Tytonidae

File:Kerkuil licht en donker.jpg

Barn owls consist of two extant subfamilies: the Tytoninae or Tyto owls (including the western barn owl) and the Phodilinae or bay owls. The modern genera Tyto and Phodilus are thought to have originated from a common ancestor from the Oligocene period.{{Cite journal|last1=Uva|first1=Vera|last2=Päckert|first2=Martin|last3=Cibois|first3=Alice|last4=Fumagalli|first4=Luca|last5=Roulin|first5=Alexandre|date=August 2018|title=Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of barn owls and relatives (Family: Tytonidae), and their six major Pleistocene radiations|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=125|pages=127–137|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.013|pmid=29535030|issn=1055-7903|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018MolPE.125..127U }} It is believed the modern genus Tyto descended from large nocturnal birds in the West Indies during the Quaternary. The systematics of this group began with the discovery of Tyto ostologa (now extinct), whose remains were found in north-central Haiti. This discovery led to the finding of Tyto pollens, Tyto noeli, and Tyto riveroi in nearby cave deposits, all of which are now extinct and were also considered giant.{{Cite journal|last=Wetmore|first=Alexander|journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College|title=Bird Remains from Cave Deposits on Great Exuma Island in the Bahamas |pages=425–428|date=October 1937|volume=80|issue=12|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21148/#page/517/mode/1up}}{{Cite journal|last=Arredondo|first=O|date=1972|title=Especie nueva de lechuza gigante (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno cubano|journal=Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales|language=Spanish|url=http://www2.nrm.se/ve/birds/sape/GlobalOwlProject/Fossil_owls/Tyto%20riveroi%20(Arredondo)%201972..pdf}} The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy unites the Caprimulgiformes with the owl order; here, barn owls are a subfamily, Tytoninae. This is unsupported by more recent research (see Cypselomorphae), but the relationships of the owls in general are still unresolved.

The ashy-faced owl (T. glaucops) was for some time included in T. alba. Based on DNA evidence, König, Weick & Becking (2009) recognised the American barn owl (Tyto furcata) and the Curaçao barn owl (T. bargei) as separate species.{{cite book|author1=König, Claus |author2= Weick, Friedhelm |author3= Becking, Jan-Hendrik|title=Owls of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rnz1c8olgWcC&pg=PP46 |year=2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-0884-0 |pages=46–48}} They proposed that T. a. delicatula should be split off as a separate species, to be known as the eastern barn owl, which would include the subspecies T. d. delicatula, T. d. sumbaensis, T. d. meeki, T. d. crassirostris, and T. d. interposita.{{cite book|author1=König, Claus |author2= Weick, Friedhelm |author3= Becking, Jan-Hendrik|title=Owls of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rnz1c8olgWcC&pg=PP209|year=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-0884-0|page=209}} As of 2021, the International Ornithological Committee had not accepted the split of Tyto delicatula from T. javanica.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/BOW/owls/ |title=Owls |work=IOC World Bird List: Version 11.2 |publisher=IOC |access-date=2021-01-06}}

Some island subspecies are occasionally treated as distinct species, a move which should await further research into barn owl phylogeography. According to Murray Bruce in Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds, "a review of the whole group [is] long overdue".Bruce (1999) pp. 34–75 Molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA shows a separation of the species into two clades, an Old World alba and a New World furcata, but this study did not include T. a. delicatula, which the authors seem to have accepted as a separate species. Extensive genetic variation was found between the Indonesian T. a. stertens and other members of the alba clade, leading to the separation of stertens into Tyto javanica.{{cite journal |author1=Alaie Kakhki, N. |author2=Aliabadian, M. |year=2012 |title=Mitochondrial DNA (CYTB) divergences in two distinct, Old World and New World barn owls |journal=Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=47–55 |issn=1735-434X }}

Twenty to thirty subspecies are usually recognized, varying mainly in body proportions, size, and colour. Barn owls range in colour from the almost beige-and-white nominate subspecies alba, erlangeri, and niveicauda, to the nearly black-and-brown contempta. Island forms are mostly smaller than mainland ones, and those inhabiting forests have darker plumage and shorter wings than those living in open grasslands. Several subspecies are generally considered to be intergrades between more distinct populations.Taylor (2004) p. 24

Two extant genera are accepted:{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2024 | title=Owls | work=World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/owls/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=21 November 2024 }}

• Genus Tyto – barn owls, grass owls and masked owls (18 species)
• Genus Phodilus – bay owls (2 species)

File:Combined distribution map of Tyto alba, Tyto furcata, Tyto javanica.png

Some of the Tyto species that exist include the western barn owl (Tyto alba), the American barn owl (Tyto furctata), and the eastern barn owl (T. javanica, including the Australian barn owl T. javanica delicatula). Within each of these species, there are many subspecies. Of the western barn owl there are 10 subspecies: T. a. alba, T. a. detorta, T. a. erlangeri, T. a. ernesti, T. a. gracilirostris, T. a. guttata, T. a. hypermetra, T. a. poensis, T. a. schmitzi, T. a. thomensis. Of the American barn owl, there are 10 subspecies: T. f. bargei, T. f. bondi, T. f. contempta, T. f. furcata, T. f. guatemalae, T. f. hellmayri, T. f. niveicauda, T. f. pratincola, T. f. punctatissima, T. f. tuidara. Of the Australian barn owl, there are 7 subspecies: T. j. crassirostris, T. j. delicatula, T. j. javanica, T. j. interposita, T. j. meeki, T. j. stertens, T. j. sumbaensis.{{Cite book|last=König|first=Claus |title=Owls of the world|date=2008|publisher=Yale University Press |author2=Friedhelm Weick |author3=Michael Wink|isbn=978-0-300-14227-3|edition=2nd |location=New Haven|oclc=639518017}}

The western barn owl (T. alba) can be found in Africa and parts of Asia, including Eurasia. The American barn owl (T. furcata) can be found from North to South America. Lastly, the Australian barn owl (T. delicatula) can be found in Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia, and Asia.

File:BayOwlGould.jpg

This genus includes the Oriental bay owl (P. badius) and the Sri Lanka bay owl (P. assimilis). The genus has a much smaller distribution than Tyto, with Oriental bay owls found in tropical Asia and Sri Lanka bay owls found in Sri Lanka and southwestern India.{{Cite book|last1=del Hoyo|first1=Josep |last2=Collar |first2=Nigel J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890655208|title=HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World|volume=1: Non-passerines |date=2014|isbn=978-84-96553-94-1|location=Barcelona, Spain|publisher=Lynx Edicions |oclc=890655208}}

The fossil record of barn owls goes back to the Eocene, with the family eventually losing ground to the true owls after the radiation of rodents and owls during the Neogene epoch. Two subfamilies are known only from the fossil record: the Necrobyinae and the Selenornithinae. At least four extinct genera of barn owls have been described:

• Genus Nocturnavis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) – includes Bubo incertus
• Genus Necrobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Late Miocene, France) – includes Bubo arvernensis and Paratyto
• Genus Selenornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) – includes Asio henrici
• Genus Prosybris (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy(?) – Early Miocene of France and Austria)

• Tytonidae gen. et sp. indet. "TMT 164" (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France) - Prosybris?
• Genus Palaeotyto (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) from Quercy, France. Placement in this family is tentative, it may instead belong to the family Sophiornithidae.
• Genus Palaeobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) from Quercy, France. Placement in this family is tentative, it may instead belong to the family Sophiornithidae.

The supposed "giant barn owl" Basityto from the Early Eocene of Grafenmühle (Germany) was actually a crowned crane (Balearica);{{Cite journal|last=Mourer-Chauviré|first=Cécile|date=December 2001|title=The systematic position of the genus Basityto, Mlikovsky 1998|url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/global_owl_project/descriptions/Fossil_owls/Balearica%20Mourer-Chauvire%202001.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=114 |issue=4|pages=964–971}} the presumed "Easter Island barn owl", based on subfossil bones found on Rapa Nui, has turned out to be a procellarid;Steadman, David William (2006): Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Islands Birds. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-77142-3}}. and the specimen originally described as the fossilized Pliocene Lechusa stirtoni was later determined to be recent remains of a modern-day American barn owl.{{Cite journal|last=Chandler|first=Robert M.|date=July–September 1982|title=A Reevaluation of the Pliocene Owl Lechusa Stirtoni Miller|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v099n03/p0580-p0581.pdf|journal=Auk|volume=99 |issue=3|pages=580–581|doi=10.1093/auk/99.3.580|via=SORA}}

The main characteristic of the barn owls is the heart-shaped facial disc, formed by stiff feathers which serve to amplify and locate the source of sounds when hunting.{{cite book

|last1=Grzimek

|first1=B.

|last2=Immelmann

|first2=K.

|year=1977

|title=Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Ethology

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ8RAQAAMAAJ

|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Company

|page=133

|isbn=9780442229467

|lccn=76009298

}}

Further adaptations in the wing feathers eliminate sound caused by flying, aiding both the hearing of the owl listening for hidden prey and keeping the prey unaware of the owl. Barn owls overall are darker on the back than the front, usually an orange-brown colour, the front being a paler version of the back or mottled, although considerable variation is seen even within species.

Bay owls closely resemble the Tyto owls, but have a divided facial disc, ear tufts, and tend to be smaller.

File:Barn Owl, Canada.jpg

The barn owl is the most widespread landbird species in the world, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Its range includes all of Europe (except Fennoscandia and Malta), most of Africa apart from the Sahara, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Australia, many Pacific Islands, and North-, Central-, and South America.Shawyer (1994) p. 10 In general, it is considered to be sedentary, and, indeed, many individuals, having taken up residence in a particular location, remain there even when better nearby foraging areas are available. In the British Isles, the young seem largely to disperse along river corridors, and the distance travelled from their natal site averages about {{convert|9|km|1|abbr=on}}.Shawyer (1994) p. 91

In continental Europe, the dispersal distance is greater, commonly somewhere between {{convert|50|and|100|km}} but exceptionally {{convert|1500|km|0|abbr=on}}, with ringed birds from the Netherlands ending up in Spain and in Ukraine. In the United States, dispersal is typically over distances of {{convert|80|and|320|km|0|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, with the most travelled individuals ending up some {{convert|1760|km|0|abbr=on}} from their points of origin. Dispersal movements in the African continent include {{convert|1000|km|0|abbr=on}}, from Senegambia to Sierra Leone, and up to {{convert|579|km|0|abbr=on}} within South Africa. In Australia, there is some migration, as the birds move towards the northern coast in the dry season and southward in the wet season, as well as nomadic movements in association with rodent plagues. Occasionally, some of these birds turn up on Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, or New Zealand, showing that crossing the ocean is within their capabilities. In 2008, barn owls were recorded for the first time breeding in New Zealand.{{cite journal|url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/first-record-barn-owls-tyto-alba-breeding-wild-new-zealand|title=First record of barn owls (Tyto alba) breeding in the wild in New Zealand|year=2009|author1=Hyde, N. H. S.|author2=Matthews, K.|author3=Thompson, M.|author4=Gale, R.|journal=Notornis|volume=56|issue=4|pages=169–175|access-date=11 August 2014|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410110959/http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/first-record-barn-owls-tyto-alba-breeding-wild-new-zealand|url-status=dead}} The barn owl has been successfully introduced into the Hawaiian island of Kauai in an attempt to control rodents; distressingly, it has been found to also feed on native birds.{{cite web |url=http://www.kauaibirds.com/barnowl.htm |title=Introduced birds: Barn owl |author=Denny, Jim |work=Birds of Kaua'i |year=2006 |access-date=2014-07-24 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213013/http://www.kauaibirds.com/barnowl.htm |url-status=dead }}

{{Clear}}

Hunting in twilight or at night, the barn owl can target its prey and dive to the ground. Its legs and toes are long and slender, which improves its ability to forage among dense foliage or beneath the snow and gives it a wide spread of talons when attacking prey. This bird hunts by flying slowly, quartering the ground and hovering over spots that may conceal prey. It has long, broad wings that enable it to manoeuvre and turn abruptly. It has acute hearing, with ears placed asymmetrically, which improves detection of sound position and distance; the bird does not require sight to hunt. The facial disc helps with the bird's hearing, as is shown by the fact that, with the ruff feathers removed, the bird can still determine a sound source's direction, although without the disc it cannot determine the source's height.{{cite journal |author1=Knudsen, Eric I. |author2=Konishi, Masakazu |year=1979 |title=Mechanisms of sound localization in the barn owl (Tyto alba) |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.1007/BF00663106 |s2cid=1502927 }} It may perch on branches, fence posts, or other lookouts to scan its surroundings, and this is the main means of prey location in the oil palm plantations of Malaysia.Taylor (2004) pp. 47–61{{cite journal |author1=Meyrom, Kobi |author2=Motro, Yoav |author3=Leshem, Yossi |author4=Aviel, Shaul |author5=Izhaki, Ido |author6=Argyle, Francis |author7=Charter, Motti |year=2009 |title=Nest-box use by the barn owl Tyto alba in a biological pest control program in the Beit She'an Valley, Israel |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=463–467 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0410 |s2cid=86309543 |doi-access=free }}

File:Chouette crâne (2).jpg

Rodents and other small mammals may constitute over ninety percent of the prey caught.{{cite journal | last1 = Lavariega | first1 = Mario C. | last2 = García-Meza | first2 = Josué | last3 = Martínez-Ayón | first3=Yazmín del Mar | last4 = Camarillo-Chávez | first4 = David | last5 = Hernández-Velasco | first5 = Teresa | last6 = Briones-Salas | first6 = Miguel | title = Análisis de las presas de la Lechuza de Campanario (Tytonidae) en Oaxaca Central, México | journal = Neotropical Biology and Conservation | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | year = 2015 | issn = 2236-3777 | doi = 10.4013/nbc.2016.111.03 | url = http://revistas.unisinos.br/index.php/neotropical/article/view/nbc.2016.111.03 | language = es| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2015NeoBC..1111.03L }}{{Open access}}{{cite journal|author=Ingles, Chuck |year=1995 |title=Summary of California studies analyzing the diet of barn owls |journal=Sustainable Agriculture/Technical Reviews |volume=2 |pages=14–16 |url=http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/newsltr/v7n2/sa-9.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128004146/http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/newsltr/v7n2/sa-9.htm |archive-date=November 28, 2011 }} Birds are also taken, as well as lizards, amphibians, fish, spiders, and insects.{{cite web | url=https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/owls/barn-owl | title=Barn Owl | the Peregrine Fund }}König, Claus, Friedhelm Weick, and Jan-Hendrik Becking. Owls of the World. 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009. Web. 23 May. 2023. Even when they are plentiful, and other prey scarce, earthworms do not seem to be consumed. In North America and most of Europe, voles predominate in the diet, and shrews are the second most common food choice.Taylor (2004) pp. 29–46 In Ireland, the accidental introduction of the bank vole in the 1950s led to a major shift in the barn owl's diet: where their ranges overlap, the vole is now by far the largest prey item.{{cite journal |author1=Kelleher, K. M. |author2=Oliver, G. A. |author3=Sleeman, D. P. |year=2010 |title=The composition and sex of rodent prey taken by Barn Owls Tyto alba at a roost in County Cork |journal=Irish Birds |volume=9 |pages=35–40 |issn=0332-0111 }} Mice and rats are the main foodstuffs in the Mediterranean region, the tropics, subtropics, and Australia. Gophers, muskrats, hares, rabbits, and bats are also preyed upon.{{cite web|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Tyto_alba%20-%20Barn%20Owl.pdf|title=Barn owl (Tyto alba)|website=Sta.uwi.edu|access-date=2022-04-09}}{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tyto_alba/ | title=Tyto alba (Barn owl) | website=Animal Diversity Web }} Barn owls are usually specialist feeders in productive areas and generalists in areas where prey is scarce.

On the Cape Verde Islands, geckos are the mainstay of the diet, supplemented by birds such as plovers, godwits, turnstones, weavers, and pratincoles.{{cite journal |last=de Naurois | first=R. |year=1982 |title=Le statut de la Chouette effraie de l'archipel du Cape Verte Tyto alba detorta |journal=Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia |volume=52 | issue=3–4 |pages=154–166 | language=fr }} On a rocky islet off the coast of California, a clutch of four young were being reared on a diet of Leach's storm petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa).{{cite journal | last=Bonnot | first=Paul | year=1928 | title=An outlaw Barn Owl | journal=Condor | volume=30 | issue=5 | pages=320–329 | jstor=1363231 | url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v030n05/p0320-p0320.pdf | doi = 10.2307/1363231 }} On bird-rich islands, a barn owl might include birds as some fifteen to twenty percent of its diet, while in grassland it will gorge itself on swarming termites, or on Orthoptera such as Copiphorinae katydids, Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatidae), or true crickets (Gryllidae). Smaller prey is usually torn into chunks and eaten completely, including bones and fur, while prey larger than about {{convert|100|g}}—such as baby rabbits, Cryptomys blesmols, or Otomys vlei rats—is usually dismembered and the inedible parts discarded.{{cite journal | last1=Traylor | first1=Melvin A. | last2=Parelius | first2=Daniel | year=1967 | title=A collection of birds from the Ivory Coast | journal=Fieldiana Zoology | volume=51 | issue=7 | pages=91–117 | url=https://archive.org/details/collectionofbird517tray}}Ehrlich et al. (1994) pp. 250–254{{cite journal |author1=Laudet, Frédéric |author2=Denys, Christiane |author3=Senegas, Frank |year=2002 |title=Owls, multirejection and completeness of prey remains: implications for small mammal taphonomy |journal=Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia |volume=45 |pages=341–355 |url=http://www.isez.pan.krakow.pl/journals/azc_v/pdf/45/27.pdf }}

Compared to other owls of similar size, the barn owl has a much higher metabolic rate, requiring relatively more food. Relative to its size, barn owls consume more rodents. Studies have shown that an individual barn owl may eat one or more voles (or their equivalent) per night, equivalent to about fourteen percent of the bird's bodyweight. Excess food is often cached at roosting sites and can be used when food is scarce.Taylor (2004) pp. 91–95 This makes the barn owl one of the most economically valuable wildlife animals for agriculture. Farmers often find these owls more effective than poison in keeping down rodent pests, and they can encourage barn owl habitation by providing nesting sites.

Barn owls living in tropical regions can breed at any time of year, but some seasonality in nesting is still evident. Where there are distinct wet and dry seasons, egg-laying usually takes place during the dry season, with increased rodent prey becoming available to the birds as the vegetation dies off. In arid regions, such as parts of Australia, breeding may be irregular and may happen in wet periods, with the resultant temporary increase in the populations of small mammals. In temperate climates, nesting seasons become more distinct, and there are some seasons of the year when no egg-laying takes place. In Europe and North America, most nesting takes place between March and June, when temperatures are increasing. The actual dates of egg-laying vary by year and by location, being correlated with the amount of prey-rich foraging habitat around the nest site.Taylor (2004) pp. 121–135 An increase in rodent populations will usually stimulate the local barn owls to begin nesting, and, consequently, two broods are often raised in a good year, even in the cooler parts of the owl's range.{{cite web |url=http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob7350.htm |title=Barn Owl Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) |year=2009 |publisher=British Trust for Ornithology |access-date=2014-09-08}}

File:Owlets.jpg, beginning to shed their nestling down]]

Feathers become abraded over time and all birds need to replace them at intervals. Barn owls are particularly dependent on their ability to fly quietly and manoeuvre efficiently. In temperate areas, the owls undergo a prolonged moult that lasts through three phases over a period of two years. The female starts to moult while incubating the eggs and brooding the chicks, a time when the male feeds her, so she does not need to fly much. The first primary feather to be shed is a central one, number 6, and it has regrown completely by the time the female resumes hunting. Feathers 4, 5, 7, and 8 are dropped at a similar time the following year and feathers 1, 2, 3, 9 and 10 in the bird's third year of adulthood. The secondary and tail feathers are lost and replaced over a similar timescale, again starting while incubation is taking place. In the case of the tail, the two outermost tail feathers are first shed, followed by the two central ones, the other tail feathers being shed the following year.Shawyer (1994) pp. 88–90

The male owl moults rather later in the year than the female, at a time when there is an abundance of food, the female has recommenced hunting, and the demands of the chicks are lessening. Unmated males without family responsibilities often start losing feathers earlier in the year. Their moult follows a pattern similarly prolonged as that of the female. The first sign that the male is moulting is often when a tail feather has been dropped at the roost. A consequence of moulting is the loss of thermal insulation. This is of little importance in the tropics, and barn owls there usually moult a complete complement of flight feathers annually. The hot-climate moult may still take place over a long period but is usually concentrated at a particular time of year outside the breeding season.Taylor (2004) pp. 108–120

File:Tyto alba -USA -three hissing and clicking-8.ogv

Predators of the barn owl include large American opossums (Didelphis), the common raccoon, and similar carnivorous mammals, as well as eagles, larger hawks, and other owls. Among the latter, the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), in the Americas, and the Eurasian eagle-owl (B. bubo) are noted predators of barn owls. Despite some sources claiming that there is little evidence of predation by great horned owls, one study from Washington found that 10.9% of the local great horned owl's diet was made up of barn owls.Marti, Carl D.; Poole, Alan F.; Bevier, L. R. (2005): "Barn Owl (Tyto alba)" The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; [http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/001 Barn owl]{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1368658 |jstor=1368658 |last1=Millsap |first1=Brian A. |last2=Millsap |first2=Patricia A. |title=Burrow Nesting by Common Barn-Owls in North Central Colorado |journal=The Condor |year=1987 |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=668–670 }}{{cite journal | last1 = Knight | first1 = R. L. | last2 = Jackman | first2 = R. E. | year = 1984 | title = Food-niche relationships between Great Horned Owls and Common Barn-Owls in eastern Washington | journal = Auk | volume = 101 | pages = 175–179 | doi = 10.1093/auk/101.1.175 }} In Africa, the principal predators of barn owls are Verreaux's eagle-owls (Bubo lacteus) and Cape eagle-owls (B. capensis).Steyn, P. (1983). Birds of prey of southern Africa: Their identification and life histories. Croom Helm, Beckenham (UK). 1983.{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = L. H. | year = 1965 | title = Observations on Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus (Temminck) in Kenya | journal = Journal of the East African Natural History Society | volume = 25 | pages = 101–107 }} In Europe, although less dangerous than the eagle-owls, the chief diurnal predators are the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and the common buzzard (Buteo buteo). About 12 other large diurnal raptors and owls have also been reported as predators of barn owls, ranging from the similar-sized Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) and scarcely larger tawny owl (Strix aluco) to huge bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos).Voous, K.H. 1988. Owls of the Northern Hemisphere. The MIT Press, 0262220350. As a result of improved conservation measures, the populations of the northern goshawk and eagle-owls are increasing, thus increasing the incidence of hunting on barn owls where the species coexist.{{cite web |url=http://britishbirds.co.uk/article/the-daylight-activity-of-barn-owls/ |title=The daylight activity of barn owls |author=Martin, Jeff |date=2013-07-08 |work=BritishBirds |publisher=BritishBirds Rarities Committee |access-date=2014-07-19 |archive-date=2016-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909231900/http://britishbirds.co.uk/article/the-daylight-activity-of-barn-owls/ |url-status=dead }}

When disturbed at its roosting site, an angry barn owl lowers its head and sways it from side to side, or the head may be lowered and stretched forward and the wings outstretched and drooped while the bird emits hisses and makes snapping noises with its beak. Another defensive attitude involves lying flat on the ground or crouching with wings spread out.Witherby (1943) pp. 343–347

Barn owls are hosts to a wide range of parasites. Fleas are present at nesting sites, and externally the birds are attacked by feather lice and feather mites, which chew the barbules of the feathers and which are transferred from bird to bird by direct contact. Blood-sucking flies, such as Ornithomyia avicularia, are often present, moving about among the plumage. Internal parasites include the fluke Strigea strigis, the tapeworm Paruternia candelabraria, several species of parasitic round worm, and spiny-headed worms in the genus Centrorhynchus. These gut parasites are acquired when the birds feed on infected prey.{{cite book|author1=Bunn, D. S. |author2=Warburton, A. B. |author3=Wilson, R. D. S.|title=The Barn Owl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TF-zE_vOu9sC&pg=PA177 |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-3961-5 |page=177}} There is some indication that female birds with more and larger spots have a greater resistance to external parasites. This is correlated with smaller bursa of Fabricius, glands associated with antibody production, and a lower fecundity of the blood-sucking fly Carnus hemapterus, which attacks nestlings.{{cite journal |author1=Roulin, Alexandre |author2=Riols, Christian |author3=Dijkstra, Cor |author4=Ducrest, Anne-Lyse |year=2001 |title=Female plumage spottiness signals parasite resistance in the barn owl (Tyto alba) |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=103–110 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.beheco.a000371|doi-access=free }}

Collision with road vehicles is another cause of death and may result when birds forage on mown verges. Some of these birds are in poor condition and may have been less able to evade oncoming vehicles than fit individuals. In some locations, road mortality rates can be particularly high, with collision rates being influenced by higher commercial traffic, roadside verges that are grass rather than shrubs, and where small mammals are abundant.{{cite journal | author1= Arnold, E.M. |author2= Hanser, S.E. | author3= Regan, T. | author4= Thompson, J. | author5= Lowe, M. |author6= Kociolek, A. | author7= Belthoff, J.R. | year=2019| title= Spatial, road geometric and biotic factors associated with Barn Owl mortality along an interstate highway | journal=Ibis| volume=161| pages = 147–161 | doi= 10.1111/ibi.12593| issue=2| doi-access= free |bibcode= 2019Ibis..161..147A }} Historically, many deaths were caused by the use of pesticides, and this may still be the case in some parts of the world. Collisions with power-lines kill some birds, and being shot accounts for others, especially in Mediterranean regions.Taylor (2004) pp. 203–215

File:LT-2002-5litai-Tyto-b.png silver coin (2002)]]

The barn owl is relatively common throughout most of its range and not considered globally threatened. If considered as a single global species, the barn owl is the second most widely distributed of all raptors, after only the peregrine falcon. It is wider-ranging than the also somewhat cosmopolitan osprey. Furthermore, the barn owl is likely the most numerous of all raptors, with the IUCN Red List assessor estimating a population possibly as large as nearly 10 million individuals.{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |year=2019 |amends=2016 |title=Tyto alba |page=e.T22688504A155542941 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22688504A155542941.en}}Sauer, J. R., D. K. Niven, J. E. Hines, D. J. Ziolkowski Jr., K. L. Pardieck, J. E. Fallon, and W. A. Link (2017). The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2015. Version 2.07.2017. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA. Severe local declines due to organochlorine (e.g., DDT) poisoning in the mid 20th century and rodenticides in the late 20th century have affected some populations, particularly in Europe and North America. Intensification of agricultural practices often means that the rough grassland that provides the best foraging habitat is lost.Taylor (2004) pp. 242–261 While barn owls are prolific breeders and able to recover from short-term population decreases, they are not as common in some areas as they used to be. A 1995–1997 survey put their British population at between 3,000 and 5,000 breeding pairs, out of an average of about 150,000 pairs in the whole of Europe. In the US, barn owls are listed as endangered species in seven Midwestern states (Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri), and in the European Community they are considered a Species of European Concern.

In Canada, barn owls are no longer common and are most likely to be found in coastal British Columbia south of Vancouver,{{cite web|url=http://www.sccp.ca/species-habitat/barn-owl|title=Barn Owl|website=South Coast Conservation Program|accessdate=1 December 2018}} having become extremely rare in a previous habitat, southern Ontario. In spite of a Recovery Strategy, particularly in 2007–2010 in Ontario,{{cite web|url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/barn-owl-recovery-strategy|title=Barn Owl Recovery Strategy|website=Ontario.ca|accessdate=1 December 2018}} only a handful of wild, breeding barn owls existed in the province in 2018.{{cite web|url=https://www.tvo.org/article/current-affairs/endangered-ontario-why-barn-owls-have-flown-the-coop-in-ontario|title=Endangered Ontario: Why barn owls have flown the coop in Ontario|date=28 August 2017|website=TVO}} This is primarily because of disappearing grasslands where the bird hunted in the past, but according to a study, also because of "harsh winters, predation, road mortality and use of rodenticides".{{cite web|url=http://files.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/species-at-risk/286962.pdf|title=Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in Ontario|series=Ontario Recovery Strategy Series|website=Files.ontario.ca|date=February 2010}} The species is listed as endangered overall in Canada, due to loss of habitat and a lack of nesting sites.{{cite web|url=http://www.simplywildcanada.com/wild-species/birds-of-canada/owls-of-canada/|title=Owls of Canada|website=Simplywildcanada.com|accessdate=1 December 2018}}

File:Barn Owl, Ontario, Canada.jpg, in Ontario; the species has become extremely rare in this province.]]

In the Canary Islands, a somewhat larger number of these birds still seem to exist on the island of Lanzarote, but altogether this particular subspecies (T. a. gracilirostris, the Canary barn owl) is precariously rare: perhaps fewer than two hundred individuals still remain. Similarly, the birds on the western Canary Islands, which are usually assigned to this subspecies, have severely declined, and wanton destruction of the birds seems to be significant. On Tenerife, they seem relatively numerous, but on the other islands, as on Fuerteventura, the situation looks bleak. Due to the assignment to this subspecies of birds common in mainland Spain, the western Canary Islands population is not classified as threatened.{{cite book|chapter-url=http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/MDC/id/1901|title=Aves y plantas de Fuerteventura en peligro de extinción|publisher=Asociación Canaria para Defensa de la Naturaleza|year=1975|pages=10–32|language=es|chapter=Aves de Fuerteventura en peligro de extinción|last1=Álamo Tavío|first1=Manuel|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072434/http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/MDC/id/1901|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-especies-amenazadas/lechuza_tcm7-20972.pdf|title=Tyto alba gracilirostris Hartert, 1905|year=2006|publisher=El Ministerio de Medio Ambiente agradece sus comentarios, Spain|language=es|access-date=2014-09-19|archive-date=18 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718125232/http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-especies-amenazadas/lechuza_tcm7-20972.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal|year=2004|title=Current status and distribution of birds of prey in the Canary Islands|journal=Bird Conservation International|volume=14|issue=3|pages=203–213|doi=10.1017/S0959270904000255|author=Palacios, César-Javier|doi-access=free}}

Nest boxes are used primarily when populations suffer declines.{{Cite journal|last=Watts|first=Bryan|date=2004|title=An evaluation of nest box use by Common Barn Owls in Virginia|journal=The Raven|volume=75 |issue=2|pages=71–72}} Although such declines have many causes, among them are the lack of available natural nesting sites. Early successes among conservationists have led to the widespread provision of nest boxes, which has become the most used form of population management. The barn owl accepts the provided nest boxes and sometimes prefers them to natural sites.{{Cite journal|last1=Meyrom|first1=Kobi|last2=Motro|first2=Yoav|last3=Leshem|first3=Yossi|last4=Aviel|first4=Shaul|last5=Izhaki|first5=Ido|last6=Argyle|first6=Francis|last7=Charter|first7=Motti|title=Nest-Box use by the Barn OwlTyto albain a Biological Pest Control Program in the Beit She'an Valley, Israel|journal=Ardea|language=en-US|volume=97|issue=4|pages=463–467|doi=10.5253/078.097.0410|year=2009|s2cid=86309543|doi-access=free}} The nest boxes are placed under the eaves of buildings and in other locations. The upper bound of the number of barn owl pairs depends on the abundance of food at nesting sites.{{Cite book|title=Population ecology of raptors / monograph.|last=Ian|first=Newton|date=2010-01-01|publisher=T & AD Poyser|isbn=978-1408138533|oclc=862148605}} Conservationists encourage farmers and landowners to install nest boxes by pointing out that the resultant increased barn owl population would provide natural rodent control.{{cite web|url=https://www.hungryowl.org/nesting-box-overview/|title=Nesting Boxes Overview|website=Hungry Owl|publisher=WildCare|author=Hungry Owl Project|access-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003047/https://www.hungryowl.org/nesting-box-overview/|archive-date=13 November 2017|url-status=dead}} In some conservation projects, the use of rodenticides for pest control was replaced by the installation of nest boxes for barn owls, which has been shown to be a less costly method of rodent control.{{cite journal |last1=Paz |first1=A. |last2=Jareño |first2=D. |last3=Arroyo |first3=L. |last4=Viñuela |first4=J. |last5=Arroyo |first5=B. |last6=Mougeot |first6=F. |last7=Luque-Larena |first7=J. J. |last8=Fargallo |first8=J. A. |title=Avian predators as a biological control system of common vole (Microtus arvalis) populations in north-western Spain: experimental set-up and preliminary results |journal=Pest Management Science |date=March 2013 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=444–450 |doi=10.1002/ps.3289 |pmid=22517676|hdl=10261/142639 }}

Common names such as "demon owl", "death owl", "ghost owl", or "lich owl" (from lich, an old term for a corpse) show that rural populations in many places considered barn owls to be birds of evil omen. For example, the Tzeltal people in Mexico regard them as "disease givers".{{Cite book |title=Almas y cuerpo en una tradición indígena tzeltal |last=Pitarch |first=P. |publisher=Archives de sciences sociales des religions |year=2000 |pages=31–47}}{{Cite journal |last=Pitarch |first=P. |date=2000 |title=Almas y cuerpo en una tradición indígena tzeltal |journal=Archives de sciences sociales des religions |volume=112 |language=es |issue=112 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.4000/assr.20245 |doi-access=free}} These owls do not "hoot", instead emitting raspy screeches and hissing noises, and their white face and underbelly feathers, visible as they fly overhead, make them look "ghostly". Consequently, they were often killed by farmers who were unaware of the benefits these birds bring.{{cite web |url=http://news.ufl.edu/1999/10/28/owls1/ |title=Spooky owl provides natural rodent control for farmers |date=1999 |author=Spence, C. |publisher=University of Florida |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307224545/http://news.ufl.edu/1999/10/28/owls1/ |archive-date=2014-03-07 |work=UF News |access-date=2014-07-14}} Negative perceptions can also be attributed to the false belief that they could eat large animals, such as chickens and cats.{{cite news |title=Farmers, Conservationists Seek Return of Barn Owls |work=National Geographic News |last1=Brendle|first1=A. |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1030_021030_BarnOwls.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021102103002/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1030_021030_BarnOwls.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2002 |access-date=14 May 2017}} In Thailand, people believe that when the barn owl flies over or perches on the roof of any house, the inhabitants of that house will die.{{cite web |trans-title=Poor barn owl with Thai beliefs |date=2018 |first=T. |last=Pattanamongkol |title=นแสกผู้น่าสงสารกับความเชื่อแบบไทยๆ |language=thai |work=Sarakadee |accessdate=2022-12-12 |url=https://www.sarakadee.com/2018/09/10/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3/ }} In South Africa, barn owls are often associated with witchcraft and are persecuted. In some South African cultures, these owls are used in {{lang|af|muthi}}, a form of traditional medicine, and are believed to give special powers when consumed.{{Cite web |last=Gumede, P. |title=Ministries hosts talk on owls |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/Local/South-Coast-Fever/ministries-hosts-talk-on-owls-20160426 |access-date=2020-06-08 |work=News24}}{{Cite news |title=People who give a hoot for raptors |work=Iol |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/north-west/people-who-give-a-hoot-for-raptors-2067784 |access-date=2020-06-08}}

In India, Hindus consider the barn owl to be the mount and symbol of Lakshmi, goddess of wealth and fortune.{{cite web |url=https://www.thaipbs.or.th/program/catchup/99049 |work=Thai PBS |language=thai |date=2022 |accessdate=2022-12-12 |title=นกแสก |trans-title=Barn owl |author=Kerdmamai, S.}}

Mummified barn owls from Ancient Egypt have also been found.{{citation |journal=Archaeofauna |volume=14 |pages=139–170 journal |last1=Gautier |first1=A. |date=2005 |title=Animal mummies and remains from the Necropolis of Elkab (Upper Egypt) |url=https://revistas.uam.es/archaeofauna/article/view/7441}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |title=Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds |last=Bruce |first=M. D. |year=1999 |editor-last=del Hoyo |editor-first=J. |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=J. |chapter=Family Tytonidae (Barn-owls) |publisher=Lynx Edicions |isbn=978-84-87334-25-2 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse }}
• {{cite book |title=The Birdwatcher's Handbook: A Guide to the Natural History of the Birds of Britain and Europe |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul R. |last2=Dobkin |first2=David S. |last3=Wheye |first3=Darryl |last4=Pimm |first4=Stuart L. |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-858407-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/birdwatchershand00ehrl }}
• {{cite book |title=The Barn Owl |last=Shawyer |first=Colin |year=1994 |publisher=Hamlyn |isbn=978-0-600-57949-6 }}
• {{cite book |title=Collins Bird Guide |last1=Svensson |first1=Lars |last2=Zetterström |first2=Dan |last3=Mullarney |first3=Killian |last4=Grant |first4=Peter, J. |year=1999 |publisher=Harper & Collins |isbn=978-0-00-219728-1 }}
• {{cite book |title=Barn Owls: Predator-prey Relationships and Conservation |last=Taylor |first=Iain |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54587-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAF7OjRBkT8C&q=Barn+owl+energy+needs+food&pg=PR13 }}
• {{cite book |title=Handbook of British Birds, Volume 2: Warblers to Owls |last=Witherby |first=H. F. |year=1943 |publisher=H. F. and G. Witherby }}

• {{cite journal | last1=Aliabadian | first1=M. | last2=Alaei-Kakhki | first2=N. | last3=Mirshamsi | first3=O. | last4=Nijman | first4=V. | last5=Roulin | first5=A. | year=2016 | title=Phylogeny, biogeography, and diversification of barn owls (Aves: Strigiformes) | journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=119 | issue= 4| pages=904–918 | doi=10.1111/bij.12824 | doi-access=free }}

• [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/barn-owls-tytonidae Barn owls] on the Internet Bird Collection
• BrainMaps: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101116053812/http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&species=tyto-alba Barn owl brain images]
• [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/common-barn-owl-tyto-alba Barn owl videos, photos and sounds]—Internet Bird Collection
• [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3650id.html Barn owl]—USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Barn_Owl.html Barn owl species account]—Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20141202063803/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/266_BarnOwlTalba.pdf Ageing and sexing barn owls]—Blasco-Zumeta, Javier; Heinze, Gerd-Michael
• [http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Tyto_alba/Tyto_alba.htm Barn owl feathers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304095917/http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Tyto_alba/Tyto_alba.htm |date=4 March 2018 }}
• [http://www.barnowltrust.org.uk/barn-owl-facts/uk-owl-species/ Barn Owl sounds]
• [https://www.entenazionaleunin.com/progetto-m-c-b-i/ M.C.B.I. Project - Barn Owl Monitoring & Conservation in Italy]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q27112}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Owls

*

Category:Extant Eocene first appearances

Category:Taxa named by Robert Ridgway