Type IX submarine#Type IXC/40
{{Short description|German type of large ocean-going submarines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image | Ship image = U-505chicago b.jpg | Ship caption = {{GS|U-505 | 2}}, a type IXC U-boat
}} {{Infobox ship class overview | Name = | Builders = | Operators = *{{navy|Nazi Germany|name=Kriegsmarine}}
| Class before = Type I | Class after = * Type XXI | Subclasses = * Type IXA
| Cost = | Built range = 1937-1945 | In service range = 1938-1945 | In commission range = | Total ships building = 195 | Total ships planned = 290 | Total ships completed = 194 | Total ships cancelled = 95 | Total ships laid up = | Total ships lost = | Total ships retired = | Total ships preserved = 2 }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship propulsion = *2 × MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged 9-cylinder diesel engines, {{convert|4400|PS|shp kW|abbr=on}} (surfaced)
| Ship test depth = *{{convert|230|m|ft|abbr=on}} | Ship complement = 48 to 56 (55 to 63 in Type IXD) | Ship armament = *6 × torpedo tubes (4 bow, 2 stern)
| Ship notes = | Ship speed = *{{convert|18.2|kn|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip|lk=out}} (surfaced)
| Ship range = *{{convert|13,450|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}} surfaced
}} |
The Type IX U-boat was designed by Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine in 1935 and 1936 as a large ocean-going submarine for sustained operations far from the home support facilities. It was derived from the Type IA and appeared in various sub-types.{{sfn|Williamson|2005|p=40}}{{sfn|Showell|2006|p=83}}{{efn|Showell states that the Type IX submarine was designed as a further development of the U81.{{sfn|Showell|2006|p=83}}}}
Type IXs had six torpedo tubes; four at the bow and two at the stern. They carried six reloads internally and ten spare torpedoes externally in pressure-tight containers. Type IX boats could also be fitted for mine operations; as mine-layers they could carry 44 TMA or 60 TMB mines.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=104}}
Secondary armament was provided by one 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun with 180 rounds. Anti-aircraft armament differed throughout the war.
Design
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935 allowed Germany to build a U-Boat fleet of {{cvt|22050|t|LT}}. Parts for two Type I, twenty-four Type II and ten Type VII U-boats had already been produced before the conclusion of the agreement and these thirty-six U-boats comprising {{cvt|12500|t|LT}} were built within the year. The German Navy wanted to spend the remaining {{cvt|9950|t|LT}} on a large {{cvt|750|t|LT}} U-boat, capable of operating in the Mediterranean Sea. In order to speed up construction, the existing Type I design was modified to fulfill the extra requirements. To improve speed, a more powerful diesel engine was installed. The upper deck was widened so that ten spare torpedoes could be stored below in water-tight containers.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|pp=103-105}}
Subclasses
= Type IXA =
{{Main|Type IXA submarine}}The first four Type IX U-boats were ordered on 29 July 1936 from DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen,{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=105}} and on 21 November a further four were ordered from the same yard.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=109}} The eight U-boats were commissioned in 1938-39. Six were lost in action and two were scuttled at the end of the war.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=96}}
= Type IXB =
{{Main|Type IXB submarine}}On 17 July 1937 the British amended the Anglo-German Naval Agreement for an expansion of their submarine fleet. As a consequence Germany was also allowed more tonnage for their U-boats and part of this tonnage was used to order two Type IXB on 21 July. The Type IXB was a identical to the Type IXA, except for a wider outer hull,{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=109}} which increased fuel storage to {{cvt|165|t|LT}}.{{Sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=71}} In 1938 the Germans invoked an clausule of the Anglo-German Naval- Agreement which allowed them to build submarines in parity with the British. A further eight Type IXB were ordered on 24 May 1938 and a ninth was ordered on 9 Augustus.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=115}} A total of fourteen Type IXB was ordered from DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen. These U-boats were commissioned in 1939-40. Thirteen were sunk in the course of the war, the remaining one was decommissioned and sabotaged when Lorient Submarine Base was evacuated in 1944.{{Sfn|Kemp|1999|p=197}}{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=97}}
= Type IXC =
The Type IXC had again a wider outer hull, with storage for an additional 43 tonnes of fuel, increasing the boat's range. This series omitted the control room periscope leaving the boats with two tower scopes.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|pp=117-118}} The 35 boats of {{GS|U-162|1941|2}} through {{GS|U-170||2}} and {{GS|U-505||2}} through {{GS|U-550||2}} were not fitted for mine operations.{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}}
The first ten Type IXC were ordered on 7 August 1939.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=117}} Three shipyards, DeSchiMAG AG Weser and Seebeckwerft of Bremen, and Deutsche Werft of Hamburg built 54 Type IXC submarines, which were commissioned in 1941-42. 49 Type IXC U-boats were lost. Two were decommissioned in French ports and could not be evacuated to Germany when the Allies overran France in 1944.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=98}} One was given to Japan as a gift from Hitler, one surrendered at the end of the war, and U-505 was captured at sea and survives at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago.{{cite web |title=U-505 (German Submarine) |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2065&ResourceType=Structure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212012351/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2065&ResourceType=Structure |archive-date=12 February 2012 |access-date=2008-06-11 |work=National Historic Landmark summary listing |publisher=National Park Service |df=dmy-all}}{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=98}}
= Type IXC/40 =
Type IXC/40 was an improved Type IXC with slightly increased range.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=126}} The 87 Type IXC/40 U-boats built at DeSchiMAG AG Weser and Seebeckwerft of Bremen, and Deutsche Werft of Hamburg were commissioned in 1942-44.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|pp=99-101}} After the decision of Karl Dönitz on 13 August 1943 to focus on the construction of the new Elektroboote, on 30 September 1943, the outstanding order for 71 Type IXC/40 was cancelled.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=216}} 64 Type IXC/40 were lost in action, four were decommissioned before the end of the war, two were scuttled, one was transferred to the Japanese Navy and sixteen surrendered.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|pp=99-101}} The Type IXC/40 {{GS|U-534||2}} was sunk on 5 May 1945, but raised and is on display at Woodside Ferry Terminal, Birkenhead.{{Cite web |title=The U-Boat Story - The Story of World War 2 German Submarine U-534 |url=http://www.u-boatstory.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828150544/http://www.u-boatstory.co.uk/ |archive-date=28 August 2011 |access-date=6 February 2010 |work=u-boatstory.co.uk}}{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=100}}
= Type IXD1 =
After the cancelling of the Type XI U-cruisers at the beginning of the war which were intended for patrols against independently sailing vessels in remote areas, Dönitz sought a way to replace these U-cruisers with an existing design that could be modified without much impact on existing U-boat production. The solution was to adapt the Type IXC into two designs : a high-speed Type IXD1 and a long-range Type IXD2. On 28 May 1940 the first IXD U-boats were ordered.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=150}} Only two Type IXD1 U-boats were built,{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=102}} {{GS|U-180||2}} was commissioned on 10 December 1941 and {{GS|U-195||2}} on 8 April 1942.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=159}}
The Type IXD1 was significantly longer and heavier than the IXC/40. It had three pairs of 20-Cylinder, four-stroke Daimler Benz MB501 diesels, which were also used for E-boats, with a total of {{convert|9000|bhp|lk=off|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=102}} This installation was not succesfull: it produced too much exhaust smoke, and the heat in the engine room was unbearable because of defective cooling.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=|pp=150-151}}{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=231-232}} Since they not fit for war patrols, it was decided in the autumn of 1943 to convert the two Type IXD1 U-boats in transport U-boats. They had their torpedo tubes removed and the six diesel engines were replaced with two Type VIIC {{convert|3200|bhp|lk=off|abbr=on}} Germaniawerft F46 diesel engines.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=206}} As a consequence top speed dropped to {{convert|15.8|kn||abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=337}} In their new role they could transport 252 tonnes of cargo.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=206}}
= Type IXD2 and IXD/42 =
{{see also|Focke-Achgelis Fa 330}}Apart from the two standard MAN M9V40/46 diesel engine totalling {{convert|4400|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}}, the Type IXD2 had two extra six-cylinder, four-stroke MWM RS34S diesel generators totalling {{convert|1000|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} for economical cruising.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=103}}The IXD2 had a range of {{convert|23700|nmi}} at {{convert|12|kn|abbr=on}} {{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=75}} and {{convert|31,500|nmi}} {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}. The IXD/42 was almost identical.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=104}} Most of the Type IXD2 were sent to patrols in the Indian Ocean as part of the Monsun Gruppe and were equipped with a Focke-Achgelis Fa 330 rotor kite which was stored in two watertight vertical canister behind the conning tower.{{Sfn|Paterson|2016|pp=92-94}}
The first two Type IXD2 U-boats were ordered on 15 August 1940.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=126}} DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen built 28 Type IXD2 U-boats, which were commissioned in 1942-44.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=103}} Following the decision by Dönitz to stop building conventional U-boats, the orders for 22 Type IXD/42 U-boats was cancelled. Only two that were already under construction by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen, were continued. Only {{GS|U-883||2}} was launched on 28 April 1944 and commissioned 27 March 1945, and surrendered at the end of the war. The other Type IXD/42 {{GS|U-884||2}} was launched on 17 May 1944 but was badly damaged on 30 March 1945 by US bombs while still in the dockyard and never commissioned.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=216}}{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=104}}
In foreign service
- {{GS|U-123|1940|2}} had been scuttled in Lorient but was raised by the French after the war, repaired and recommissioned as Blaison.{{Sfn|Kemp|1999|p=197}}
- {{GS|U-510||2}} was returning from the Far East to Saint-Nazaire submarine base when the war ended and was captured there by the French.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=690-691}} The U-boat was commissioned into the French Navy as Bouan.{{Sfn|Watts|1977|p=24}}
- {{GS|U-511||2}} was a gift from Hitler to Japan, she arrived on 16 September 1943 in Japan and was renamed Ro-500.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|p=776}}
- {{GS|U-1224||2}} was another gift from Hitler to Japan. A Japanese crew was brought to Germany to commission her on 14 February 1944.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=101}} She sailed for Japan on 30 March and was lost on her way.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=538-539}}
- {{GS|U-181||2}}, {{GS|U-862||2}} and {{GS|U-195||2}} were in the Far East when Germany surrendered in May 1945, were captured by the Japanese and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy as I-501, I-502 and I-506 respectively.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|p=694}}
- {{GS|U-1231||2}} surrendered at the end of the war and was given as a war prize to the Soviet Union. She was commissioned in the Soviet Navy as N.26.{{Sfn|Watts|1977|p=27}}
- {{GS|U-190||2}} and {{GS|U-889||2}} were on patrol in the North Atlantic when Germany surrendered. They put into a Canadian port and both were commissioned in the Royal Canadian Navy, but U-889 was later transfered to the United States Navy.{{Sfn|Watts|1977|pp=23, 26}}{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=685, 690}}
Specifications
| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center;"
!Class !IXA{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}} !IXB{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}} !IXC{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}} !IXC/40{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}} !IXD1{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=114}} !IXD2{{Sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=71}} !IXD/42{{Sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=71}} |
| Displacement surfaced
|{{convert|1032|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1051|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1120|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1144|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1610|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1616|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1616|t|LT|abbr=on}} |
|---|
| Displacement submerged
|{{convert|1152|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1178|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1232|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1257|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1799|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1808|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1808|t|LT|abbr=on}} |
| Length overall
|{{convert|76.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|76.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|76.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|76.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|87.58|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|87.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|87.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |
| Length pressure hull
|{{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|68.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} | -- | -- |
| Beam overall
|{{convert|6.51|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|6.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|6.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|6.86|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|7.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|7.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|7.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |
| Beam pressure hull
|{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}} | -- | -- |
| Height
|{{convert|9.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|10.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}} | -- | -- |
| Draft
|{{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|4.67|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|5.35|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|5.35|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |{{convert|5.35|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |
| Power surfaced
(diesel){{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|pp=96-104}} | colspan="4" |{{convert|4,400|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|9,000|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|5,400|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|5,400|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |
| Power submerged
(Electric){{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|pp=96-104}} | colspan="7" |{{convert|1000|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |
| Surface speed
|{{convert|18.2|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|18.2|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|18.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|18.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|20.8|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|19.2|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|19.2|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |
| Submerged speed
|{{convert|7.7|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|7.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|7.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|7.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|6.9|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|6.9|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|6.9|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |
| fuel capacity{{sfn|Rössler|2001|pp=336-337}}
|{{convert|154|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|165|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|208|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|214|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|203|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|442|t|LT|abbr=on}} |{{convert|442|t|LT|abbr=on}} |
| Surface range at 10 knots
|{{convert|10,500|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|12,000|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|13,450|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|13,850|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|12,750|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|31,500|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|31,500|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |
| Surface range at 12 knots{{sfn|Rössler|2001|pp=336-337}}
|{{convert|8,100|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|8,700|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|11,000|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|11,400|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|9,900|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|23,700|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|23,700|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |
| Submerged range at 4 knots
|{{convert|65|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|64|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|63|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|63|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|115|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|57|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |{{convert|57|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}} |
| Bow tubes
| colspan="7" align="center" |4 |
| Stern tubes
| colspan="7" align="center" |2 |
| Torpedoes (maximum)
|22 |22 |22 |22 |22 |24 |24 |
Notes
{{notelist}}
=Citations=
{{Reflist |20em}}
Bibliography
{{Commons category|Type IX submarines}}
- {{Cite book |last=Bagnasco |first=Erminio |title=Submarines of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1977 |isbn=0870219626 |location=Annapolis}}
- {{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Clay |title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945 |publisher=Cassell |year=1998 |isbn=0-304-35261-6 |volume=2}}
- {{cite book|last1=Gröner|first1=Erich|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|name-list-style=amp|last3=Maass|first3=Martin|translator-last1=Thomas|translator-first1=Keith|translator-last2=Magowan|translator-first2=Rachel|year=1991|title=German Warships 1815–1945|volume=2: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels|location=London|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|isbn=0-85177-593-4}}
- {{cite book |first=Paul |last=Kemp |title=U-Boats Destroyed, German submarine Losses in the World Wars |year=1999 |publisher=Arms and Armour |isbn=1-85409-515-3}}
- {{cite book |last1=Möller |first1=Eberhard |title=The Encyclopedia of U-Boats |last2=Brack |first2=Werner |publisher=Chatham |year=2004 |isbn=1-85367-623-3 |location=London}}
- {{Cite book |last=Paterson |first=Lawrence |title=Hitler's Grey Wolves : U-Boats in the Indian Ocean |publisher=Frontline Books |year=2016 |isbn=9781473882751 |location=Havertown}}
- {{cite book |last=Rössler |first=Eberhard |date=2001 |title=The U-boat: The evolution and technical history of German submarines |location=London |publisher=Cassell & Co |isbn=0-304-36120-8}}
- {{cite book |last=Showell |first=Jak P. Mallmann |date=2006 |title=The U-boat Century: German Submarine Warfare 1906–2006 |location=London |publisher=Chatham Publishing |isbn=9781861762412}}
- {{Cite book |last=Watts |first=Anthony John |title=Axis submarines |publisher=Arco Pub. Co. |year=1977 |isbn=0668041595 |location=New York}}
- {{cite book |last=Williamson |first=Gordon |date=2005 |title=Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-boat in World War II |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-84176-872-3}}
Further reading
- {{cite book |last=Sharpe |first=Peter |date=1998 |title=U-Boat Fact File: Detailed Service Histories of the Submarines Operated by the Kriegsmarine 1935–1945 |location=Leicester |publisher=Midland Publishing |isbn=1-85780-072-9}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Thew|first1=Robert W.|year=1991|title=The Type IX U-Boat|journal=Warship International|publisher= International Naval Research Organization|volume=XXVIII |issue=1 |issn=0043-0374|pages=14–29}}
{{German Type IX submarines}}
{{Uboat |state=collapsed}}
{{WWII German ships}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Type 009 Submarine}}