Turkmen language

File:Oghuz Turkic Languages distribution map.png

Turkmen is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic family of languages, together with Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility. However, an arguably closer language to Turkmen is Khorasani Turkic, with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and also Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan.

Turkmen has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is subject–object–verb.

Written Turkmen today is based on the Teke (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly, {{lang|tk|Ýomud}}, {{lang|tk|Änewli}}, Hasarly, Nerezim, {{lang|tk|Gökleň}}, Salyr, Saryk, {{lang|tk|Ärsary}} and {{lang|tk|Çowdur}}. The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially in Afghanistan) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only a limited influence from classical Chagatai.

Turkmen has dental fricatives {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}} unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}}. The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Bashkir. However, in Bashkir {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}} are two independent phonemes, distinct from {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}}, whereas in Turkmen {{IPA|[θ]}} and {{IPA|[ð]}} are the two main realizations of the common Turkic {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}}. In other words, there are no {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}} phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|z}}, {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}}.

The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as {{lang|az|"mən"}} in Azerbaijani, whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example: {{transliteration|tk|italic=no|"bunun>munun//mının, muna//mına, munu//munı, munda//mında, mundan//mından"}}.Shiraliyev M. Fundamentals of Azerbaijan dialectology. Baku, 2008. p.76 In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in: {{transliteration|tk|italic=no|"munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan"}}.Kara M. Turkmen Grammar. Ankara, 2005. p.231

Here are some words with a different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages:{{cite web |title=Swadesh list, compare the Azerbaijani language and the Turkmen language |url=https://geo.koltyrin.ru/spisok_svodesha.php?jazyk=azeri&sravnenie=turkmen |website=Linguistics}}

Turkey was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and to open its embassy in Ashgabat on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and the principle of "One Nation, Two States".{{cite web |title=Relations between Turkey and Turkmenistan |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-turkmenistan.en.mfa |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey}}

Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very close semantics.Ahmet Cuneyd Tantug. A MT System from Turkmen to Turkish Employing Finite State and Statistical Methods. Istanbul Technical University. 2008. p.2

Here are some words from the Swadesh list in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages:

{{main|Turkmen grammar#Phonology}}

{{Main|Turkmen alphabet}}

Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries.Languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation and neighboring states (in Russian), Vol.3; 2005. Nauka (Science). p. 138 During this period, the Arabic alphabet was used extensively for writing. By in the 18th century, there had been a rich literary tradition in the Turkmen language. At the same time, the literacy of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914.Isaev M. M. Language construction in USSR. 1979. Nauka (Science). p. 352

The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designate Arabic sounds that were not in the Turkmen language.

During the first years after the establishment of the Soviet power, the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under the USSR was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters with diacritics were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language.Chariyarov B. Issues of improvement of the alphabets of Turkic languages of USSR. 1972. Nauka (Science) pp. 149–156

The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script.

In January 1925, on the pages of the republican newspaper {{lang|tk|Türkmenistan}}, the question of switching to a new, Latin alphabet was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkmen SSR developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the Turkmen SSR.

At the end of the 1930s, the process of the Cyrillization of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaper "Sowet Türkmenistany" published a letter from teachers in Ashgabat and the Ashgabat region with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up a draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published.

In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching the new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in January 1993, a meeting was held at the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993, the Mejlis of Turkmenistan approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet.Soyegov, M. [http://www.akademikbakis.org/eskisite/35/22.pdf New Turkmen Alphabet: several questions on its development and adoption]

{{Main|Turkmen grammar}}

Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example, {{transliteration|tk|obalardan}} "from the villages" can be analysed as {{transliteration|tk|oba}} "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from"); {{lang|tk|alýaryn}} "I am taking" as al "take", {{lang|tk|-ýar}} (present continuous tense), -yn (1st person singular).

Another characteristic of Turkmen is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: For example, the ablative case of {{transliteration|tk|obalar}} is {{transliteration|tk|obalardan}} "from the villages" but, the ablative case of {{transliteration|tk|itler}} "dogs" is {{transliteration|tk|itlerden}} "from the dogs".

Levels of respect or formality are focused on the final suffix of commands, while in normal sentences adding -dyr can increase formality.

File:TM-2006-1000manat-Magtymguly2-b.png on the commemorative coin of Turkmenistan]]

{{Main|Turkmen literature}}

Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. Turkmens are direct descendants of the Oghuz Turks, who were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.

The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks.{{cite book|last=Johanson |first=L. |editor-first1=Keith |editor-last1=Brown |editor-first2=Sarah |editor-last2=Ogilvie|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA111|pages=110–113 |publisher=Elsevier|date=6 April 2010|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|via=Google Books}}

Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and Persian (by Seljuks in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of Azerbaijan and Turkey. These works include, but are not limited to the Book of Dede Korkut, Zöhre Tahyr, Gorogly, Layla and Majnun, Yusuf Zulaikha and others.{{cite book |last1=Akatov |first1=Bayram |title=Ancient Turkmen Literature, the Middle Ages (X-XVII centuries) (in Turkmen) |date=2010 |publisher=Turkmen State Pedagogical Institute, Ministry of Education of Turkmenistan |location=Turkmenabat |pages=29, 39, 198, 231}}

There is general consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with the poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy, who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature.{{cite web |title=Turkmenistan Culture |url=https://asian-recipe.com/turkmenistan-culture-3481 |website=Asian recipe|date=9 August 2022 }}{{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Theodore |last2=Daukeyeva |first2=Saida |last3=Kochumkulova |first3=Elmira |title=Music of Central Asia |date=2016 |publisher=Indiana University press |isbn=978-0-253-01751-2 |page=128}} Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are {{lang|tk|Döwletmämmet Azady}} (Magtymguly's father), Mollanepes, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Mämmetweli Kemine, {{lang|tk|Abdylla Şabende}}, {{lang|tk|Şeýdaýy}}, {{lang|tk|Mahmyt Gaýyby}} and Gurbanally Magrupy.{{cite web |title=Nurmuhammet Andalyp |url=http://www.turkmenkultur.com/menu/ml/t8/andalyp.html |website=Dunya Turkmenleri}}

Note: Numbers are formed identically to other Turkic languages, such as Turkish. So, eleven (11) is "on bir" ({{Lit|ten-one}}). Two thousand seventeen (2017) is {{lang|tk|iki müň on ýedi}} (two-thousand-ten-seven).

The following is Magtymguly's {{lang|tk|Türkmeniň}} (of the Turkmen) poem with the text transliterated into Turkmen (Latin) letters, whereas the original language is preserved. Second column is the poem's Turkish translation, third one is the Azerbaijani translation, while the last one is the English translation.

File:Turkmen Sahra.png (in red), the rest of Iran (in green).]]

Irani Turkmens speak a dialect of Turkmen in the province of Golestan.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Turkmen-language|title = Turkmen language | Britannica}} It is mutually intelligible with the Turkmen dialects in Afghanistan, and is written in the Nastaliq script.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/63529|title = The Iranian Turkmen language from a contact linguistics perspective|date = 26 October 2015}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• Garrett, Jon, Meena Pallipamu, and Greg Lastowka (1996). "Turkmen Grammar". www.chaihana.com.

• {{cite book|author1=Nicholas Awde|author2=William Dirks|author3=A. Amandurdyev|title=Turkmen: Turkmen-English, English-Turkmen Dictionary & Phrasebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEOOeq7vBTAC|year=2005|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0-7818-1072-2}}

{{interWiki|code=tk}}

{{wikibooks|Turkmen}}

{{Wikivoyage|Turkmen phrasebook|Turkmen|a phrasebook}}

• [http://enedilim.com/turkmen_dili Turkmen grammar and orthography rules (Turkmen)] (in Turkmen)
• [http://turkmen.webonary.org/en/ Turkmen – English Dictionary with searchable reverse dictionary]
• [http://www.terjime.com Turkmen – English / English – Turkmen Dictionary (a)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824110216/http://www.terjime.com/ |date=24 August 2019 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120913105209/http://www.chaihana.com/dict.pdf Turkmen – English / English – Turkmen Dictionary (b)] [http://www.chaihana.com/dicet.txt] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160318135448/http://www.chaihana.com/dicte.txt]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040413030920/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Turkmen-english/ Turkmen – English Dictionary]
• [http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/turkmen.html Turkmen – English / English – Turkmen Dictionary (Freelang)]
• [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkmen.htm Omniglot page on Turkmen]
• [http://tmlit.turkmenworld.com/ Turkmen language online transliteration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717113133/http://tmlit.turkmenworld.com/ |date=17 July 2011 }}
• [http://www.ajapsozluk.com/ Ajapsozluk.com Ever-growing dictionary of Turkmen language]
• [http://ctle.pau.edu.tr/tmtr Turkmen<>Turkish dictionary] (Pamukkale University)

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