Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline

{{Infobox pipeline

| name = Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Gas Pipeline (TAPI)

| type = Natural gas

| map = TAPI-EIA.png

| map_caption =

| country = {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
{{flag|Afghanistan}}
{{flag|Pakistan}}
{{flag|India}}

| coordinates =

|construction = 2015

| photo =

| caption = A map of the TAPI route

| partners = Türkmengaz

| length_km = 1814

| discharge = {{Cvt|33|e9m3/a|abbr=off}}

| direction = North–South

| start = Galkynysh gas field, Turkmenistan

| finish = Fazilka, India

| est =

| through = Herat
Kandahar
Quetta
Multan

| par = Kandahar–Herat Highway

}}

The Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) Gas Pipeline, also known as Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline, is a natural gas pipeline being developed by the Galkynysh – TAPI Pipeline Company Limited with participation of the Asian Development Bank. The pipeline will transport natural gas from the Galkynysh Gas Field in Turkmenistan through Afghanistan into Pakistan and then to India.{{cite news |url=https://www.ariananews.af/construction-of-afghanistan-section-of-tapi-gas-pipeline-launched/ |title=Construction of Afghanistan section of TAPI gas pipeline launched |work=Ariana News |date=September 11, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-11}}{{cite news |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40246658 |title=TAPI Pipeline: Pakistan and Turkmenistan sign implementation plan |date=June 8, 2023 |access-date=2023-06-08 |publisher=Business Recorder |language=en}}

The TAPI pipeline was completed on the Turkmenistan side in 2024. The project is currently expanding southbound in Herat Province of Afghanistan.{{cite news |url=https://www.ariananews.af/tapi-project-making-rapid-progress-herat-governor/ |title=TAPI project making ‘rapid’ progress: Herat governor |work=Ariana News |date=January 27, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-27}} Proponents of the project see it as a modern continuation of the Silk Road.

{{cite news

| title = TAPI project will be the new Silk Route, says Deora

| first = Sujay | last = Mehdudia

| url = https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/TAPI-project-will-be-the-new-Silk-Route-says-Deora/article15589321.ece

| publisher = The Hindu

| date = December 4, 2011

| access-date = 2011-06-28

}}

{{cite news

| title = U.S. brings Silk Road to India

| first = M. K. | last= Bhadrakumar

| url = https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/U.S.-brings-Silk-Road-to-India/article15605598.ece

| publisher = The Hindu

| date = December 24, 2010

| access-date = 2011-06-28

}}

In August 2024, the Foreign Minister of Turkmenistan Raşit Meredow met virtually with Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, Afghanistan's Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs. Following this meeting, Foreign Minister Meredow "said that Turkmenistan is ready to begin work on the TAPI project in Afghanistan with the aim of developing political and economic relations."{{cite news |url=https://tolonews.com/business-190149 |title=Baradar: Turkmenistan FM Pledged Readiness for TAPI Project |work=TOLOnews |date=August 9, 2024}}

History

File:Murli Deora seen with the Presidents of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan at a Summit meeting at Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) at the signing of agreement regarding Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline project.jpg

File:TAPI-ceremony-Serhetabat.jpg

The roots of this project lie in the involvement of international oil companies in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan beginning of 1990s. As Russia, who controlled all export pipelines of these countries, consistently refused to allow the use of its pipeline network, these companies needed an independent export route avoiding both Iran and Russia.{{cite book |last1= Brisard |first1= Jean-Charles |first2= Guillaume |last2= Dasquie |title= Forbidden Truth – U.S. Taliban Secret Oil Diplomacy and the Failed Hunt for bin Laden |publisher= Nation Books |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-1-56025-414-0 |pages= ? |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/forbiddentruthus00bris }}{{cite book | last=LeVine | first=Steve | title=The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea | url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w0b1 | url-access=registration | publisher=Random House | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781588366467 | page=[https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w0b1/page/291 291]}}

The original project started on 15 March 1995 when an inaugural memorandum of understanding between the governments of Turkmenistan and Pakistan for a pipeline project was signed. This project was promoted by Argentinian company Bridas Corporation. The U.S. company Unocal, in conjunction with the Saudi oil company Delta, promoted an alternative project without Bridas' involvement. On 21 October 1995, these two companies signed a separate agreement with Turkmenistan's president Saparmurat Niyazov. In August 1996, the Central Asia Gas Pipeline, Ltd. (CentGas) consortium for construction of a pipeline, led by Unocal, was formed. On 27 October 1997, CentGas was incorporated in formal signing ceremonies in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, by several international oil companies along with the Government of Turkmenistan.{{cite book | title = Country Report: Turkmenistan | publisher = Economist Intelligence Unit | year = 1998 | page = 24}}

Since the pipeline was to pass through Afghanistan, it was necessary to work with the Taliban. The U.S. ambassador to Pakistan, Robert Oakley, left his post and was hired by CentGas in 1997. In January 1998, the Taliban, selecting CentGas over Argentinian competitor Bridas Corporation, signed an agreement that allowed the proposed project to proceed. In June 1998, Russian Gazprom relinquished its 10% stake in the project. On 7 August 1998, American embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam were bombed. The United States alleged that Osama bin Laden was behind those attacks, and all pipeline negotiations halted, as the Taliban's then leader, Mullah Omar, announced that bin Laden had the Taliban's support. Unocal withdrew from the consortium on 8 December 1998, and soon after closed its offices in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

{{cite book

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3lyCPmitLkQC&pg=PA87

| title = Oil and Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region

| first1 = Michael P. | last1 = Croissant

| first2 = Bülent | last2 = Aras

| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group

| page = 87

| year = 1999

| isbn = 9780275963958

}}

The new deal on the pipeline was signed on 27 December 2002 by the leaders of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

{{cite news

| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2608713.stm

| title = Central Asia pipeline deal signed

| first = Ian | last = McWilliam

| agency= BBC

| date = 2002-12-27

| access-date = 2008-05-18}}

In 2005, the Asian Development Bank submitted the final version of a feasibility study designed by British company Penspen. The project has drawn strong US support as it would allow the Central Asian republics to export energy to Western markets "without relying on Russian routes". Then-US Ambassador to Turkmenistan Tracey Ann Jacobson noted, "We are seriously looking at the project, and it is quite possible that American companies will join it".

{{cite web

|url= http://www.newint.org/features/2009/10/01/blowback-extended-version/

|title=Our Terrorists

|author= Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed

|author-link= Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed

|date=October 2009

|publisher=New Internationalist

|access-date=2009-12-07}}

Due to increasing instability, the project has essentially stalled; construction of the Turkmen part was supposed to start in 2006, but the overall feasibility is questionable since the southern part of the Afghan section runs through territory which continues to be under de facto Taliban control.

On 24 April 2008, Pakistan, India and Afghanistan signed a framework agreement to buy natural gas from Turkmenistan.

{{cite news

| url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article153168.ece

| title = Trio sign up for Turkmen gas

| newspaper = Upstream Online

| publisher = NHST Media Group

| date = 2008-04-25

| access-date = 2008-05-18}}

The intergovernmental agreement on the pipeline was signed on 11 December 2010 in Ashgabat.

{{cite news

|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/agreement-sought-on-afghan-pakistan-gas-pipeline/articleshow/7083485.cms

|title = Agreement sought on Afghan-Pakistan gas pipeline

|agency = Associated Press

|publisher = The Economic Times

|date = December 11, 2010

|access-date = 2010-12-11}}

However, in April 2012, India and Afghanistan have failed to agree on transit fee for gas passing through Afghan territory. Consequently, Islamabad and New Delhi too could not agree on the transit fee for the segment of the pipeline passing through Pakistan, which has linked its fee structure to any India-Afghanistan agreement.

{{cite news

| url = http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/tapi-india-afghanistan-fail-to-agree-on-transit-fee/

| title = TAPI: India, Afghanistan Fail to Agree on Transit Fee

| newspaper = The Gazette of Central Asia

| publisher = Satrapia

| date = 2012-04-18

| access-date = 2012-05-06}}

On 16 May 2012, the Afghan Parliament, approved the agreement on a gas pipeline and the day after, the Indian Cabinet allowed state-run gas-firm GAIL to sign the Gas Sale and Purchase Agreement (GSPA) with Türkmengaz, Turkmenistan's national oil company.

{{cite news

| url = http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/india-authorizes-to-sign-tapi-gas-sales-and-purchase-pact/

| title = India Authorizes to Sign TAPI Gas Sales and Purchase Pact

| newspaper = The Gazette of Central Asia

| publisher = Satrapia

| date = 2012-05-18

| access-date = 2012-05-18}}

The TAPI project started in Turkmenistan on 13 December 2015 and was completed by mid-2019.{{cite news |url=https://www.brecorder.com/2019/07/08/508207/pakistan-turkmenistan-to-discuss-tapi-gas-pipeline-groundbreaking-in-august |title=Pakistan and Turkmenistan to discuss TAPI gas pipeline |publisher=Business Recorder |date=8 July 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019}} Work on the Afghan side was scheduled to start in February 2018,{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-to-protect-tapi-gas-pipeline-project/4268767.html |title=Taliban Vows to Protect TAPI Gas Pipeline Project |first=Hasib Danish |last=Alikozai |publisher=Voice of America |date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=2018-04-20}}{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/tapi-moves-into-afghanistan-taliban-promise-to-protect-the-project/ |title=TAPI Moves into Afghanistan, Taliban Promise to Protect the Project |first=Catherine |last=Putz |publisher=The Diplomat (magazine) |date=February 27, 2018 |access-date=2018-04-20}} but was delayed until September 2024.{{cite news |url=https://pajhwok.com/2024/09/11/afghanistan-begins-practical-work-on-tapi-gas-pipeline/ |title=Afghanistan begins practical work on TAPI gas pipeline |work=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=11 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-11}}{{cite news |url=https://tolonews.com/business-190672 |title=Islamic Emirate, Turkmenistan Strengthen Ties with Launch of TAPI Project |work=TOLOnews |date=11 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-11}}{{cite news |url=https://www.ariananews.af/muttaqi-turkmen-fm-visit-tapi-project-in-afghanistan/ |title=Muttaqi, Turkmen FM visit TAPI project in Afghanistan |work=Ariana News |date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=2025-01-24}}

Technical features

The pipeline will be {{cvt|1420|mm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter with a working pressure of {{cvt|100|atm|abbr=on}}.

{{cite news

| url = http://www.gasandoil.com/news/central_asia/c945d096920b47dd8cfa1c9be30c5389

| title = Gas pipeline project Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India approved

| publisher = Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections

| date = 2006-11-21

| access-date = 2021-07-10}}

The capacity will be {{cvt|33|e9m3|abbr=on}} of natural gas per year of which {{cvt|5|e9m3|abbr=on}} will be provided to Afghanistan and {{cvt|14|e9m3|abbr=on}} to each Pakistan and India.

{{cite news

| url = https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/a-fillip-for-the-tapi-pipeline/

| title = A Fillip for the TAPI Pipeline

| newspaper = The Diplomat

| first = Micha'el | last = Tanchum

| date = 2015-12-03

| access-date = 2015-12-13}}

Six compressor stations would be constructed along the pipeline. The pipeline was intended to be operational by 2019.

Originally, the cost of the pipeline project was reportedly estimated at US$7.6 billion, but a more recent estimate was $10 billion.

{{cite news

| url = http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2014/12/03/Kazakhstan-keen-on-TAPI-gas-pipeline/1741417604335/

| title = Kazakhstan keen on TAPI gas pipeline

| first = Daniel J. | last=Graeber

| agency = UPI

| date = 2014-12-03

| access-date = 2015-02-25}}

The leading partner of the project is Türkmengaz.

Route

The {{cvt|1814|km|adj=on|abbr=on}} pipeline will run from the world's second largest gas field namely Galkynysh gas fields in Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India. In Afghanistan, TAPI pipeline will be constructed alongside the Kandahar–Herat Highway in western Afghanistan, and then via Quetta and Multan in Pakistan.

{{cite news

| url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_22-2-2003_pg1_5

| title = Alternate route for pipeline to be discussed today

| first1 = Khalid | last1 = Mustafa

| newspaper = Daily Times

| date = 2003-02-22

| access-date = 2012-01-27}}

The final destination of the pipeline will be the Indian town of Fazilka, near the border between Pakistan and India.