Twins in mythology

File:The Childrens Museum of Indianapolis - Female ere ibeji twin figure pair.jpg twin figures (Children's Museum of Indianapolis)]]Twins in mythology are in many cultures around the world.{{Cite journal|last=Hankoff|first=Leon D.|date=1977|title=Why The Healing Gods Are Twins|journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine|volume=50|issue=3|pages=307–319|pmid=560764|pmc=2595421}} In some cultures they are seen as ominous, and in others they are seen as auspicious.{{Cite journal|last=Levy|first=Jerrold E.|date=August 1964|title=The Fate of Navajo Twins|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/668187|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=66|issue=4|pages=883–887|doi=10.1525/aa.1964.66.4.02a00140|jstor=668187|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Malamisti-Puchner|first=Ariadne|date=2015|title=Twins in Ancient Greece: a synopsis|url=https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1060958|journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine|volume=29|issue=11|pages=1751–1753|doi=10.3109/14767058.2015.1060958|pmid=26135766|s2cid=44447825|via=Taylor & Francis Online|url-access=subscription}} Twins in mythology are often cast as two halves of the same whole, sharing a bond deeper than that of ordinary siblings, or seen as fierce rivals. They can be seen as representations of a dualistic worldview. They can represent another aspect of the self, a doppelgänger, or a shadow.

Twins are often depicted with special powers. This applies to both mortal and immortal sets of twins, and often is related to power over the weather. Twins in mythology also often share deep bonds. In Greek mythology, Castor and Pollux share a bond so strong that when mortal Castor dies, Pollux gives up half of his immortality to be with his brother. Castor and Pollux are the Dioscuri twin brothers. Their mother is Leda, a being who was seduced by Zeus who had taken the form of a swan. Even though the brothers are twins, they have two different fathers. This phenomenon is a very common interpretation of twin births across different mythological cultures. Castor's father is Tyndareus, the king of Sparta (hence the mortal form).{{Citation|last=Edmunds|first=Lowell|title=Dioscuri|date=2015-10-13|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691165127.003.0003|work=Stealing Helen|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.23943/princeton/9780691165127.003.0003|isbn=9780691165127|access-date=2021-11-25|url-access=subscription}} Pollux is the son of Zeus (demigod). This brothers were said to be born from an egg along with either sister Helen and Clytemnestra.{{Citation|last=Edmunds|first=Lowell|title=Dioscuri|date=2015-10-13|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691165127.003.0003|work=Stealing Helen|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.23943/princeton/9780691165127.003.0003|isbn=9780691165127|access-date=2021-11-25|url-access=subscription}} This teleologically explains why their constellation, the Dioskouroi or Gemini, is only seen during one half of the year, as the twins split their time between the underworld and Mount Olympus. In an aboriginal tale, the same constellation represents the twin lizards who created the plants and animals and saved women from evil spirits. Another example of this strong bond shared between twins is the Ibeji twins from African mythology. Ibeji twins are viewed as one soul shared between two bodies. If one of the twins dies, the parents then create a doll that portrays the body of the deceased child, so the soul of the deceased can remain intact for the living twin. Without the creation of the doll, the living twin is almost destined for death because it is believed to be missing half of its soul.{{Cite journal|title=Kanopy|last=Flatley|first=Robert}} Twins in mythology are often associated with healing. They are also often gifted with the ability of divination or insight into the future.

Divine twins in twin mythology are identical to either one or both place of a god. The Feri gods are not separated entities but are unified into one center. These divine twins can function alone in one body, either functioning as a male or as male and female as they desire. Divine twins represent a polarity in the world. This polarity may be great or small and at times can be opposition. Twins are often seen to be rivals or adversaries.{{Citation|last=McIntosh|first=Mark A.|title=The Divine Ideas Tradition in Christianity|date=2021-03-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199580811.003.0002|work=The Divine Ideas Tradition in Christian Mystical Theology|pages=12–40|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oso/9780199580811.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-958081-1|access-date=2021-11-25|url-access=subscription}}

By culture

=Africa=

==Egyptian==

Nut and Geb, Dualistic twins. God of Earth (Geb) and Goddess of the sky (Nut)
Osiris - Isis' twin and husband. Lord of the underworld. First born of Geb and Nut. One of the most important gods of ancient Egypt.
Isis - Daughter of Geb and Nut; twin of Osiris.
Ausar - (also known by Macedonian Greeks as Osiris) twin of Set. Set tricked his brother at a banquet he organized so as to take his life.

==West African==

Mawu-Lisa - Twins representing moon and sun, respectively. Ewe-Fon culture.
Yemaja - Mother of all life on earth. Yoruba culture.
Aganju - Twin and husband of Yemaja
Ibeji - Twins of joy and happiness. Children of Shango and Oshun.

=Amerindian=

Gluskap and Malsumis - A cultural hero and its evil twin brother for the Wabanaki peoples.
Hahgwehdiyu and Hahgwehdaetgah - Sons of either Iroquois sky goddess Atahensic{{cite book|editor=C. Scott Littleton|title=Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology, Volume 4|year=2005|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|isbn=978-0-7614-7559-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2FpRCam224C&q=Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Mythology%2C+Volume+4}} or her daughter Tekawerahkwa.{{Cite web|last=Lloyd|first=Ellen|date=September 23, 2019|title=Birth Of Good And Evil In Iroquois Beliefs|url=https://www.ancientpages.com/2019/09/23/birth-of-good-and-evil-in-iroquois-beliefs/|publisher=AncientPages.com}}
Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé and Yolkai Estsan - Navajo goddesses.
Monster Slayer and Born-for-Water - Navajo Hero Twins.
Jukihú and Juracán - Twin sons of Atabex (Mother Nature), the personifications of Order and Chaos, respectively; from the Taíno Arawak nation which once stretched from South America through the Caribbean and up to Florida in the US. From the Oral history of the Taino Arawak Nation, as told to me by a member of the Nation, "Makanaxeiti"
Hun-apu and Ixbalanque, the Maya Hero Twins - Defeated the Seven Macaw
Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl or Tezcatlipoca
Xochipilli, and Xochiquetzal - God and goddess of sex, beauty and love.
Kokomaht and Bahotahl - Good and evil forces in nature.

=Ancient Mesopotamian religion=

Inanna and Utu.{{citation|last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |first2=Anthony |last2=Green |title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana|publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992 |isbn= 978-0-7141-1705-8|pages=108, 182}}*{{citation|last1=Wolkstein|first1=Diane|last2=Kramer|first2=Samuel Noah|title=Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer|year=1983|publisher=Harper&Row Publishers|location=New York City, New York|isbn=978-0-06-090854-6|pages=x–xi}}{{citation|last=Pryke|first=Louise M.|date=2017|title=Ishtar|publisher=Routledge|location=New York and London|isbn=978-1-138--86073-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|page=36}}

=Greek and Roman mythology=

Divine
Apollo and Artemis - God and goddess, children of Zeus and Leto
Hypnos and Thanatos - Sons of Nyx
Despoina and Arion - Goddess and immortal horse, children of Demeter and Poseidon.
Palici - Sicilian chthonic deities in Greek mythology and Roman mythology.
One divine, one mortal
Heracles and Iphicles - Though their mother was Alcmene, Hercules was son of Zeus while Iphicles was son of Amphitryon.
Castor and Pollux, known as the Dioscuri - Though their mother was Leda, Castor was mortal son of Tyndareus, the king of Sparta, while Pollux was the divine son of Zeus.
Helen and Clytemnestra - Sisters of the Dioscuri, they were the daughters of Leda by Zeus and Tyndareus, respectively.
Children of a god or nymph and a mortal
Belus and Agenor - Sons of Poseidon and Libya.
Aegyptus and Danaus - Sons of Belus and Achiroe, a naiad daughter of Nile.
Aeolus and Boeotus - Sons of Poseidon and Arne.
Lycastus and Parrhasius - Sons of Ares and Phylonome, daughter of Nyctimus of Arcadia.
Amphion and Zethus - Sons of Zeus by Antiope
Centaurus and Lapithes - Sons of Ixion and Nephele or Apollo and Stilbe.
Pelias and Neleus - Sons of Poseidon and Tyro.
Romulus and Remus - Central characters of Rome's foundation myth. Sons of Rhea Silvia by either the god Mars, or by the demi-god Hercules.
Eurytus and Cteatus - Sons of Molione either by Actor or Poseidon
Ascalaphus and Ialmenus - Sons of Ares and Astyoche, Argonauts who participated in the Trojan War.
Mortal
Byblis and Caunus - Children of King Miletus and Tragasia or Cyanee.
Kleobis and Biton - Sons of a Hera priestess in Argos.
Crisus and Panopeus - Sons of Phocus and Asterodia.
Iasus and Pelasgus - Sons of Phoroneus or Triopas.
Proetus and Acrisius - Rival twins, sons of Abas and Aglaea or Ocalea.
Porphyrion and Ptous - Sons of Athamas and Themisto.
Thessalus and Alcimenes - Sons of Jason and Medea.
Theraephone and Theronice - Daughters of Dexamenus, wives of Eurytus and Cteatus.
Thoas and Euneus - Sons of Jason and Hypsipyle.
Cassandra and Helenus - Children of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy with prophetic powers.
Procles and Eurysthenes - Great-great-great-grandsons of Heracles, sons of Aristodemus and Argia.
Sisyphus and Salmoneus - Rivals who angered Zeus with their deceit and hubris. Sons of King Aeolus of Thessaly and Enarete.

=Norse mythology=

Freyr and Freyja - God and goddess, children of Njörðr.
Baldr and Hodr - "The Shining One" and "The Blind God", sons of Odin and Frigg.
Móði and Magni - Courage/Bravery and Strength. Although not Twins in every Source, they often come in a pair. In some iterations, twin sons of Thor and Sif.
Sigmund and Signy - Characters of the Völsunga saga, children of King Völsung.

=Hinduism=

The Ashvins - Sons of the sun God, Surya. Represent dualities such as building and destroying.
Dhrishtadyumna and Draupadi - Mythical figures from the Mahabharata.
Koti and Chennayya - Twin heroes
Yama and Yami - God and Goddess of death.
Lava and Kusha - Children of Rama and Sita.
Nakula and Sahadeva - sons of the last born of the Pandavas
Lakshmana and Shatrughna - Children of Dasharatha and Sumitra
Indra and Agni - Mirror twins
Nala and Nila Ramayan

=Jewish=

Jacob and Esau - Sons of Isaac and Rebecca. Represented two nations.{{Cite book|title=Twin enigma.|last=Vivienne.|first=Lewin|date=2017|publisher=Karnac Books|isbn=9781782415336|oclc=954223952}}
Pharez and Zerah - Sons of Judah and Tamar.

=Christian=

Thomas the apostle and his unnamed twin brother.{{Cite web |last=Gilkerson |first=Luke |date=2012-10-15 |title=All the Twins in the Bible |url=https://www.intoxicatedonlife.com/all-the-twins-in-the-bible/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Intoxicated On Life |language=en-US}}

=Zoroastrian=

Ahura Mazda and Ahriman - Twins of opposing forces: good and evil.{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/|title=Encyclopedia.com {{!}} Free Online Encyclopedia|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2018-12-15}}

= Ossetian mythology =

Akhshar and Akhsartag - one of the main characters and progenitors of the Nart saga

=Afro-Caribbean cosmologies=

Marassa Jumeaux - The divine, children twins in Vodou.
Ibeji - Twins of joy and happiness. Children of Shango or Sango and Oshun.

= East Asian =

Izanagi and Izanami - God and Goddess, creators of the Japanese islands.

References

Selected literature

{{cite book |title= Dictionary of Mythology, Part 2 |last=Jobes |first=Gertrude |year=1962 |publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc |location=New York |pages=1614–1615}}
{{cite book |title=Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/funkwagnallsstan00leac |url-access=registration |editor=Maria Leach |year=1972 |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/funkwagnallsstan00leac/page/1134 1134–1136]}}
{{cite book |title=Myths and Legends of the World, vol 4 |editor=John M. Wickersham |year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=New York |isbn=978-0-02-865438-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythslegendsofwo0003unse/page/76 76–79] |url=https://archive.org/details/mythslegendsofwo0003unse/page/76 }}
"Ahura Mazda (Ohrmazd) and Ahriman." New Catholic Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com.12 Dec. 2018 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"ISIS." Egyptian Mythology for Smart People, egyptianmythology.org/gods-and-goddesses/isis/.
Lewin, Vivienne. Twin Enigma. Karnac Books, 2017.
Myers, Bethany. "Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC." Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC, 2002, opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1005&context=uhp_theses.
Voth, Grant, et al., directors. The Beauty of African Mythology. Welcome to Virginia Commonwealth University | Kanopy, 2015, vcu.kanopy.com/s?query=african+mythology.