Twana language
{{Short description|Extinct Salishan language of Washington}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Twana
| nativename = {{lang|twa|tuwaduq}}
| states = United States
| region = Puget Sound, precisely Hood Canal, Washington state
| ethnicity = 350 Twana (1977)
| extinct = 1980
| ref = e18
| familycolor = salishan
| fam1 = Salishan
| fam2 = Coast Salish
| fam3 = Central
| iso3 = twa
| glotto = twan1247
| glottorefname = Twana
| altname = Skokomish
| script = NAPA
}}
The Twana ({{Lang|twa|tuwaduq}}){{Cite book |last=Drachman |first=Gaberell |url=https://www.skokomish.org/Twana/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Tuwaduq-Twana-Language-Project-EDictionary.pdf |title=tuwaduq: The Twana Language E-Dictionary Project |publisher=Skokomish Indian Tribe |year=2020}} language, also known as Skokomish, is a Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family, spoken by the Twana, the Indigenous people of Hood Canal, in Washington. The name "Skokomish" is an Anglicization of the Twana word {{lang|twa|squqəʔbəš}} and means "river people" or "people of the river".{{cite book |title=Native American Placenames of the United States |last=Bright |first=William |author-link=William Bright |year=2004 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3598-4 |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA452 |access-date=3 November 2010}}{{cite book |title=Native Peoples of the Olympic Peninsula: Who We Are |last=Wray |first=Jacilee |year=2003 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3552-6 |page=65 |chapter=Skokomish: Twana Descendants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ustxjL5p-y4C&pg=PA65 |access-date=3 November 2010}}[http://hood.hctc.com/~skok1/ The Skokomish Tribal Nation]
History
It is believed by some elders within the Skokomish community (such as Bruce Subiyay Miller) that the language branched off from Lushootseed (a neighboring related Coast Salish language) because of the region-wide tradition of not speaking the name of someone who died for a year after their death. Substitute words were found in their place and often became normalizing in the community, generating differences from one community to the next. Subiyay speculated that this process increased the drift rate between languages and separated Twana firmly from Lushootseed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
The last fluent speaker died in 1980.{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Breathing life into the Tuwaduq language - Indian Country Today |url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/breathing-life-into-the-tuwaduq-language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816194149/https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/breathing-life-into-the-tuwaduq-language |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=}} The Skokomish Indian Tribe released an online Twana dictionary in 2020, and the language is currently being revived.
Phonology
class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Bilabial ! colspan="3" | Alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! colspan="2" | Uvular ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |
---|
central || sibilant || lateral
! plain || lab. ! plain || lab. |
rowspan="3" | Plosive/ Affricate ! plain | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | {{IPA link|ts}} | | {{IPA link|tʃ}} | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|kʷ}} | {{IPA link|q}} | {{IPA link|qʷ}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
ejective
| {{IPA link|pʼ}} | {{IPA link|tʼ}} | {{IPA link|tsʼ}} | {{IPA link|tɬʼ}} | {{IPA link|tʃʼ}} | {{IPA link|kʼ}} | {{IPA link|kʷʼ}} | {{IPA link|qʼ}} | {{IPA link|qʷʼ}} | |
voiced
| {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | {{IPA link|d͡z}}{{efn|name=loans|Found in loan words.}} | | {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}{{efn|name=loans}} | {{IPA link|ɡ}}{{efn|name=loans}} | {{IPA link|ɡʷ}}{{efn|name=loans}} | | | |
colspan="2" | Fricative
| | | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ɬ}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | {{IPA link|x}}{{efn|The sound {{IPA|[x]}} is disputed to be a main sound.{{clarify|date=June 2024}}}} | {{IPA link|xʷ}} | {{IPA link|χ}} | {{IPA link|χʷ}} | {{IPA link|h}} |
rowspan="2" | Sonorant
! plain | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|l}} | {{IPA link|j}} | | {{IPA link|w}} | | | |
glottalized
| {{IPA link|ˀm}} | | | {{IPA link|ˀl}} | {{IPA link|ˀj}} | | {{IPA link|ˀw}} | | | |
{{notelist}}
Vowel sounds present are {{IPA|[e ɛ ə o a]}}.
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.language-archives.org/language/twa OLAC resources in and about the Twana language]
{{Salishan languages}}
Category:Languages of the United States
Category:Coast Salish languages
Category:Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Category:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)
{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}
{{Washington-stub}}