Udi language
{{Short description|Northeast Caucasian language}}
{{About|the Udi language||Udi (disambiguation){{!}}Udi}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Udi
| altname = Uti, Udin
| nativename = удин муз, udin muz, 𐕒𐕡𐔳𐔼𐕎 𐕌𐕒𐕡𐔵
| states = Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia
| region = Azerbaijan (Qabala and Oguz), Russia (North Caucasus), Georgia (Kvareli), and Armenia (Tavush)
| speakers = 3,800 in Azerbaijan
| date = 2011
| ref = e25
| ethnicity = Udi people
| speakers2 = 1,860 in Russia (2020)[https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab7_VPN-2020.xlsx 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ]
90 in Georgia (2015)
| familycolor = Caucasian
| fam1 = Northeast Caucasian
| fam2 = Lezgic
| fam3 = Samur
| dia1 = Nidzh
| dia2 = Oktomberi
| dia3 = Vartashen
| ancestor = Caucasian Albanian
| iso3 = udi
| glotto = udii1243
| glottorefname = Udi
| map2 = Lang Status 40-SE.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Udi is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
| notice = IPA
| map = File:Northeast Caucasus languages map en.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#1B4279|Udi}}
| script = Cyrillic, Latin, Caucasian Albanian
| pronunciation = {{IPA|cau|udin muz|}}
| linglist = udi.html
}}
Udi (also called Uti or Udin){{cite web|title=Udi|url=http://multitree.org/codes/udi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418163840/http://multitree.org/codes/udi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2015|publisher=LINGUIST List|access-date=1 November 2024}} is a language spoken by the Udi people and a member of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.{{sfnp|Gippert|Schulze|2007|p=208}} It is believed an earlier form of it was the main language of Caucasian Albania, which stretched from south Dagestan to current day Azerbaijan.{{sfnp|Gippert|Schulze|2007|p=210}} The Old Udi language is also called the Caucasian Albanian language{{sfnp|Gippert|Schulze|2007|p=201}} and possibly corresponds to the "Gargarian" language identified by medieval Armenian historians.{{sfnp|Gippert|Schulze|2007|p=210}} Modern Udi is known simply as Udi.
History
File:Old Udi language.png province and eastern Artsakh in the west to the city of Qəbələ in the east, an area centered around Utik province and the city of Partaw (now Barda).{{sfnp|Schulze|2005|p=22}}|left]]The Udi language can most appropriately be broken up into five historical stages:{{sfnp|Schulze|2005}}
| class="wikitable" | |
| Early Udi | around 2000 BC – 300 AD |
| Old Udi | 300–900 |
| Middle Udi | 900–1800 |
| Early Modern Udi | 1800–1920 |
| Modern Udi | 1920–present |
Soon after the year 700, the Old Udi language had probably ceased to be used for any purpose other than as the liturgical language of the Church of Caucasian Albania.{{sfnp|Schulze|2005|p=23}}
Speakers
The language is spoken by about 4,000 people in the village of Nij, Azerbaijan, in Qabala District, in Oghuz District, as well as in parts of the North Caucasus in Russia. It is also spoken by ethnic Udis living in the villages of Debetavan, Bagratashen, Ptghavan, and Haghtanak in Tavush Province of northeastern Armenia, and in the village of Zinobiani (former Oktomberi) in the Qvareli Municipality of the Kakheti province of Georgia.
Udi is endangered,[http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/chris.html Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.] classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Red Book of Endangered Languages.[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]
Phonology
= Vowels =
| class=wikitable
|+Vowels of Udi{{sfnp|Hewitt|2004|p=57}} ! !Back |
| align=center
! Close |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iˤ}} ({{IPA link|y}}) | |{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uˤ}} |
| align=center
!Mid |{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛˤ}} ({{IPA link|œ}}) |{{IPA link|ə}} |{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔˤ}} |
| align=center
!Open |({{IPA link|æ}}) | |{{IPA link|ɑ}} {{IPA link|ɑˤ}} |
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Udi{{Cite web |title=Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages |url=http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#XFN10 |website=TITUS Didactica |language=en}} |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial ! rowspan="2" | Dental ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Palatal ! rowspan="2" | Velar ! rowspan="2" | Uvular ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |
|---|
| align=center class=small
! lenis ! fortis |
| align=center
! colspan="2" | Nasal | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | | | | | |
| align=center
! rowspan="3" | Plosive ! voiced | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | | | | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | | |
| align=center
| {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | | | | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|q}} | |
| align=center
! ejective | {{IPA link|pʼ}} | {{IPA link|tʼ}} | | | | {{IPA link|kʼ}} | {{IPA link|qʼ}} | |
| align=center
! rowspan="3" | Affricate ! voiced | | {{IPA link|d͡z}} | {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | {{IPA link|d͡ʒː}} | | | | |
| align=center
| | {{IPA link|t͡s}} | {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | {{IPA link|t͡ʃː}} | | | | |
| align=center
| | {{IPA link|t͡sʼ}} | {{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}} | {{IPA link|t͡ʃʼː}} | | | | |
| align=center
! rowspan="2" | Fricative | {{IPA link|f}} | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | {{IPA link|ʃː}} | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|x}} | {{IPA link|h}} |
| align=center
! voiced | {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʒ}} | {{IPA link|ʒː}} | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɣ}} | |
| align=center
! colspan="2" | Trill | | | {{IPA link|r}} | | | | | |
| align=center
! colspan="2" | Approximant | | {{IPA link|l}} | | | {{IPA link|j}} | | | |
Old Udi, unlike modern Udi, did not have the close-mid front rounded vowel /ø/.{{sfnp|Gippert|Schulze|2007|p=207}} Old Udi contained an additional series of palatalized consonants.{{sfnp|Gippert|Schulze|2007|pp=201, 207}}
Alphabets
File:Udin latin alphabet-1934.jpeg
The Old Udi language used the Caucasian Albanian alphabet. As evidenced by Old Udi documents discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt dating from the 7th century, the Old Udi language used 50 of the 52 letters identified by Armenian scholars in later centuries as having been used in Udi language texts.{{sfnp|Gippert|Schulze|2007|p=207}}
In the 1930s, there was an attempt by Soviet authorities to create an Udi alphabet based on the Latin alphabet, as shown in the image, but its usage ceased after a short time.
In 1974, a Udi alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was compiled by V. L. Gukasyan. The alphabet in his Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary is as follows:
| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |А а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Аъ аъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Аь аь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Б б | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |В в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Г г | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Гъ гъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Гь гь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Д д | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Дж дж | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{nowrap|ДжӀ джӀ}} |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Дз дз
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Е е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ж ж | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |ЖӀ жӀ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |З з | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |И и | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Й й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |К к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ҝ ҝ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |КӀ кӀ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Къ къ |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |М м | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Н н | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |О о | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Оь оь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |П п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |ПӀ пӀ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Р р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |С с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Т т | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |ТӀ тӀ |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Уь Уь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ф ф | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Х х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Хъ хъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ц ц | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ц' ц' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |ЦӀ цӀ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч' ч' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |ЧӀ чӀ |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Чъ чъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |ШӀ шӀ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ы ы |
This alphabet was also used in the 1996 collection Nana oččal ({{lang|ru|Нана очъал}}).
In the mid-1990s, a new Latin-based Udi alphabet was created in Azerbaijan. A primer and two collections of works by Georgy Kechaari were published using it and it was also used for educational purposes in the village of Nic. The alphabet is as follows:{{Cite book |last1=Aydınov |first1=Y. A. |url=http://udilang.narod.ru/texts/alif1-21.pdf |title=Tıetıir |last2=Keçaari |first2=J. A. |date=1996 |publisher="Maari̇f" Nəşriyyat |location=Bəkü |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630224351/http://udilang.narod.ru/texts/alif1-21.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-30 |url-status=live}}
| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ç ç | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ə ə | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ğ ğ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |H h |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I ı | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |İ i | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ҝ ҝ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Q q | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |M m | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |O o |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ş ş | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |T t | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ü ü | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ц ц
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Цı цı | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Eъ eъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Tı tı | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Əъ əъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Kъ kъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Pı pı | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Xъ xъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Şı şı | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Öъ öъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Çı çı |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Çъ çъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ć ć | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Jı jı | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Zı zı | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Uъ uъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Oъ oъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |İъ iъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Dz dz |
In 2007 in Astrakhan, Vladislav Dabakov published a collection of Udi folklore with a Latin-based alphabet as follows:
| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ă ă | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ә ә | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ĉ ĉ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ç ç | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ç' ç' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Č č | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ć ć | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ĕ ĕ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ğ ğ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |H h | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I ı | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |İ i | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ĭ ĭ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ĵ ĵ |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K' k' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |M m | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |O o | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ö ö | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ŏ ŏ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P' p' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Q q |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Q' q'
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ś ś | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S' s' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ŝ ŝ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ş ş | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |T t | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |T' t' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ü ü |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ŭ ŭ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |X x | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ź ź |
In 2013 in Russia, an Udi primer, Nanay muz ({{lang|ru|Нанай муз}}), was published with a Cyrillic-based alphabet, a modified version of the one used by V. L. Gukasyan in the Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary. The alphabet is as follows:{{Cite web |title=Удинский алфавит |url=http://www.udi-center.org/udinskij-alfavi}}
| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |А а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Аь аь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Аъ аъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Б б | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |В в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Г г | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Гъ гъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Гь гь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Д д | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Дз дз | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Дж дж |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{nowrap|Джъ джъ}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Е е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ж ж | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Жъ жъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |З з | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |И и | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Иъ иъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Й й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |К к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |К' к' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Къ къ |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |М м | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Н н | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |О о | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Оь оь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Оъ оъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |П п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |П' п' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Р р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |С с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Т т |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Т' т'
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |У у | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Уь уь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Уъ уъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ф ф | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Х х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Хъ хъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ц ц | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ц' ц' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Чъ чъ |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч' ч'
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{nowrap|Ч’ъ ч’ъ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{nowrap|Шъ шъ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ы ы | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Э э | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Эъ эъ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ю ю | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Я я | | |
Morphology
Udi is agglutinating with a tendency towards being fusional. Udi affixes are mostly suffixes or infixes, but there are a few prefixes. Old Udi used mostly suffixes.{{sfnp|Gippert|Schulze|2007|p=208}} Most affixes are restricted to specific parts of speech. Some affixes behave as clitics. The word order is SOV.{{Cite web |last=Schulze |first=Wolfgang |date=2002 |title=The Udi Language |url=http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/The%20Udi%20language.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805130605/www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/The%20Udi%20language.htm |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2012-08-05 |language=en |via=lrz-muenchen.de}}
Udi does not have gender, but has declension classes.{{sfnp|Harris|2006|p=148}} Old Udi, however, did reflect grammatical gender within anaphoric pronouns.{{sfnp|Gippert|Schulze|2007|p=202}}
= Noun =
Udi has a complex case system of 11 cases with 3 inflectional types:{{Cite web |title=Udi Grammar Contents |url=https://wschulze.userweb.mwn.de/udinhalt.htm |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=wschulze.userweb.mwn.de}}
- Absolutive inflection (AI). Basis for oblique cases
- Oblique inflection (OI). Characterised by additional morpheme ("stem augment"), usually -n-
- Ergative inflection (EI). Serves as a basis for the other oblique cases.
== Case ==
| class="wikitable"
! ! !Absolutive !Oblique !Ergative |
| Absolutive
| - |ğar |mex |xe |
|---|
| Ergative
| -en |ğar-en |mex-n-en |xe-n |
| Genitive
| -Vy, -un |ğar-i |mex-n-ay |xe-n-ey |
| Dative1
| -V |ğar-a |mex-n-u |xe-n-e |
| Dative2
| -V-x |ğar-a-x |mex-n-u-x |xe-n-e-x |
| Ablative
| -V-xo |ğar-a-xo |mex-n-u-xo |xe-n-e-xo |
| Comitative
| -V-xol |g/ar-a-xol | --- | --- |
| Superessive
| -V-l |ğar-a-l |mex-n-u-l |xe-n-e-l |
| Allative
| -V-ć |ğar-a-ć |mex-n-u-ć |xe-n-e-ć |
| Adesssive
| -V-st'a |ğar-a-st'a |mex-n-u-st'a |xe-n-est'e |
| Benefactive
| -en-k'ena, -enk' |ğar-enk'ena | --- | --- |
ğar means 'son'; mex means 'scythe'; xe means 'water' (note that OI is more common for xe). -V denotes voiced consonant.
Sample text
| class="wikitable"
!Cyrillic alphabet (2007){{Cite web |title=Udi (удин муз / udin muz)|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/udi.htm|website=omniglot}}!!Latin alphabet (2007)!!English translation |
| style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"
|{{lang|udi|Са пасч'агъэн са пасч'агъаx ч'аxпи. Есиррэакъса энэсча ич оьлкина ич к'уа энэфса шэт'а пасч'агълугъаxал зафт'эбса. Къа усэнаxо yэсир пасч'агъэн xоишънэбса mэ пасч'агъаx тэ ватанбэз иxбафт'э, барта бэз оьлкинаx тагъа фурук'аз.}} |{{lang|udi-latn|italic=no|Sa pasç'ağen sa pasç'ağax ç'axpi. Yesirreaq'sa enesça iç ölkina iç k'ua enefsa şet'a pasç'ağluğaxal zaft'ebsa. Q'a usenaxo yesir pasç'ağen xoiŝnebsa me pasç'ağax te vatanbez ixbaft'e, barta bez ölkinax tağa furuk'az.}} |A king caught a king, imprisoned him and carried him to his own land, keeping in his own house. He ruled over that kingdom, too. After 20 years, the imprisoned king asked this king: "I'm thinking of my homeland, allow me to go to my land and I will examine it." |
See also
Citations
{{Reflist}}
References
{{refbegin}}
- {{Cite journal |last1=Gippert |first1=Jost |first2=Wolfgang |last2=Schulze |date=2007 |title=Some Remarks on the Caucasian Albanian Palimsest |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=208, 201–212 |doi=10.1163/157338407X265441}}
- {{Citation |last=Harris |first=Alice C. |title=History in Support of Synchrony |date=2006 |journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=30 |pages=142–159 |doi=10.3765/bls.v30i1.942 |doi-access=free}}
- {{Cite book |last=Hewitt |first=George |title=Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus |date=2004 |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=3895867349 |location=Munich |language=en}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Schulze |first=Wolfgang |date=2005 |title=Towards a History of Udi |url=http://udilang.narod.ru/papers/Schulze_History-of-Udi.pdf |journal=International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics |language=en |pages=7, 1–27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722100708/http://udilang.narod.ru/papers/Schulze_History-of-Udi.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 |access-date=4 July 2012}}
{{refend}}
Further reading
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite book |last1=Gippert |first1=Jost |last2=Schulze |first2=Wolfgang |chapter=Caucasian Albanian and Modern Udi |title=Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook |editor1-first=Jost |editor1-last=Gippert |editor2-first=Jasmine |editor2-last=Dum-Tragut |location=Berlin, Boston |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |date=2023 |pages=231–260 |doi=10.1515/9783110794687-005|isbn=9783110794687 }}
- {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Alice C. |title=Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-924633-5 |location=Oxford |language=en}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Lander |first1=Yuri |last2=Maisak |first2=Timur |title="Other" Strategies in the Eastern Caucasus (Part I): Data from Udi |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |date=2021 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=272–283 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-20210304|s2cid=239621185 }}
- {{Cite book |last=Schulze |first=Wolfgang |title=Studies on Iran and The Caucasus |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |editor-last=Bläsing |editor-first=Uwe |pages=317–324, 373–401 |language=en |chapter=Aspects of Udi-Iranian Language Contact |editor-last2=Arakelova |editor-first2=Victoria |editor-last3=Weinreich |editor-first3=Matthias}}
{{refend}}
External links
{{Incubator|code=udi}}
{{wiktionarycat}}
- Appendix:Cyrillic script
- [http://wschulze.userweb.mwn.de/udinhalt.htm The Udi Language: A grammatical description with sample text] – Wolfgang Schulze 2001
- [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\lez&first=0 Udi basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
- [http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/udis.shtml The Udis]
- [http://lingvarium.org/maps/caucas/13.gif Historical map]
- [http://wschulze.userweb.mwn.de/FGU_1.pdf A Functional Grammar of Udi, Wolfgang Schulze, 2002]
- [http://wschulze.userweb.mwn.de/fgusamp.pdf A Functional Grammar of Udi, Wolfgang Schulze, 2006]
- [http://schulzewolfgang.de/material/Udicog.pdf The cognitive dimension of clausal organization in Udi, Wolfgang Schulze, 2000]
- [http://wschulze.userweb.mwn.de/The%20Udi%20language.htm The Udi language, Wolfgang Schulze, 2002]
- [http://www.sil.org/silesr/2005/silesr2005-014.pdf John M. Clifton: The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Udi in Azerbaijan. SIL International, 2005.] (PDF-Datei; 206 kB)
{{Languages of Azerbaijan}}
{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}
{{Languages of the Caucasus}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Udi Language}}
Category:Northeast Caucasian languages
Category:Languages of Azerbaijan
Category:Languages of Georgia (country)
Category:Endangered Caucasian languages
Category:Severely endangered languages