Tuxá language
{{Short description|Extinct unclassified language of Brazil}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Tuxá
| nativename =
| states = Brazil
| region = Bahia, Pernambuco
| extinct = after 1960s?
| family = unclassified
| familycolor = American
| iso3 = tud
| glotto = tuxa1239
| glottorefname = Tuxá
| ethnicity = {{ill|Tuxá people|lt=Tuxá|pt|Tuxás}}
}}
Tuxá (Tusha; also Todela ~ Rodela, Carapató, Payacú) was the eastern Brazilian language of the Tuxá people, who now speak Portuguese and Dzubukuá.{{Cite journal |last=Durazzo |first=Leandro |date=2022-05-16 |title=Revitalização de Línguas Indígenas por Meio de Documentos Coloniais Digitalizados: Comentário Sobre a Retomada do Idioma Dzubukuá pelo Povo Tuxá da Bahia, Brasil |url=https://journals.ucp.pt/index.php/diffractions/article/view/10224 |journal=Diffractions |language=pt |pages=6–25 Páginas |doi=10.34632/DIFFRACTIONS.2022.10224}} The language was believed to have ceased being spoken in the late 19th century, but in the 1960s a research team found two women that had been expelled from the Tuxa tribe in Bahia who knew some thirty words.
It was spoken along the São Francisco River near Glória, Bahia, and was reported by Loukotka (1968) to have more recently been in the village of Rodelas, Pernambuco (now part of Bahia).{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}
Vocabulary
=Loukotka (1968)=
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}
:
| class="wikitable"
! gloss !! Tushá | |
| ear | kramakeː |
| tooth | takaí |
| man | zyunkurun |
| sun | enkeː |
| moon | zyerõmeːkeː |
| earth | zyerintin |
=Pompeu (1958)=
Tushá vocabulary collected by Antônio Likaro e Cordorina in Rodelas:Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! Portuguese gloss | ||
| sol | sun | enkê |
| lua | moon | jerõmêkê |
| céu | sky | eisrêmêkê |
| terra | earth | jerintin |
| Rio São Francisco | São Francisco River | Kaleshí |
| homem | man | junkurun |
| mulher | woman | lãkãtí |
| menino | boy | jití |
| menina | girl | kaití |
| cabelo | hair | tixí |
| dente | tooth | takaí |
| orelha | ear | kramákê |
| cachimbo | smoking pipe | tôrú |
| teiú | Tupinambis lizard | tishiriú |
=Meader (1978)=
In 1961, Wilbur Pickering recorded the following word list in Juazeiro, Bahia from Maria Dias dos Santos. She was an elderly rememberer of Tuxá who was born in Rodelas, but later moved to Juazeiro.{{cite book |last=Meader |first=Robert E. |url= https://www.silbrazil.org/resources/archives/16988 |title=Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro |year=1978 |publisher=SIL International |location=Brasilia |lang=pt}}
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! Portuguese gloss | ||
| água | water | ˈmiˈaŋga |
| cabeça | head | kaˈka |
| cabelo | hair | kakaˈi |
| cachorro | dog | kašuˈi |
| carne | meat | oˈtiši |
| criança (menino) | child (boy) | guřituˈi |
| fogo | fire | toˈe |
| fumo | smoke | paˈka |
| muitas | many | kalatuˈi |
| muitas cabeças | many heads | kalatuˈi kaˈka |
| ovelha | sheep | alvεˈmą |
| panela | pan | ˈmunduřu |
| sol | sun | šaˈřola |
| pessoa suja | dirty person | ˈšuvaˈd̯ya |
| acangatara | acangatara (type of ceremonial feather headband) | ˈgoxo |
| cachaça | cachaça | auˈřiŋka |
| cachimbo | smoking pipe | maˈlaku |
| chocalho | rattle | mařaˈka |
| deus | God | tumˈpą |
| dinheiro | money | kaːmˈba |
| farinha | flour | koˈñuna |
| gado | cattle | gadiˈma |
| melancia | watermelon | ˈvεřdoˈa |
| negro | black | tupiˈʌŋka |
| peba | six-banded armadillo | kabulεˈtε |
| porco | pig | ˈmokoˈxε |
| preá | Brazilian guinea pig | šuˈřį |
| soldado | soldier | sokoˈdo |
| tatu | armadillo | putiˈa |
| trempe | twitch | mυsˈtřυ̨ |
| urubu | vulture | uˈřikuˈři tutuˈa (?) |
| quem gosta de apreciar o Guarani | who likes to enjoy the Guarani | kalamaˈši; kalatuˈi; kaˈlamototuˈa |
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite book |last= Meader |first= R. E. |url= http://www.sil.org/americas/brasil/publcns/ling/indnord.pdf |title=Indios do nordeste. Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro| year= 1978 |publisher= SIL Internacional |location= Brasilia }} (Tuxá wordlist §3.8, p30)
- {{cite book |last= Fabre|first= Alain |year=2005|url=http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Tuxa.pdf |chapter=Tuxá|title=Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos}}
{{Languages of Brazil}}
{{NE Brazil languages}}
{{South American languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuxa Language}}
Category:Indigenous languages of Northeastern Brazil
Category:Extinct languages of South America