USA-1 (satellite)
{{Short description|American navigation satellite used for GPS}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = USA-1
| names_list = Navstar 9
GPS I-9
GPS SVN-9
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size = 300px
| mission_type = Navigation
Technology
| operator = U.S. Air Force
| COSPAR_ID = 1984-059A
| SATCAT = 15039
| mission_duration = 5 years (planned)
10 years (achieved)
| spacecraft = Navstar
| spacecraft_type = GPS Block I
| manufacturer = Rockwell Space Systems
| launch_mass = {{cvt|758|kg}}
| dimensions = 5.3 meters of long
| power = 400 watts
| launch_date = 13 June 1984, 11:37 UTC
| launch_rocket = Atlas E / SGS-2
(Atlas-42E)
| launch_site = Vandenberg, SLC-3W
| launch_contractor = Convair
General Dynamics
| entered_service = 19 July 1984
| deactivated = 20 June 1994
| orbit_reference = Geocentric orbit{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1984-059A|title=Trajectory: Navstar 9 1984-059A |publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=21 November 2020}} {{PD-notice}}
| orbit_regime = Medium Earth orbit
(Semi-synchronous)
| orbit_slot =
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|19917|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|20446|km}}
| orbit_inclination = 62.80°
| orbit_period = 718.00 minutes
| apsis = gee
| programme = Global Positioning System
| previous_mission = OPS 9794 (Navstar 8)
| next_mission = USA-5 (Navstar 10)
}}
USA-1, also known as Navstar 9, GPS I-9 and GPS SVN-9, was an American navigation satellite launched in 1984 as part of the Global Positioning System development programme. It was the ninth of eleven Block I GPS satellites to be launched, and the first satellite to receive a USA designation.
Background
Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air forces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational used (e.g., boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet tracking, and surveying. GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55°. These vehicles are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane.
Spacecraft
The first eleven spacecraft (GPS Block 1) were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the GPS system. They were 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing using reaction wheels. Dual solar arrays supplied over 400 watts. They had S-band communications for control and telemetry and Ultra high frequency (UHF) cross-link between spacecraft. They were manufactured by Rockwell Space Systems, were 5.3 meters across with solar panels deployed, and had a design life expectancy of 5 years. Unlike the later operational satellites, GPS Block 1 spacecraft were inclined at 63°.{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-097A|title=Navstar 9 1984-059A |publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=21 November 2020}} {{PD-notice}}
Launch
USA-1 was launched at 11:37 UTC on 13 June 1984, atop an Atlas E launch vehicle with an SGS-2 upper stage. The Atlas used had the serial number 42E, and was originally built as an Atlas E.{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|publisher=Jonathan's Space Report|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|access-date=12 July 2012}} The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 3W at Vandenberg Air Force Base,{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/lvdb/list2.html|title=Launch List|publisher=Jonathan's Space Report|work=Launch Vehicle Database|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815040340/http://planet4589.org/space/lvdb/list2.html|url-status=dead}} and placed USA-1 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit (MEO) using a Star-27 apogee motor.{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/navstar.htm|title=GPS (Navstar)|first=Gunter|last=Krebs|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=12 July 2012}}
Mission
By 19 July 1984, USA-1 had been raised to an orbit with a perigee of {{cvt|19917|km}}, an apogee of {{cvt|20446|km}}, a period of 718.00 minutes, and 62.80° of inclination to the equator.{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|title=Satellite Catalog|publisher=Jonathan's Space Page|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell |access-date=12 July 2012}} The satellite had a design life of 5 years and a mass of {{cvt|758|kg}}. It broadcast the PRN 13 signal in the GPS demonstration constellation, and was retired from service on 20 June 1994.
References
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{GPS satellites}}
{{Orbital launches in 1984}}