Twenty-Four Histories

The idea of compiling a collection of Chinese official histories have existed as the Three Kingdoms era, when the Three Histories consisted of Shiji, Book of Han, and Dongguan Hanji. Book of the Later Han would later gradually replace the Dongguan Hanji. After the Records of the Three Kingdoms appeared, it was soon tacked on to produce the Early Four Historiographies {{lang|zh|前四史}}.{{R|李君惠}}

By the Tang dynasty, the ten official histories starting from Records of the Three Kingdoms and ending with Book of Sui were collectively called the Ten Histories. Combined with the earlier three, they make the Thirteen Histories. Two Tang scholars have written works based on the Thirteen Histories: Criticism of the Thirteen Histories by {{ill|Wu Wuling|zh|吳武陵}} (20 volumes) and Index of the Thirteen Histories by Song Jian (10 volumes).{{R|李偉國}}

During the Song dynasty, on top of on the Thirteen Histories, History of the Southern Dynasties, History of the Northern Dynasties, New Book of Tang, and New History of the Five Dynasties were added to form the Seventeen Histories. Northern Song's {{ill|Wang Ling (Song Dynasty)|zh|王令}} wrote Master Wang's Enlightenment on the Seventeen Histories, and Southern Song's Lü Zuqian wrote Detailed Excerpts of the Seventeen Histories.{{R|李偉國}}

The Twenty-One Histories was formed during the Ming dynasty. Qing dynasty's Gu Yanwu wrote in Daily Knowledge Records: Official Edition of Twenty-One Histories {{lang|zh|日知錄·監本二十一史}}: "In Song times there were only seventeen histories, now with the addition of the histories of Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan, there are twenty-one histories."{{R|李偉國}}

During the Yongzheng period of the Qing dynasty, after the completion of the History of Ming, they were collectively known as the Twenty-Two Histories, and Zhao Yi's Notes on the Twenty-Two Histories was named accordingly. Later, with the addition of the Old Book of Tang, it became the Twenty-Three Histories. When compiling the Complete Library in Four Sections, the Old History of the Five Dynasties, which was extracted from the Yongle Encyclopedia, was also included, making it the Twenty-Four Histories.{{R|李偉國}}

These works were begun by one historian and completed by an heir, usually of the next generation.

• The Shiji, inherited from Sima Tan by Sima Qian
• Book of Han, inherited from Ban Biao, Ban Gu by Ban Zhao
• Book of Liang and Book of Chen, inherited from Yao Cha ({{lang|zh|姚察}}) by Yao Silian
• Book of Northern Qi, inherited from Li Delin by Li Baiyao
• History of the Southern Dynasties and History of the Northern Dynasties, inherited from Li Dashi by Li Yanshou ({{lang|zh|李延壽}})

There were attempts at producing new traditional histories after the fall of the Qing dynasty, but they either never gained widespread acceptance as part of the official historical canon or they remain unfinished.

{{Main|Draft History of Qing|History of Qing (People's Republic)}}

In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic of China (ROC), the ROC government in Taiwan published the History of Qing, adding 21 supplementary chapters to the Draft History of Qing and revising many existing chapters to denounce the People's Republic of China (PRC) as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed passages that were derogatory towards the Xinhai Revolution.{{cite web |url=http://big5.huaxia.com/zhwh/sslh/2007698.html |url-access=registration |language=zh |script-title=zh:台灣版《清史》一年速成 筆墨官司幾上幾下 |website=Huaxia |access-date=12 April 2018}} This edition has not been widely accepted as the official Qing history because it is recognized that it was a rushed job motivated by political objectives. It does not correct most of the errors known to exist in the Draft History of Qing.

An additional project, attempting to write a New History of Qing incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000. Only 33 chapters out of the projected 500 were published.{{cite journal |first=Hsi-yuan |last=Chen |title=Last chapter unfinished: The making of the official Qing History and the crisis of Traditional Chinese Historiography |journal=Historiography East and West |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=173–204 |issn=1570-1867 |s2cid=153377177 |s2cid-access=free |doi=10.1163/157018606779068306 |url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/o:291787}} This project was later abandoned following the rise of the Taiwanese nationalist Pan-Green Coalition, which argues that it is not the duty of Taiwan to compile the history of mainland China.

In 1961, the PRC also attempted to complete the Qing history, but historians were prevented from doing so against the backdrop of the Cultural Revolution.{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Endymion |title=Chinese history: a new manual |year=2012 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-674-06715-8 |pages=834–835}}

In 2002, the PRC once again announced that it would complete the History of Qing.{{cite news |language=zh |last=Yue |first=Huairang |date=3 April 2019 |script-title=zh:新修《清史》已进入稿件通读阶段，预计今年出版问世 |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3248453 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412093526/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3248453 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |script-work=zh:澎湃新闻 |work=Pengpai Xinwen}} The project was approved in 2002,{{cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Liping |last2=Ma |first2=Zhao |year=2012 |title="Writing History in the Digital Age": The New Qing History Project and the Digitization of Qing Archives |journal=History Compass |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=367–374 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2012.00841.x}} and put under the leadership of historian Dai Yi.{{cite news |language=zh |last=Chéng |first=Chóngdé |date=3 January 2021 |script-title=zh:戴逸先生与清史纂修前的准备工作 |script-work=zh:光明 |work=Guangming |url=https://epaper.gmw.cn/zhdsb/html/2021-02/03/nw.D110000zhdsb_20210203_1-10.htm}} Initially planned to be completed in 10 years,{{cite news |language=zh |date=26 August 2003 |script-title=zh:两岸学者聚京共商清史纂修大计 预计10年完成 |script-work=zh:新浪军事 |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2003-08-26/145627.html}} the project suffered multiple delays, pushing completion of the first draft to 2016.{{cite news |last1=Ren |first1=Mǐn |editor-last=Song |editor-first=Yucheng |language=zh |script-title=zh:国家清史编纂工程已完成初稿 |trans-title=The first draft of the National Qing History Compilation Project has been completed |date=18 December 2013 |script-work=zh:北京新闻 |work=Běijīng Xīnwén |url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2013/12-18/5632007.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219101428/http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2013/12-18/5632007.shtml |archive-date=19 December 2013}} Chinese Social Sciences Today reported in April 2020 that the project's results were being reviewed.{{Cite news |work=Chinese Social Sciences Today |date=21 April 2020 |last1=Guo |first1=Fei |editor1-last=Ma |editor1-first=Yuhong |url=http://www.csstoday.com/Item/7764.aspx |title=Dai Yi speaks on Qing history national compilation project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914021623/http://www.csstoday.com/Item/7764.aspx |archive-date=14 September 2021}} However, in 2023, the manuscript was reportedly rejected,{{Cite web |last=Ji |first=Xiaohua |author-mask=Ji Xiaohua (紀曉華) |date=2023-11-07 |script-title=zh:中國觀察：未通過政審 《清史》觸礁 |trans-title=China Watch: "History of Qing" failed to pass political review and has hit a snag |url=https://www.singtaousa.com/4660464 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118234149/https://www.singtaousa.com/2023-11-07/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%80%9A%E9%81%8E%E6%94%BF%E5%AF%A9-%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E8%A7%B8%E7%A4%81/4660464 |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Singtao USA |language=zh}} and there are also rumors that the project has been indefinitely halted.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |script-title=zh:清史編纂紛擾持續 傳未通過中國政審 |trans-title=Controversy over compilation of Qing history continues, rumored to have failed to pass China’s political review |url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/4485256 |access-date=2023-11-24 |publisher=Freedom Times |language=zh |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124043453/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/4485256 |url-status=live}}

In China, the Zhonghua Book Company have edited a number of these histories. They have been collated, edited, and punctuated by Chinese specialists.Xu Elina-Qian, p. 19. From 1991 to 2003, it was translated from Literary Chinese into modern written vernacular Chinese, by Xu Jialu and other scholars.{{Cite web |url=https://m.douban.com/book/subject/1633090/ |via=Douban |script-title=zh:二十四史全译 |language=zh}}

One of the Twenty-Four Histories is in the process of being fully translated into English: Records of the Grand Historian by William Nienhauser, in nine volumes.The Grand Scribe's Records (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994- )

In Korean and Vietnamese, only the Records has been translated. Most of the histories have been translated into Japanese.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

{{Portal|China|History|Books}}

• Chinese classic texts
• Draft History of Qing, a continuation of the histories through 1911
• History of China
• Official communications in imperial China
• Zizhi Tongjian

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite journal|author=李偉國|author2=尹小林|title=重審《文淵閣四庫全書》中“二十四史”之價值|journal= 學術月刊|date=2013|volume=45|issue=01|page=142-148}}

{{cite journal|author=李君惠|title=論“二十四史”中的書、史、記、志|journal= 文史雜志|date=2012|volume=|issue=05|page=18-21}}

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{{Refbegin}}

• {{Xu Elina-Qian|19 and 23}}

{{Refend}}

{{Wikisourcelang|zh|二十四史|Twenty-Four Canonical Histories}}

• [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/ershiwushi.html Chinese Literature The Ershiwushi 二十五史 "The Twenty-five Official Dynastic Histories" (zhengshi 正史)] Ulrich Theobold, [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html China Knowledge]

{{Twenty-Four Histories}}

Category:Series of history books