite web|url=http://www.dwperformance.com/about-us.aspx |title=Garrett history |website=DW Performance |location=US |accessdate=2010-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021050646/http://www.dwperformance.com/about-us.aspx |archive-date=2009-10-21}}{{cite web|url=http://honeywellbooster.com/turbotalk/honeywell-heritage-a-hallmark-throughout-turbo-history/ |title=Honeywell Heritage: A Hallmark Throughout Turbo History |work=Booster Online |publisher=Honeywell |location=US |accessdate=2010-02-14}}{{cite web |url=http://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/a-look-back-genesis-of-the-automotive-turbocharger/ |first=James |last=Kraus |title=A Look Back: Genesis of the Automotive Turbocharger |website=Auto Universum |date=2009-04-27 |accessdate=2010-08-02}} Power was significantly increased over the naturally aspirated engine, but reliability was poor and the production of this engine ceased in 1963.{{cite web |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1962-1963-oldsmobile-f85-jetfire6.htm |title=Decline of the 1962–1963 Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire |website=How Stuff Works |date=2007-10-04 |access-date=2012-04-13}} One month after the release of the turbocharged Oldsmobile, a turbocharged version of the Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine was introduced in the Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder.{{cite web|url=http://www.streetlegaltv.com/news/video-oldsmobile-jetfire-americas-first-production-turbo-v8/ |title=Video: Oldsmobile Jetfire, America's First Production Turbo V8 |website=Street Muscle |location=US |date=2011-01-28 |accessdate=2012-04-13}} This engine did not use a wastegate.{{cite book |last=Knepper |first=Mike |date=1 March 1982 |title=Corvair Affair |publisher=Motorbooks International |isbn=978-0879380663 }}{{rp|62, 63, 64}} Production of the turbocharged Corvair engine ran until 1966.
• 1965: Beginning this year a turbocharged version of the "Comanche" 154 cubic inch, inline slant four cylinder engine was an option in the International Scout. This engine developed {{convert|111|hp|kW|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 4,000 rpm and {{convert|166|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 3,200 rpm and was available until 1967.{{cite web|url= https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hcc/2014/05/Scout-s-Honor---1965-International-Scout/3737641.html |title=Scout's Honor - 1965 International Scout |website=Hemmings |date=2014-05-01 |access-date=2016-10-26}}{{cite web |url=http://www.trucktrend.com/cool-trucks/0801dp-international-scout/ |title=International Scout - Scout Evolution |website=Truck Trend |date=2008-01-01 |access-date=2016-10-26}}
• 1973: The next mass-produced turbocharged car was the BMW 2002 Turbo, introduced at the 1973 Frankfurt motor show and featuring a {{convert|2.0|L|cuin|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine.{{cite web| url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/2098/BMW-2002-Turbo.html |title=1973 - 1974 BMW 2002 Turbo - Images, Specifications and Information |website= ultimatecarpage.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-13}} Due to excessive turbo lag, safety concerns and the 1973/1974 oil crisis, the 2002 Turbo was discontinued in 1974.
• 1974: At the height of the oil crisis, the Porsche 911 Turbo was introduced, becoming the fastest mass-produced car at the time.{{cite web|url=http://www.motor-prime.com/content/history-four-decades-911-turbo |title=History - Four decades of the 911 Turbo |website=Motor Prime |date=2011-10-23 |access-date=2012-04-13}}{{cite web |url=http://www.autoevolution.com/cars/porsche-911-turbo-930-1974.html |title=PORSCHE 911 Turbo (930) (1974 - 1977) |website=autoevolution |access-date=2012-04-13}} The Porsche 911 has been available with a turbocharged engine for the majority of the years since 1974.{{cite web |url=http://www.excellence-mag.com/resources/buyers-guide/186787951 |title=Buyers Guide : 911 Turbo |website= Excellence |location=Canada |accessdate=2012-04-13}}
• 1977: The Saab 99 model begins Saab's long run of turbocharged passenger cars.
• 1978: The "LD5" version of the Buick V6 engine marks the return of turbocharging to cars produced in the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.g-body.org/history/b/over-b.php |title=Buick History |website=g-body.org |location=US |access-date=2012-04-13}}
• 1978-present: Many manufacturers have produced turbocharged cars. Since the early-2010s, many European cars have switched to smaller, turbocharged engines. This trend has since spread to manufacturers from other regions.

{{Main|Twin-turbo}}

A common arrangement for twin-turbo engines, especially on V engines is a parallel configuration.{{cite web |title=What are the main differences between a Single and Twin Turbo setup |url=https://www.turbobygarrett.com/turbobygarrett/differences_between_turbos |publisher=Garrett Motion |location=US |access-date=2018-06-11}} This arrangement uses two identically sized turbos, each fed by a separate set of exhaust streams from the engine. Having two smaller turbos produce the same aggregate amount of boost as a larger single turbo allows them to reach their optimal rpm more quickly, thus improving boost delivery.

Another twin-turbo arrangement commonly used on car engines is a sequential configuration, where one turbo is active across the entire rev range of the engine and the other activates at higher rpm.{{cite web |url=http://www.carsdirect.com/aftermarket-parts/the-benefits-and-drawbacks-of-twin-turbos |title=The Benefits and Drawbacks of Twin Turbos |website=Cars Direct |location=US |date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2013-03-03}} Below this rpm, both exhaust and air inlet of the secondary turbo are closed. Being individually smaller they have reduced lag and having the second turbo operating at a higher rpm range allows it to get to full rotational speed before it is required. Such combinations are referred to as a sequential twin-turbo. Sequential twin-turbo systems are usually more complicated than parallel twin-turbo systems because they require additional wastegate pipes and valves to control the direction of the exhaust gases.

Automobile manufacturers rarely use more than two turbochargers. Some exceptions are the triple-turbocharger system used by the 2012–2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, the quad-turbocharger system used by the V12 engine in the 1991–1995 Bugatti EB110 and the quad-turbocharger system used by the W16 engine in the 2005–2015 Bugatti Veyron and 2016-present Bugatti Chiron.

File:1970 Toyota 7 turbo-charged rear.jpg, twin-turbocharged racing car]]

The first turbocharged engine in motorsport was the Kurtis Kraft-Cummins Diesel driven by Fred Agabashian. He competed in the 1952 Indianapolis 500, qualifying on pole.{{cite web |url=http://www.cummins.ru/en/components/turbo-technologies/turbocharger-history |title=Turbocharger History |publisher=Cummins Russia and CIS |location=Russia |access-date=2020-06-27}} However the turbo failed on lap 71 out of 200.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

Another one of the first uses of turbocharging in motorsport was a turbocharged version of the Offenhauser engine, which first competed at the 1966 Indianapolis 500 and used a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger. This engine won the 1968 Indianapolis 500{{cite web |url=http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/254353/turbos_in_motor_sport.html |title=Turbos in motor sport |website=Classic Performance Car |date=July 2010 |access-date=2013-03-03 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715054524/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/254353/turbos_in_motor_sport.html |archive-date=2010-07-15}}{{cite web |title=Offy Racing Engines |url=http://uniquecarsandparts.com/indy_offenhauser.htm |website=Unique Cars & Parts |location=US |accessdate=2019-10-18}} and power outputs of over {{convert|1000|hp|abbr=on|order=flip}} were achieved in 1973.

In 1972, the Porsche 917/10K became the first turbocharged car to win the Can-Am series. The 917/10K was powered by a turbocharged flat-twelve engine producing up to {{convert|1100|hp|abbr=on|order=flip}}.

{{Listen|filename=Ferrari 126C4 M2 (1984).ogg|title=Ferrari 126C4/M2 (1984)|description=1984 Ferrari 126C4/M2, a 1.5 litre turbocharged V6 engine used in Formula One}}

In Formula One, the original "Turbo Era" lasted from the 1977 season until the 1988 season. During this era, Renault, Honda, BMW, and Ferrari produced engines with a capacity of {{convert|1500|cc|cid|abbr=on}}, and were capable of producing from {{convert|510|to|1500|hp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}} over this period. The first turbocharged Formula One car was the Renault RS01,{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2007/7/6404.html |title=Renault 30th F1 anniversary/ Talks about the RS01 |accessdate=2008-11-04 |website=Formula 1 }} however early engines often suffered from reliability problems. By the mid-1980s, turbocharged engines dominated Formula One, until they were banned after the 1988 season.

Turbochargers returned to Formula One for the 2014 season, with turbocharged {{convert|1.6|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} V6 engines replacing the naturally aspirated {{convert|2.4|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} V8 engines that were previously used. The turbocharging combined with more powerful energy recovery systems kept the power level similar to the previous V8 engines, despite the smaller capacity and the lower rev limits.{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12237.html |title=FIA confirms 1.6 turbo engines for 2014 |date=2011-06-29 |website=Formula 1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702215927/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12237.html |archive-date=2011-07-02 |url-status=dead}}

In the German Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) racing series, the "Turbo Era" of 1985 until 1989 saw Volvo, Alfa Romeo and Ford becoming the first manufacturers to use turbocharged engines. In 1985, the Volvo 240 Turbo won the European Touring Car Championship, before turbochargers were banned at the start of 1990 season due to cost reasons.

Since the 2019 season, turbocharging has returned to DTM, with turbocharged {{Convert|2.0|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} inline-four engines (shared with the Japanese Super GT "Class One" regulations) replacing the previous naturally aspirated {{Convert|4.0|L|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} V8 engines.

During the Group B era of 1982–1986, turbocharged engines producing up to {{convert|600|hp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}} dominated the World Rally Championship.{{cite web |title=The Early Days of Turbo - Part Two |url=http://autospeed.com/cms/title_The-Early-Days-of-Turbo-Part-Two/A_110780/article.html |website=AutoSpeed |location=Australia |access-date=2019-10-18}}

Turbocharging returned for the 2012 season and has been used since. WRC rally cars use a turbocharged {{convert|1.6|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} inline-four engine with a 34 mm restrictor in the air intake system.{{cite web |title=FIA World Rally Championship |url=http://www.wrc.com/about-wrc/the-cars/ |website=wrc.com |location=Germany |access-date=2019-10-18}}

{{Main|Forced induction in motorcycles}}

Turbocharging is rarely used by manufacturers of motorcycles, with the following being the only examples of factory turbocharged motorcycles:{{citation|title=1978 Kawasaki Z1R-TC: Turbo Power|first=Robert |last=Smith|date=January 2013 |journal=Motorcycle Classics|url=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic-japanese-motorcycles/kawasaki-z1r-tc-zm0z13jfzbea.aspx#axzz2bExjC7mu}}{{cite magazine|title=Aufladung beim Motorrad: Kommt der Turbo wieder?|trans-title=Motorcycle induction: Is the turbo coming back?|magazine=Motorrad|publisher=Motor Presse Stuttgart|date=January 30, 2014 |language=German|url=http://www.motorradonline.de/news/turbo-beim-motorrad/523098|ref={{harvid|Motorrad|2014}}}}{{cite book |title=Motorcycle: Evolution, Design, Passion|chapter=Turbocharging|first=Mick|last=Walker|authorlink=Mick Walker (motorcycling)|publisher=JHU Press|year=2006|isbn=9780801885303|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHSlknpjrgAC&pg=PA166|page=166 |quote=other manufacturers built prototypes and small batches of turbocharged machines, only the Japanese giants attempted to exploit the turbo for series-production bikes}}{{cite book |title= The Complete Motorcycle Book: A Consumer's Guide |chapter= Mechanics and mechanisms |first= Jim |last= Bennett |edition=2nd |year=1999 |isbn= 0-8160-3854-6 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/completemotorcyc00benn_0 |page=57a |quote=Neither system [superchargers nor turbochargers] has found acceptance in the mass-produced motorcycle market, although a significant effort to build turbos was made by the Japanese motorcycle makers in the early 1980s. Factory turbos were shipped by Honda (the 82-horsepower CX500T V-twin), Yamaha (the 85-horsepower XJ650T transverse-four), Suzuki (the 85-horsepower XN85, using a GS650 transverse-four) and Kawasaki (the 110-horsepower ZX750 transverse-four).}}

• 1978 Kawasaki Z1R-TC{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Robert |title=1978 Kawasaki Z1R-TC: Turbo Power |journal=Motorcycle Classics |date=January–February 2013 |volume=8 |issue=3 |url=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic-japanese-motorcycles/kawasaki-z1r-tc-zm0z13jfzbea.aspx |accessdate=2013-02-07}}
• 1982 Honda CX 500 Turbo
• 1982–1983 Yamaha XJ 650 Seca Turbo
• 1983 Honda CX 650 Turbo
• 1983 Suzuki XN85 Turbo
• 1983–1985 Kawasaki GPZ750 Turbo

{{reflist|30em}}

Category:Gasoline engines

Category:Supercharging