Uma language

Notes:

• {{IPA|/h/}} acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [{{lang|ppk|hampulu'}}] 'ten'→{{IPA|/haᵐpuluʔ/}} with nasal vowels).
• {{IPA|/l/}} is realized as retroflex {{IPA|[ɭ]}} contiguous to non-front vowels.
• {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.{{harvnb|Martens|1988a|p=168}}
• In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, {{IPA|/ⁿtʃ/}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ns/}}.
• The semivowel {{IPA|[j]}} is rare, found mainly in loan words.
• The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.

Orthographic notes:

• {{IPA|/β/}} is 'w'
• {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is 'ny'
• {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is 'ng'
• {{IPA|/j/}} is 'y'
• {{IPA|/dʒ/}} is 'j'
• {{IPA|/tʃ/}} is 'c'
• {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'

Notes:

• ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
• 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
• (SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
• [∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
• [-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
• In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [{{lang|ppk|-nu}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-ni}}] are [{{lang|ppk|-mu}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-mi}}] respectively.
• In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [{{lang|ppk|-kai}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-koi}}] are [{{lang|ppk|-kami}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-komi}}] respectively. The free forms [{{lang|ppk|kaiʔ}}] and [{{lang|ppk|koiʔ}}] are [{{lang|ppk|kamiʔ}}] and [{{lang|ppk|komiʔ}}] respectively.

The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:

1. {{lang|ppk|isaʔ}}
2. {{lang|ppk|dua}}
3. {{lang|ppk|tolu}}
4. {{lang|ppk|opoʔ}}
5. {{lang|ppk|lima}}
6. {{lang|ppk|ono}}
7. {{lang|ppk|pitu}}
8. {{lang|ppk|walu}}
9. {{lang|ppk|sio}}
10. {{lang|ppk|hampuluʔ}}

Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.

• Bana
• Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
• Kantewu (= Central Uma)
• Aria (= Southern Uma)
• Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
• Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
• Winatu (= Northern Uma)

Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,{{Citation |last=Martens |first=Michael P. |title=Uma Dialect Word Lists |date=2014 |url=http://sulang.org/resources/word-lists/001 |pages=1–2 |publisher=Sulawesi Language Alliance}} noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.

• Kantewu (= Central)
• Southern
• Tolee'
• Tobaku
• Winatu
• Tori'untu

Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.

• Sarudu
• Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite book |last=Martens |first=Michael |title=Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4 |date=1988a |publisher=The Australian National University |isbn=0-85883-3832 |editor-last=Steinhauer |editor-first=H. |series=Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79 |location=Canberra |pages=167–237 |language=en |chapter=Notes on Uma Verbs |doi=10.15144/PL-A79.167 |hdl=1885/145108 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}
• {{Cite book |last=Martens |first=Martha A. |title=Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4 |last2=Martens |first2=Michael P. |date=1988 |publisher=The Australian National University |isbn=0-85883-3832 |editor-last=Steinhauer |editor-first=H. |series=Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79 |location=Canberra |pages=279–281 |chapter=Some Notes on the Inelegant Glottal: A Problem in Uma Phonology |doi=10.15144/PL-A79.279 |hdl=1885/145108 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}

{{refend}}

{{Celebic languages}}

{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

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Category:Kaili–Pamona languages

Category:Languages of Sulawesi