Glottal stop

{{About|the sound in spoken language|the letter|Glottal stop (letter)|consonants followed by superscript ˀ|Glottalization}}

{{short description|Sound made by stopping airflow in the glottis}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above = Glottal stop

|ipa symbol=ʔ

|ipa number=113

|decimal=660

|x-sampa=?

|kirshenbaum=?

|braille=;

|imagefile=Glottal stop (vector).svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʔ}}.

As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and sudden drop in intensity.{{Cite journal |last=Umeda |first=Noriko |date=1978 |title=Occurrence of Glottal Stops in Fluent Speech |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=88–94 |doi=10.1121/1.381959|pmid=712005 |bibcode=1978ASAJ...64...88U }}

Features

Features of the glottal stop:{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

It has no phonation at all, as there is no airflow through the glottis.{{Cite journal |last=Catford |first=J. C. |date=1990 |title=Glottal Consonants … Another View |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004229 |jstor=44526803|s2cid=144421504 }} It is voiceless, however, in the sense that it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.

Writing

File:Bilingual road sign in squamish language 1a.jpg showing the use of the digit ⟨7⟩ to represent {{Nowrap|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}}} in Squamish.]]

In the traditional romanization of many languages, such as Arabic, the glottal stop is transcribed with the apostrophe ʼ or the symbol ʾ, which is the source of the IPA character {{angbr IPA|ʔ}}. In many Polynesian languages that use the Latin alphabet, however, the glottal stop is written with a rotated apostrophe, {{angbr|{{okina}}}} (called ʻokina in Hawaiian and Samoan), which is commonly used to transcribe the Arabic ayin as well (also {{angbr|{{ayin}}}}) and is the source of the IPA character for the voiced pharyngeal fricative {{angbr IPA|ʕ}}. In Malay the glottal stop is represented by the letter {{angbr|k}} (at the end of words), in Võro and Maltese by {{angbr|q}}. Another way of writing the glottal stop is the saltillo {{Angbr|Ꞌ ꞌ}}, used in languages such as Tlapanec and Rapa Nui.

Other scripts also have letters used for representing the glottal stop, such as the Hebrew letter aleph {{angbr|{{Script/Hebrew|א}}}} and the Cyrillic letter palochka {{angbr|Ӏ}}, used in several Caucasian languages. The Arabic script uses hamza {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ء}}}}, which can appear both as a diacritic and as an independent letter (though not part of the alphabet). In Tundra Nenets, it is represented by the letters apostrophe {{angbr|ʼ}} and double apostrophe {{angbr|ˮ}}. In Japanese, glottal stops occur at the end of interjections of surprise or anger and are represented by the character {{angbr|っ}}.

In the graphic representation of most Philippine languages, the glottal stop has no consistent symbolization. In most cases, however, a word that begins with a vowel-letter (e.g. Tagalog {{lang|tl|aso}}, "dog") is always pronounced with an unrepresented glottal stop before that vowel (as in Modern German and Hausa). Some orthographies use a hyphen instead of the reverse apostrophe if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog {{lang|tl|pag-ibig}}, "love"; or Visayan gabi-i, "night"). If it occurs in the end of a word, the last vowel can be written with a circumflex accent (known as the pakupyâ) if both a stress and a glottal stop occur in the final vowel (e.g. basâ, "wet") or a grave accent (known as the paiwà) if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. batà, "child").{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=March 16, 2011 |title=The Basics of Filipino Pronunciation: Part 2 of 3 • Accent Marks |url=https://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227075213/https://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html |archive-date=December 27, 2011 |access-date=July 18, 2012 |website=Pilipino Express |language=en}}{{Citation |last=Nolasco |first=Ricardo M. D. |title=Grammar Notes on the National Language |url=https://fhl.digitalsolutions.ph/sites/default/files/grammar-notes.pdf |postscript=. |language=en }}{{deadlink|date=September 2023}}{{Cite book |url=https://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |title=Tagalog Reading Booklet |date=2007 |publisher=Simon & Schister's Pimsleur |editor-last=Schoellner |editor-first=Joan |editor-last2=Heinle |editor-first2=Beverly D. |pages=5–6 |access-date=2012-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127030759/https://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-27 }}

Some Canadian indigenous languages, especially some of the Salishan languages, have adopted the IPA letter {{angbr|ʔ}} into their orthographies. In some of them, it occurs as a casing pair, glottal stop (letter).{{Citation |title=Proposal to Add Latin Small Letter Glottal Stop to the UCS |date=2005-08-10 |url=https://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2962.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214035/https://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2962.pdf |language=en |access-date=2011-10-26 |archive-date=2011-09-26 |url-status=live}} The digit {{angbr|7}} or a question mark is sometimes substituted for {{angbr|ʔ}}, and is preferred in languages such as Squamish. SENĆOŦEN{{spaced ndash}}whose alphabet is mostly unique from other Salish languages{{spaced ndash}}contrastly uses the comma {{angle bracket|,}} to represent the glottal stop, though it is optional.

In 2015, two women in the Northwest Territories challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit them to use the letter {{angbr|ʔ}} in their daughters' names: Sahaiʔa, a Chipewyan name, and Sakaeʔah, a Slavey name (the two names are actually cognates). The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the character. The women registered the names with hyphens instead of the {{angbr|ʔ}}, while continuing to challenge the policy.{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Rachel |date=12 March 2015 |title=What's in A Name? a Chipewyan's Battle Over Her Native Tongue |url=https://www.macleans.ca/society/life/all-in-the-family-name/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404142237/https://www.macleans.ca/society/life/all-in-the-family-name/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=Maclean's |language=en}}

In the Crow language, the glottal stop is written as a question mark {{angbr|?}}. The only instance of the glottal stop in Crow is as a question marker morpheme at the end of a sentence.{{Cite book |last=Graczyk |first=Randolph |title=A grammar of Crow = Apsáalooke Aliláau |date=2007 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |others=Bloomington. American Indian Studies Research Institute Indiana University |isbn=978-0-8032-2196-3 |location=Lincoln |oclc=104894214}}

Use of the glottal stop is a distinct characteristic of the Southern Mainland Argyll dialects of Scottish Gaelic. In such a dialect, the standard Gaelic phrase {{lang|gd|Tha Gàidhlig agam}} ("I speak Gaelic"), would be rendered {{lang|gd|Tha Gàidhlig a'am}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

In the Nawdm language of Ghana, the glottal stop is written ɦ, capital Ĥ.

In English

=Replacement of /t/=

In English, the glottal stop occurs as an open juncture (for example, between the vowel sounds in uh-oh!,{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooR_9bUYwR8C&pg=PR28 |title=Mastering Hebrew |date=1988 |publisher=Barron's |isbn=0-8120-3990-4 |language=en |access-date=2016-11-26 |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801230122/https://books.google.com/books?id=ooR_9bUYwR8C&pg=PR28 |url-status=live }}) and allophonically in t-glottalization. In British English, the glottal stop is most familiar in the Cockney pronunciation of "butter" as "bu'er". Geordie English often uses glottal stops for t, k, and p, and has a unique form of glottalization. Additionally, there is the glottal stop as a null onset for English; in other words, it is the non-phonemic glottal stop occurring before isolated or initial vowels.

Often a glottal stop happens at the beginning of vowel phonation after a silence.

Although this segment is not a phoneme in English, it occurs phonetically in nearly all dialects of English, as an allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} in the syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney, Scottish English and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}} between vowels as in city. In Received Pronunciation, a glottal stop is inserted before a tautosyllabic voiceless stop: sto{{hamza}}p, tha{{hamza}}t, kno{{hamza}}ck, wa{{hamza}}tch, also lea{{hamza}}p, soa{{hamza}}k, hel{{hamza}}p, pin{{hamza}}ch.{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Gillian |title=Listening to Spoken English |date=1977 |publisher=Longman |location=London |page=27 |language=en}}{{Citation |last=Kortlandt |first=Frederik |title=General Linguistics & Indo-European Reconstruction |date=1993 |url=https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art130e.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608062414/https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art130e.pdf |language=en |access-date=2009-08-23 |archive-date=2011-06-08 |author-link=Frederik Kortlandt |via=kortlandt.nl |url-status=live}}

In American English, a "t" is usually not aspirated in syllables ending either in a vowel + "t", such as "cat" or "outside"; or in a "t" + unstressed vowel + "n", such as "mountain" or "Manhattan". This is referred to as a "held t" as the airflow is stopped by tongue at the ridge behind the teeth. However, there is a trend of younger speakers in the Mid-Atlantic states to replace the "held t" with a glottal stop, so that "Manhattan" sounds like "Man-haʔ-in" or "Clinton" like "Cli(n)ʔ-in", where "ʔ" is the glottal stop. This may have crossed over from African American Vernacular English, particularly that of New York City.{{cite web | url=https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2012/03/12/that-way-they-talk-ii/ |url-access=registration |first1=Ben |last1=Yagoda |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education | title=((That Way They Talk II)) | date=12 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://archive.today/20220121171044/https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2012/03/12/that-way-they-talk-ii/ |archive-date= 21 January 2022 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Eddington |first1=David |last2=Channer |first2=Caitlin |date=2010-08-01 |title=American English Has Goʔ A Loʔ Of Glottal Stops: Social Diffusion and Linguistic Motivation |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article/85/3/338/5886/American-English-Has-Go-A-Lo-Of-Glottal-Stops |journal=American Speech |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=338–351 |doi=10.1215/00031283-2010-019 |issn=0003-1283}}

=Before initial vowels=

{{Redirect|hard attack||Hard Attack (disambiguation){{!}}Hard Attack}}

Most English speakers today often use a glottal stop before the initial vowel of words beginning with a vowel, particularly at the beginning of sentences or phrases or when a word is emphasized. This is also known as "hard attack". Traditionally in Received Pronunciation, "hard attack" was seen as a way to emphasize a word. Today, in British, American and other varieties of English, it is increasingly used not only to emphasize but also simply to separate two words, especially when the first word ends in a glottal stop.{{clarify|date=June 2023 |reason= Does this mean the first word already ends in a glottal stop and then a second glottal stop is added to the beginning of the second word?}}{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=William F. |title=Phonetics for Dummies |date=5 September 2013 |page=137 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-50508-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f5dAAAAQBAJ&dq=glottal+stop+initial+vowel+english&pg=PA137 |access-date=26 February 2023}}{{cite book |last1=Lindsey |first1=Geoff |title=English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-04357-5 |pages=89–92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nSKDwAAQBAJ&q=glottal |access-date=27 February 2023}}{{cite journal |last1=Garellek |first1=Marc |title=Glottal stops before word-initial vowels in American English: distribution and acoustic characteristics |journal=UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics |volume=110 |pages=1–23 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7m55b8bb/qt7m55b8bb_noSplash_ad63f821e520155ec5195eaaa435e10f.pdf?t=mezowz |access-date=28 February 2023}}

Occurrence in other languages

In many languages that do not allow a sequence of vowels, such as Persian, the glottal stop may be used epenthetically to prevent such a hiatus. There are intricate interactions between falling tone and the glottal stop in the histories of such languages as Danish (see stød), Cantonese and Thai.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

In many languages, the unstressed intervocalic allophone of the glottal stop is a creaky-voiced glottal approximant. It is known to be contrastive in only one language, Gimi, in which it is the voiced equivalent of the stop.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

{{cn span|In some languages that normally maintain the flow of vowels fluid, a glottal stop can be added exceptionally for emphatic reasons in particular circumstances. For instance, although the Latin language would normally avoid glottal stops, the hexameter requires the reader to produce a glottal stop – to be regarded by all means as a consontant – before odiīs (i.e. "jactētur ʔodiīs") in verse 668 of Virgil's Aeneid:|reason=Although interesting and probably true, this assertion about Latin needs the support of reliable references|date=December 2024}}

lītora jactētur odiīs Jūnōnis inīquae

The table below demonstrates how widely the sound of glottal stop is found among the world's spoken languages:

class="wikitable" !Family ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
Northwest Caucasian \| colspan="2" \| Abkhaz	{{lang\|ab\|аи}}/ai	{{IPA\|[ʔaj]}}	'no'	See Abkhaz phonology.
Northwest Caucasian \| colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady-Cyrl\|ӏэ}}/'ė	{{IPA\|[ʔa]}}	'arm/hand'
rowspan="3" \|Semitic \| rowspan="3" \|Arabic	Modern Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Thelwall\|1990\|p=37}}	{{lang\|ar\|أغاني\|rtl=yes}}/ʿaḡānī	{{IPA\|[ʔaˈɣaːniː]}}	'songs'	See Arabic phonology, Hamza.
Levantine and Egyptian{{Harvcoltxt\|Watson\|2002\|p=17}}	{{lang\|ar\|شقة\|rtl=yes}}/ša''a	{{IPA\|[ˈʃæʔʔæ]}}	'apartment'	Corresponds to {{IPAslink\|q}} or {{IPAslink\|g}} in other dialects. See Levantine Arabic phonology and Egyptian Arabic phonology
Fasi and Tlemcenian{{Cite journal \|last=Dendane \|first=Zoubir \|date=2013 \|title=The Stigmatisation of the Glottal Stop in Tlemcen Speech Community: An Indicator of Dialect Shift \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260553731 \|journal=The International Journal of Linguistics and Literature \|language=en \|volume=2 \|issue=3 \|pages=1–10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106153219/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260553731_THE_STIGMATISATION_OF_THE_GLOTTAL_STOP_IN_TLEMCEN_SPEECH_COMMUNITY_AN_INDICATOR_OF_DIALECT_SHIFT \|archive-date=2019-01-06}}	{{lang\|ar-015\|قال\|rtl=yes}}/'āl	{{IPA\|[ˈʔaːl]}}	'he said'	Corresponds to {{IPAslink\|q}} or {{IPAslink\|g}} in other dialects.
Kiranti \| colspan="2" \| Bantawa	{{lang\|Ne\|चा:वा}}	{{IPA\|[t͡saʔwa]}}	'drinking water'
Bikol \| colspan="2" \| Bikol	{{lang\|bik-Latn\|bàgo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbaːʔɡo]}}	'new'
Slavic \| colspan="2" \| Bulgarian	{{lang\|bg\|ъ-ъ}}/ŭ-ŭ	{{IPA\|[ˈʔɤʔɤ]}}	'nope'
Sino-Tibetan \| colspan="2" \| Burmese	{{lang\|my\|မြစ်များ}}/mrac mya:	{{IPA\|[mjiʔ mjá]}}	'rivers'
Philippine \| colspan="2" \| Cebuano	{{lang\|ceb-Latn\|tubò}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtuboʔ]}}	'to grow'
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Chamorro	{{lang\|ch\|halu{{hamza}}u}}	{{IPA\|[həluʔu]}}	'shark'
rowspan="3" \| Sinitic \| rowspan="3" \| Chinese	Cantonese	{{lang\|yue-Hani\|愛}}/{{lang\|yue-Latn\|oi3}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɔːi˧]}}	'love'	See Cantonese phonology.
Wu	{{Lang\|wuu-Hani\|一级了}}/{{lang\|wuu-Latn\|ih cih leh}}	{{IPA\|[ʔiɪʔ.tɕiɪʔ.ʔləʔ]}}	'superb'
Hokkien	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|合}}/{{lang\|nan-Latn\|ha̍h}}	{{IPA\|[hɐʔ˥]}}	'to suit'
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Cook Islands Māori	{{lang\|rar\|ta{{okina}}i\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[taʔi]}}	'one'
Slavic \| colspan="2" \| Czech	{{lang\|cs\|používat\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[poʔuʒiːvat]}}	'to use'	See Czech phonology.
Cushitic \| colspan="2" \|Dahalo	{{lang\|dal\|ma{{hamza}}a\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[maʔa]}}	'water'	see Dahalo phonology
Germanic \| colspan="2" \| Danish	{{lang\|da\|hånd\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈhʌ̹nʔ]}}	'hand'	One of the possible realizations of stød. Depending on the dialect and style of speech, it can be instead realized as laryngealisation of the preceding sound. See Danish phonology.
Germanic \| colspan="2" \| Dutch{{Harvcoltxt\|Gussenhoven\|1992\|p=45}}	{{lang\|nl\|beamen\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[bəʔˈaːmə(n)]}}	'to confirm'	See Dutch phonology.
rowspan="12" \| Germanic \|rowspan="12" \| English	Multiple dialects	{{lang\|en\|I am\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔaɪ ʔæm]}} (emphatic "am")) or {{IPA\|[ʔaɪ æm]}}	'I'	Glottal stop before initial vowel at the start of a phrase. Elsewhere, optionally, to emphasize a word or separate it from the previous one.
RP	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|en\|uh-oh\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɐʔəʊ]}}	rowspan="2" \|'uh-oh'	rowspan="2" \|
American	{{Audio-IPA\|uh-oh-pronunciation-audio.ogg\|[ˈʌʔoʊ]\|help=no}}
Australian	rowspan="5" \| {{lang\|en\|cat\|italic=yes}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[kʰæʔ(t)]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'cat'	rowspan="9"\| Allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}}, /k/ or /p/. See glottalization, English phonology, and definite article reduction.
GA
Estuary	{{IPA\|[kʰæʔ]}}
Cockney{{Harvcoltxt\|Sivertsen\|1960\|p=111}}	{{IPA\|[kʰɛ̝ʔ]}}
Scottish	{{IPA\|[kʰäʔ]}}
Some Northern England	{{lang\|en-GB\|the\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔ]}}	'the'
Geordie	{{lang\|en-GB\|thank you\|italic=yes}}		'thank you'
Geordie	{{lang\|en-GB\|people\|italic=yes}}		'people'
RP{{Harvcoltxt\|Roach\|2004\|p=240}} and GA	button	{{Audio-IPA\|En-us-button.ogg\|[ˈbɐʔn̩]}}	'button'
Germanic \| German	Northern	{{lang\|de\|Beamter\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[bəˈʔamtɐ]}}	'civil servant'	Generally all vowel onsets. See Standard German phonology.
Hmongic \| colspan="2" \| Hmong	{{script\|Hmng\|𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰}} / {{lang\|hmv\|ob\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔo˦]}}	'two (2)'
Tupi-Guarani \| colspan="2" \| Guaraní	{{lang\|gn\|avañe{{hamza}}ẽ\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]}}	'Guaraní'	Occurs only between vowels.
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Hawaiian{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=139}}	{{lang\|haw\|{{okina}}ele{{okina}}ele\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʔɛlɛˈʔɛlɛ]}}	'black'	See Hawaiian phonology.
Semitic \| colspan="2" \| Hebrew	{{lang\|he\|מַאֲמָר\|rtl=yes}}/ma'amar	{{IPA\|[maʔămaʁ]}}	'article'	Often elided in casual speech. See Modern Hebrew phonology.
Germanic \| colspan="2" \| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|en\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɛn]}}	'but'	Only used according to emphasis, never occurring in minimal pairs.
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Iloko	{{lang\|ilo\|nalab-ay}}	{{IPA\|[nalabˈʔaj]}}	'bland tasting'	Hyphen when occurring within the word.
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Indonesian	{{lang\|id\|bakso}}	{{IPA\|[ˌbäʔˈso]}}	'meatball'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}} or {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in the syllable coda.
Northeast-Caucasian \| colspan="2" \| Ingush	{{lang\|ce-Cyrl\|кхоъ}} / {{lang\|ce-Latn\|qo{{hamza}}}}	{{IPA\|[qoʔ]}}	'three'
Japonic \|Japanese	Kagoshima	/kuQ/	{{IPA\|[kuʔ]}}	'neck'
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Javanese{{Harvcoltxt\|Clark\|Yallop\|Fletcher\|2007\|p=105}}	{{lang\|jv\| ꦲꦤꦏ꧀ \|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[änäʔ]}}	'child'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}} in morpheme-final position.
Aslian \| colspan="2" \|Jedek{{Cite journal \|last1=Yager \|first1=Joanne \|last2=Burtenhult \|first2=Niclas \|date=2017 \|title=Jedek: A Newly-Discovered Aslian Variety of Malaysia \|url=https://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2506643/component/escidoc:2511374/Yager_Burenhult_2017.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=Linguistic Typology \|language=en \|volume=21 \|issue=3 \|pages=493–545 \|doi=10.1515/lingty-2017-0012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001805/https://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2506643/component/escidoc:2511374/Yager_Burenhult_2017.pdf \|archive-date=2018-08-07 \|access-date=2018-08-07 \|hdl-access=free \|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002E-7CD2-7 \|s2cid=126145797}} \| \| {{IPA\|[wɛ̃ʔ]}} \|'left side' \|
Northwest-Caucasian \| colspan="2" \| Kabardian	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|ӏэ}}/'ė	{{IPA\|[ʔa]}}	'arm/hand'
Manobo \| colspan="2" \| Kagayanen{{Harvcoltxt\|Olson\|Mielke\|Sanicas-Daguman\|Pebley\|2010\|pp=206–207}}	{{lang\|cgc\|saag}}	{{IPA\|[saˈʔaɡ]}}	'floor'
Khasi-Palaungic \| colspan="2" \| Khasi	{{lang\|kha\|lyoh\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[lʔɔːʔ]}}	'cloud'
Mon-Khmer \| colspan="2" \| Khmer	{{lang\|km\|សំអាត}} / {{transl\|km\|sâmqat}}	{{IPA\|[sɑmʔɑːt]}}	'to clean'	See Khmer phonology
Koreanic \| colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko\|일}}/il	{{IPA\|[ʔil]}}	'one'	In free variation with no glottal stop. Occurs only in initial position of a word.
rowspan="3" \|Malayo-Polynesian \| rowspan="3" \| Malay \|Standard	{{lang\|ms\|tidak\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtidäʔ]}}	'no'	Allophone of final {{IPA\|/k/}} in the syllable coda, pronounced before consonants and at end of the a word. In other positions, {{IPA\|/ʔ/}} has phonemic status only in loanwords from Arabic. See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani \| rowspan="2" \|{{Lang\|ms\|ikat}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[ˌiˈkaʔ]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'to tie' \| rowspan="2" \|Allophone of final {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} in the syllable coda. Pronounced before consonants and at the end of a word.
Terengganu
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Makassarese	{{lang\|mak\|taʼdoʼdoʼ}}	{{IPA\|[ˌt̪ʰaʔˈɗɔʔɗɔʔ]}}	'be exhausted'	Written as takdokdok, taddoddok, taʼdoddoʼ, taqdoqdoq or taddoddoʼ in other orthography.
Semitic \| colspan="2" \| Maltese	{{lang\|mt\|qattus\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʔattus]}}	'cat'
Polynesian \| Māori	Taranaki, Whanganui	{{lang\|mi\|wahine\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[waʔinɛ]}}	'woman'
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Minangkabau	{{lang\|min\|wa{{hamza}}ang}}	{{IPA\|[wäʔäŋ]}}	'you'	Sometimes written without an apostrophe.
Yok-Utian \| colspan="2" \| Mutsun	{{lang\|css\|tawka{{hamza}}li\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[tawkaʔli]}}	'black gooseberry'	Ribes divaricatum
Kartvelian \| colspan="2" \| Mingrelian	{{lang\|xmf\|ჸოროფა}}/?oropha	{{IPA\|[ʔɔrɔpʰɑ]}}	'love'
Uto-Aztecan \| colspan="2" \| Nahuatl	{{lang\|nci\|tahtli\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Nah-tahtli.ogg\|[taʔtɬi]\|help=no}}	'father'	Often left unwritten.
Plateau-Penutian \| colspan="2" \| Nez Perce	{{lang\|nez\|yáakaʔ\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈjaːkaʔ]}}	'black bear'
Tupi-Guarani \| colspan="2" \| Nheengatu{{Cite thesis \|last=Cruz \|first=Aline da \|title=Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa \|date=2011 \|degree=Doctor \|publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam \|url=https://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf \|isbn=978-94-6093-063-8 \|language=pt \|trans-title=Phonology and Grammar of Nheengatú: The general language spoken by the Baré, Warekena and Baniwa peoples \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307093829/https://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf \|archive-date=March 7, 2014}}	{{lang\|yrl\|ai}}	{{IPA\|[aˈʔi]}}	'sloth'	Transcription (or absence thereof) varies.
Algonquian \| colspan="2" \| Ojibwe	{{lang\|oj\|ᒪᓯᓇᐃᑲᓐ}}/{{lang\|oj\|mazina'igan}}	{{IPA\|[ˌmʌzɪˌnʌʔɪˈɡʌn]}}	'a book; a letter; a document; a paper'	Merges with {{IPA\|/h/}} in some dialects. See Ojibwe phonology.
Ryukyuan \| colspan="2" \| Okinawan	{{lang\|ryu\|音}}/utu	{{IPA\|[ʔutu]}}	'sound'
Indo-Iranian \| colspan="2" \| Persian	{{lang\|fa\|معنی\|rtl=yes}}/ma'ni	{{IPA\|[maʔni]}}	'meaning'	See Persian phonology.
Slavic \| colspan="2" \| Polish	era \| [ʔɛra] \|'era' \| Most often occurs as an anlaut of an initial vowel (Ala ‒> {{IPA\|[Ɂala]}}). See Polish phonology#Glottal stop.
Mura \| colspan="2" \| Pirahã	{{lang\|myp\|baíxi}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmàí̯ʔì]}}	'parent'
rowspan="2" \| Romance \| rowspan="2" \| Portuguese{{Cite conference \|last1=Veloso \|first1=João \|last2=Martins \|first2=Pedro Tiago \|date=2013 \|title=O Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP: disponibilização on-line de um corpus dialetal do português \|url=https://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017 \|conference=XXVIII Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, Coimbra, APL \|language=pt \|pages=673–692 \|isbn=978-989-97440-2-8 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306060220/https://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017 \|archive-date=2014-03-06}}	Vernacular Brazilian	{{lang\|pt-BR\|ê-ê\|italic=yes}}{{Citation \|title=Phonetic Symbols for Portuguese Phonetic Transcription \|date=October 2012 \|url=https://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf \|postscript=. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108224637/https://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf \|language=en \|archive-date=2014-11-08 \|via=users.ox.ac.uk }} In European Portuguese, the "é é" interjection usually employs an epenthetic {{IPA\|/i/}}, being pronounced {{IPA\|[e̞ˈje̞]}} instead.	{{IPA\|[ˌʔe̞ˈʔeː]}}	'yeah right'It may be used mostly as a general call of attention for disapproval, disagreement or inconsistency, but also serves as a synonym of the multiuse expression "eu, hein!". {{in lang\|pt}} [https://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/ How to say 'eu, hein' in English – Adir Ferreira Idiomas] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708191822/https://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/ \|date=2013-07-08 }}	rowspan=2 \| Marginal sound. Does not occur after or before a consonant. In Brazilian casual speech, there is at least one {{IPA\|[ʔ]}}–vowel length–pitch accent minimal pair (triply unusual, the ideophones short {{lang\|pt\|ih\|italic=yes}} vs. long {{lang\|pt\|ih\|italic=yes}}). See Portuguese phonology.
Some speakers	{{lang\|pt\|à aula\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈa ˈʔawlɐ]}}	'to the class'
Oceanic \| colspan="2" \| Rotuman{{Harvcoltxt\|Blevins\|1994\|p=492}}	{{lang\|rtm\|ʻusu}}	{{IPA\|[ʔusu]}}	'to box'
Slavic \| colspan="2" \|Russian \|не-а / ne-a \|[ˈnʲeʔə] \|'nope' \|
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Samoan	{{lang\|sm\|ma{{okina}}i\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[maʔi]}}	'sickness/illness'
rowspan="2" \| Romance \| rowspan="2" \| Sardinian{{Cite book \|url=https://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf \|title=Su sardu limba de Sardigna et limba de Europa \|date=2004 \|publisher=Cooperativa Universitaria Editrice Cagliaritana \|isbn=88-8467-170-1 \|editor-last=Grimaldi \|editor-first=Lucia \|pages=110–111 \|editor-last2=Mensching \|editor-first2=Guido \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205163922/https://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf \|archive-date=2013-12-05}}	Some dialects of Barbagia	{{lang\|sc\|unu pacu\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈuːnu paʔu]}}	'a little'	rowspan=2 \| Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/n, k, l/}}.
Some dialects of Sarrabus	{{lang\|sc\|sa luna\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[sa ʔuʔa]}}	'the moon'
Slavic \| colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian{{Harvcoltxt\|Landau\|Lončarić\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|i onda\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[iː ʔô̞n̪d̪a̠]}}	'and then'	Optionally inserted between vowels across word boundaries. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Isolate \| colspan="2" \| Seri	{{lang\|sei\|he\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɛ]}}	'I'
Cushitic \| colspan="2" \|Somali \|{{lang\|so\|baʼ}} \|{{IPA\|[baʔ]}} \|'calamity' \|though {{IPA\|/ʔ/}} occurs before all vowels, it is only written medially and finally.{{Citation \|last1=Edmondson \|first1=J. A. \|title=Supraglottal Cavity Shape, Linguistic Register, and Other Phonetic Features of Somali \|postscript=. \|language=en \|citeseerx=10.1.1.570.821 \|last2=Esling \|first2=J. H. \|last3=Harris \|first3=J. G.}} See Somali phonology
rowspan="2" \|Romance \| rowspan="2" \| Spanish	Nicaraguan{{Citation \|last=Chappell \|first=Whitney \|title=The Hypo-Hyperarticulation Continuum in Nicaraguan Spanish \|url=https://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf \|postscript=. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307152549/https://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf \|language=en \|access-date=2014-03-07 \|archive-date=2014-03-07 \|via=nwav42.pitt.edu}}	{{lang\|es-NI\|más alto\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈma ˈʔal̻t̻o̞]}}	'higher'	rowspan=2 \| Marginal sound or allophone of {{IPAslink\|s}} between vowels in different words. Does not occur after or before a consonant. See Spanish phonology.
Yucateco{{Citation \|last1=Michnowicz \|first1=Jim \|title=Voiceless Stop Aspiration in Yucatán Spanish: A Sociolinguistic Analysis \|url=https://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf \|postscript=. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307143708/https://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf \|language=en \|access-date=2014-03-07 \|archive-date=2014-03-07 \|last2=Carpenter \|first2=Lindsey \|url-status=live \|via=etd.lib.ncsu.edu}}	{{lang\|es-MX\|cuatro años\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkwatɾo̞ ˈʔãɲo̞s]}}	'four years'
Salishan \| colspan="2" \| Squamish	Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim	{{IPA\|[sqʷχʷoʔməʃ snit͡ʃim]}}	'Squamish language'
Philippine \| colspan="2" \| Tagalog	{{lang\|tl\|aaâ\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɐʔɐˈʔaʔ]}}	'to poo' (fut.)	See Tagalog phonology.
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Tahitian	{{lang\|ti\|pua{{okina}}a}}	{{IPA\|[puaʔa]}}	'pig'
Tai-Kadai \| colspan="2" \| Thai	{{lang\|th\|อา}}/'ā	{{IPA\|[ʔaː]}}	'uncle/aunt' (father's younger sibling)
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Tongan	{{lang\|to\|tu{{okina}}u}}	{{IPA\|[tuʔu]}}	'stand'
Samoyedic \| colspan="2" \| Tundra Nenets	{{lang\|yrk\|вы{{hamza}}}}/vy'	{{IPA\|[wɨʔ]}}	'tundra'
Vietic \| colspan="2" \| Vietnamese{{Harvcoltxt\|Thompson\|1959\|pp=458–461}}	{{lang\|vi\|oi\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɔj˧]}}	'sultry'	In free variation with no glottal stop. See Vietnamese phonology.
Finnic \| colspan="2" \| Võro	{{lang\|vro\|piniq}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpinʲiʔ]}}	'dogs'	"q" is Võro plural marker (maa, kala, "land", "fish"; maaq, kalaq, "lands", "fishes").
Isolate \| colspan="2" \| Wagiman	{{lang\|waq\|jamh}}	{{IPA\|[t̠ʲʌmʔ]}}	'to eat' (perf.)
Omotic \| colspan="2" \| Welayta	7írTi \|{{IPA\|[ʔirʈa]}}	'wet'
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Wallisian	{{lang\|wls\|ma{{okina}}uli}}	{{IPA\|[maʔuli]}}	'life'

References

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External links

{{phoible|ʔ}}

Category:Glottal consonants

Category:Plosives

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Oral consonants

class="wikitable" !Family ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
Northwest Caucasian \| colspan="2" \| Abkhaz	{{lang\|ab\|аи}}/ai	{{IPA\|[ʔaj]}}	'no'	See Abkhaz phonology.
Northwest Caucasian \| colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady-Cyrl\|ӏэ}}/'ė	{{IPA\|[ʔa]}}	'arm/hand'
rowspan="3" \|Semitic \| rowspan="3" \|Arabic	Modern Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Thelwall\|1990\|p=37}}	{{lang\|ar\|أغاني\|rtl=yes}}/ʿaḡānī	{{IPA\|[ʔaˈɣaːniː]}}	'songs'	See Arabic phonology, Hamza.
Levantine and Egyptian{{Harvcoltxt\|Watson\|2002\|p=17}}	{{lang\|ar\|شقة\|rtl=yes}}/ša''a	{{IPA\|[ˈʃæʔʔæ]}}	'apartment'	Corresponds to {{IPAslink\|q}} or {{IPAslink\|g}} in other dialects. See Levantine Arabic phonology and Egyptian Arabic phonology
Fasi and Tlemcenian{{Cite journal \|last=Dendane \|first=Zoubir \|date=2013 \|title=The Stigmatisation of the Glottal Stop in Tlemcen Speech Community: An Indicator of Dialect Shift \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260553731 \|journal=The International Journal of Linguistics and Literature \|language=en \|volume=2 \|issue=3 \|pages=1–10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106153219/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260553731_THE_STIGMATISATION_OF_THE_GLOTTAL_STOP_IN_TLEMCEN_SPEECH_COMMUNITY_AN_INDICATOR_OF_DIALECT_SHIFT \|archive-date=2019-01-06}}	{{lang\|ar-015\|قال\|rtl=yes}}/'āl	{{IPA\|[ˈʔaːl]}}	'he said'	Corresponds to {{IPAslink\|q}} or {{IPAslink\|g}} in other dialects.
Kiranti \| colspan="2" \| Bantawa	{{lang\|Ne\|चा:वा}}	{{IPA\|[t͡saʔwa]}}	'drinking water'
Bikol \| colspan="2" \| Bikol	{{lang\|bik-Latn\|bàgo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbaːʔɡo]}}	'new'
Slavic \| colspan="2" \| Bulgarian	{{lang\|bg\|ъ-ъ}}/ŭ-ŭ	{{IPA\|[ˈʔɤʔɤ]}}	'nope'
Sino-Tibetan \| colspan="2" \| Burmese	{{lang\|my\|မြစ်များ}}/mrac mya:	{{IPA\|[mjiʔ mjá]}}	'rivers'
Philippine \| colspan="2" \| Cebuano	{{lang\|ceb-Latn\|tubò}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtuboʔ]}}	'to grow'
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Chamorro	{{lang\|ch\|halu{{hamza}}u}}	{{IPA\|[həluʔu]}}	'shark'
rowspan="3" \| Sinitic \| rowspan="3" \| Chinese	Cantonese	{{lang\|yue-Hani\|愛}}/{{lang\|yue-Latn\|oi3}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɔːi˧]}}	'love'	See Cantonese phonology.
Wu	{{Lang\|wuu-Hani\|一级了}}/{{lang\|wuu-Latn\|ih cih leh}}	{{IPA\|[ʔiɪʔ.tɕiɪʔ.ʔləʔ]}}	'superb'
Hokkien	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|合}}/{{lang\|nan-Latn\|ha̍h}}	{{IPA\|[hɐʔ˥]}}	'to suit'
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Cook Islands Māori	{{lang\|rar\|ta{{okina}}i\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[taʔi]}}	'one'
Slavic \| colspan="2" \| Czech	{{lang\|cs\|používat\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[poʔuʒiːvat]}}	'to use'	See Czech phonology.
Cushitic \| colspan="2" \|Dahalo	{{lang\|dal\|ma{{hamza}}a\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[maʔa]}}	'water'	see Dahalo phonology
Germanic \| colspan="2" \| Danish	{{lang\|da\|hånd\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈhʌ̹nʔ]}}	'hand'	One of the possible realizations of stød. Depending on the dialect and style of speech, it can be instead realized as laryngealisation of the preceding sound. See Danish phonology.
Germanic \| colspan="2" \| Dutch{{Harvcoltxt\|Gussenhoven\|1992\|p=45}}	{{lang\|nl\|beamen\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[bəʔˈaːmə(n)]}}	'to confirm'	See Dutch phonology.
rowspan="12" \| Germanic \|rowspan="12" \| English	Multiple dialects	{{lang\|en\|I am\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔaɪ ʔæm]}} (emphatic "am")) or {{IPA\|[ʔaɪ æm]}}	'I'	Glottal stop before initial vowel at the start of a phrase. Elsewhere, optionally, to emphasize a word or separate it from the previous one.
RP	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|en\|uh-oh\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɐʔəʊ]}}	rowspan="2" \|'uh-oh'	rowspan="2" \|
American	{{Audio-IPA\|uh-oh-pronunciation-audio.ogg\|[ˈʌʔoʊ]\|help=no}}
Australian	rowspan="5" \| {{lang\|en\|cat\|italic=yes}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[kʰæʔ(t)]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'cat'	rowspan="9"\| Allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}}, /k/ or /p/. See glottalization, English phonology, and definite article reduction.
GA
Estuary	{{IPA\|[kʰæʔ]}}
Cockney{{Harvcoltxt\|Sivertsen\|1960\|p=111}}	{{IPA\|[kʰɛ̝ʔ]}}
Scottish	{{IPA\|[kʰäʔ]}}
Some Northern England	{{lang\|en-GB\|the\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔ]}}	'the'
Geordie	{{lang\|en-GB\|thank you\|italic=yes}}		'thank you'
Geordie	{{lang\|en-GB\|people\|italic=yes}}		'people'
RP{{Harvcoltxt\|Roach\|2004\|p=240}} and GA	button	{{Audio-IPA\|En-us-button.ogg\|[ˈbɐʔn̩]}}	'button'
Germanic \| German	Northern	{{lang\|de\|Beamter\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[bəˈʔamtɐ]}}	'civil servant'	Generally all vowel onsets. See Standard German phonology.
Hmongic \| colspan="2" \| Hmong	{{script\|Hmng\|𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰}} / {{lang\|hmv\|ob\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔo˦]}}	'two (2)'
Tupi-Guarani \| colspan="2" \| Guaraní	{{lang\|gn\|avañe{{hamza}}ẽ\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]}}	'Guaraní'	Occurs only between vowels.
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Hawaiian{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=139}}	{{lang\|haw\|{{okina}}ele{{okina}}ele\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʔɛlɛˈʔɛlɛ]}}	'black'	See Hawaiian phonology.
Semitic \| colspan="2" \| Hebrew	{{lang\|he\|מַאֲמָר\|rtl=yes}}/ma'amar	{{IPA\|[maʔămaʁ]}}	'article'	Often elided in casual speech. See Modern Hebrew phonology.
Germanic \| colspan="2" \| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|en\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɛn]}}	'but'	Only used according to emphasis, never occurring in minimal pairs.
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Iloko	{{lang\|ilo\|nalab-ay}}	{{IPA\|[nalabˈʔaj]}}	'bland tasting'	Hyphen when occurring within the word.
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Indonesian	{{lang\|id\|bakso}}	{{IPA\|[ˌbäʔˈso]}}	'meatball'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}} or {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in the syllable coda.
Northeast-Caucasian \| colspan="2" \| Ingush	{{lang\|ce-Cyrl\|кхоъ}} / {{lang\|ce-Latn\|qo{{hamza}}}}	{{IPA\|[qoʔ]}}	'three'
Japonic \|Japanese	Kagoshima	/kuQ/	{{IPA\|[kuʔ]}}	'neck'
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Javanese{{Harvcoltxt\|Clark\|Yallop\|Fletcher\|2007\|p=105}}	{{lang\|jv\| ꦲꦤꦏ꧀ \|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[änäʔ]}}	'child'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}} in morpheme-final position.
Aslian \| colspan="2" \|Jedek{{Cite journal \|last1=Yager \|first1=Joanne \|last2=Burtenhult \|first2=Niclas \|date=2017 \|title=Jedek: A Newly-Discovered Aslian Variety of Malaysia \|url=https://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2506643/component/escidoc:2511374/Yager_Burenhult_2017.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=Linguistic Typology \|language=en \|volume=21 \|issue=3 \|pages=493–545 \|doi=10.1515/lingty-2017-0012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001805/https://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2506643/component/escidoc:2511374/Yager_Burenhult_2017.pdf \|archive-date=2018-08-07 \|access-date=2018-08-07 \|hdl-access=free \|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002E-7CD2-7 \|s2cid=126145797}} \| \| {{IPA\|[wɛ̃ʔ]}} \|'left side' \|
Northwest-Caucasian \| colspan="2" \| Kabardian	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|ӏэ}}/'ė	{{IPA\|[ʔa]}}	'arm/hand'
Manobo \| colspan="2" \| Kagayanen{{Harvcoltxt\|Olson\|Mielke\|Sanicas-Daguman\|Pebley\|2010\|pp=206–207}}	{{lang\|cgc\|saag}}	{{IPA\|[saˈʔaɡ]}}	'floor'
Khasi-Palaungic \| colspan="2" \| Khasi	{{lang\|kha\|lyoh\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[lʔɔːʔ]}}	'cloud'
Mon-Khmer \| colspan="2" \| Khmer	{{lang\|km\|សំអាត}} / {{transl\|km\|sâmqat}}	{{IPA\|[sɑmʔɑːt]}}	'to clean'	See Khmer phonology
Koreanic \| colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko\|일}}/il	{{IPA\|[ʔil]}}	'one'	In free variation with no glottal stop. Occurs only in initial position of a word.
rowspan="3" \|Malayo-Polynesian \| rowspan="3" \| Malay \|Standard	{{lang\|ms\|tidak\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtidäʔ]}}	'no'	Allophone of final {{IPA\|/k/}} in the syllable coda, pronounced before consonants and at end of the a word. In other positions, {{IPA\|/ʔ/}} has phonemic status only in loanwords from Arabic. See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani \| rowspan="2" \|{{Lang\|ms\|ikat}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[ˌiˈkaʔ]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'to tie' \| rowspan="2" \|Allophone of final {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} in the syllable coda. Pronounced before consonants and at the end of a word.
Terengganu
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Makassarese	{{lang\|mak\|taʼdoʼdoʼ}}	{{IPA\|[ˌt̪ʰaʔˈɗɔʔɗɔʔ]}}	'be exhausted'	Written as takdokdok, taddoddok, taʼdoddoʼ, taqdoqdoq or taddoddoʼ in other orthography.
Semitic \| colspan="2" \| Maltese	{{lang\|mt\|qattus\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʔattus]}}	'cat'
Polynesian \| Māori	Taranaki, Whanganui	{{lang\|mi\|wahine\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[waʔinɛ]}}	'woman'
Malayo-Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Minangkabau	{{lang\|min\|wa{{hamza}}ang}}	{{IPA\|[wäʔäŋ]}}	'you'	Sometimes written without an apostrophe.
Yok-Utian \| colspan="2" \| Mutsun	{{lang\|css\|tawka{{hamza}}li\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[tawkaʔli]}}	'black gooseberry'	Ribes divaricatum
Kartvelian \| colspan="2" \| Mingrelian	{{lang\|xmf\|ჸოროფა}}/?oropha	{{IPA\|[ʔɔrɔpʰɑ]}}	'love'
Uto-Aztecan \| colspan="2" \| Nahuatl	{{lang\|nci\|tahtli\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Nah-tahtli.ogg\|[taʔtɬi]\|help=no}}	'father'	Often left unwritten.
Plateau-Penutian \| colspan="2" \| Nez Perce	{{lang\|nez\|yáakaʔ\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈjaːkaʔ]}}	'black bear'
Tupi-Guarani \| colspan="2" \| Nheengatu{{Cite thesis \|last=Cruz \|first=Aline da \|title=Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa \|date=2011 \|degree=Doctor \|publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam \|url=https://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf \|isbn=978-94-6093-063-8 \|language=pt \|trans-title=Phonology and Grammar of Nheengatú: The general language spoken by the Baré, Warekena and Baniwa peoples \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307093829/https://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf \|archive-date=March 7, 2014}}	{{lang\|yrl\|ai}}	{{IPA\|[aˈʔi]}}	'sloth'	Transcription (or absence thereof) varies.
Algonquian \| colspan="2" \| Ojibwe	{{lang\|oj\|ᒪᓯᓇᐃᑲᓐ}}/{{lang\|oj\|mazina'igan}}	{{IPA\|[ˌmʌzɪˌnʌʔɪˈɡʌn]}}	'a book; a letter; a document; a paper'	Merges with {{IPA\|/h/}} in some dialects. See Ojibwe phonology.
Ryukyuan \| colspan="2" \| Okinawan	{{lang\|ryu\|音}}/utu	{{IPA\|[ʔutu]}}	'sound'
Indo-Iranian \| colspan="2" \| Persian	{{lang\|fa\|معنی\|rtl=yes}}/ma'ni	{{IPA\|[maʔni]}}	'meaning'	See Persian phonology.
Slavic \| colspan="2" \| Polish	era \| [ʔɛra] \|'era' \| Most often occurs as an anlaut of an initial vowel (Ala ‒> {{IPA\|[Ɂala]}}). See Polish phonology#Glottal stop.
Mura \| colspan="2" \| Pirahã	{{lang\|myp\|baíxi}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmàí̯ʔì]}}	'parent'
rowspan="2" \| Romance \| rowspan="2" \| Portuguese{{Cite conference \|last1=Veloso \|first1=João \|last2=Martins \|first2=Pedro Tiago \|date=2013 \|title=O Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP: disponibilização on-line de um corpus dialetal do português \|url=https://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017 \|conference=XXVIII Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, Coimbra, APL \|language=pt \|pages=673–692 \|isbn=978-989-97440-2-8 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306060220/https://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017 \|archive-date=2014-03-06}}	Vernacular Brazilian	{{lang\|pt-BR\|ê-ê\|italic=yes}}{{Citation \|title=Phonetic Symbols for Portuguese Phonetic Transcription \|date=October 2012 \|url=https://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf \|postscript=. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108224637/https://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf \|language=en \|archive-date=2014-11-08 \|via=users.ox.ac.uk }} In European Portuguese, the "é é" interjection usually employs an epenthetic {{IPA\|/i/}}, being pronounced {{IPA\|[e̞ˈje̞]}} instead.	{{IPA\|[ˌʔe̞ˈʔeː]}}	'yeah right'It may be used mostly as a general call of attention for disapproval, disagreement or inconsistency, but also serves as a synonym of the multiuse expression "eu, hein!". {{in lang\|pt}} [https://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/ How to say 'eu, hein' in English – Adir Ferreira Idiomas] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708191822/https://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/ \|date=2013-07-08 }}	rowspan=2 \| Marginal sound. Does not occur after or before a consonant. In Brazilian casual speech, there is at least one {{IPA\|[ʔ]}}–vowel length–pitch accent minimal pair (triply unusual, the ideophones short {{lang\|pt\|ih\|italic=yes}} vs. long {{lang\|pt\|ih\|italic=yes}}). See Portuguese phonology.
Some speakers	{{lang\|pt\|à aula\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈa ˈʔawlɐ]}}	'to the class'
Oceanic \| colspan="2" \| Rotuman{{Harvcoltxt\|Blevins\|1994\|p=492}}	{{lang\|rtm\|ʻusu}}	{{IPA\|[ʔusu]}}	'to box'
Slavic \| colspan="2" \|Russian \|не-а / ne-a \|[ˈnʲeʔə] \|'nope' \|
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Samoan	{{lang\|sm\|ma{{okina}}i\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[maʔi]}}	'sickness/illness'
rowspan="2" \| Romance \| rowspan="2" \| Sardinian{{Cite book \|url=https://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf \|title=Su sardu limba de Sardigna et limba de Europa \|date=2004 \|publisher=Cooperativa Universitaria Editrice Cagliaritana \|isbn=88-8467-170-1 \|editor-last=Grimaldi \|editor-first=Lucia \|pages=110–111 \|editor-last2=Mensching \|editor-first2=Guido \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205163922/https://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf \|archive-date=2013-12-05}}	Some dialects of Barbagia	{{lang\|sc\|unu pacu\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈuːnu paʔu]}}	'a little'	rowspan=2 \| Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/n, k, l/}}.
Some dialects of Sarrabus	{{lang\|sc\|sa luna\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[sa ʔuʔa]}}	'the moon'
Slavic \| colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian{{Harvcoltxt\|Landau\|Lončarić\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|i onda\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[iː ʔô̞n̪d̪a̠]}}	'and then'	Optionally inserted between vowels across word boundaries. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Isolate \| colspan="2" \| Seri	{{lang\|sei\|he\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɛ]}}	'I'
Cushitic \| colspan="2" \|Somali \|{{lang\|so\|baʼ}} \|{{IPA\|[baʔ]}} \|'calamity' \|though {{IPA\|/ʔ/}} occurs before all vowels, it is only written medially and finally.{{Citation \|last1=Edmondson \|first1=J. A. \|title=Supraglottal Cavity Shape, Linguistic Register, and Other Phonetic Features of Somali \|postscript=. \|language=en \|citeseerx=10.1.1.570.821 \|last2=Esling \|first2=J. H. \|last3=Harris \|first3=J. G.}} See Somali phonology
rowspan="2" \|Romance \| rowspan="2" \| Spanish	Nicaraguan{{Citation \|last=Chappell \|first=Whitney \|title=The Hypo-Hyperarticulation Continuum in Nicaraguan Spanish \|url=https://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf \|postscript=. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307152549/https://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf \|language=en \|access-date=2014-03-07 \|archive-date=2014-03-07 \|via=nwav42.pitt.edu}}	{{lang\|es-NI\|más alto\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈma ˈʔal̻t̻o̞]}}	'higher'	rowspan=2 \| Marginal sound or allophone of {{IPAslink\|s}} between vowels in different words. Does not occur after or before a consonant. See Spanish phonology.
Yucateco{{Citation \|last1=Michnowicz \|first1=Jim \|title=Voiceless Stop Aspiration in Yucatán Spanish: A Sociolinguistic Analysis \|url=https://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf \|postscript=. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307143708/https://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf \|language=en \|access-date=2014-03-07 \|archive-date=2014-03-07 \|last2=Carpenter \|first2=Lindsey \|url-status=live \|via=etd.lib.ncsu.edu}}	{{lang\|es-MX\|cuatro años\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkwatɾo̞ ˈʔãɲo̞s]}}	'four years'
Salishan \| colspan="2" \| Squamish	Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim	{{IPA\|[sqʷχʷoʔməʃ snit͡ʃim]}}	'Squamish language'
Philippine \| colspan="2" \| Tagalog	{{lang\|tl\|aaâ\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɐʔɐˈʔaʔ]}}	'to poo' (fut.)	See Tagalog phonology.
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Tahitian	{{lang\|ti\|pua{{okina}}a}}	{{IPA\|[puaʔa]}}	'pig'
Tai-Kadai \| colspan="2" \| Thai	{{lang\|th\|อา}}/'ā	{{IPA\|[ʔaː]}}	'uncle/aunt' (father's younger sibling)
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Tongan	{{lang\|to\|tu{{okina}}u}}	{{IPA\|[tuʔu]}}	'stand'
Samoyedic \| colspan="2" \| Tundra Nenets	{{lang\|yrk\|вы{{hamza}}}}/vy'	{{IPA\|[wɨʔ]}}	'tundra'
Vietic \| colspan="2" \| Vietnamese{{Harvcoltxt\|Thompson\|1959\|pp=458–461}}	{{lang\|vi\|oi\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔɔj˧]}}	'sultry'	In free variation with no glottal stop. See Vietnamese phonology.
Finnic \| colspan="2" \| Võro	{{lang\|vro\|piniq}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpinʲiʔ]}}	'dogs'	"q" is Võro plural marker (maa, kala, "land", "fish"; maaq, kalaq, "lands", "fishes").
Isolate \| colspan="2" \| Wagiman	{{lang\|waq\|jamh}}	{{IPA\|[t̠ʲʌmʔ]}}	'to eat' (perf.)
Omotic \| colspan="2" \| Welayta	7írTi \|{{IPA\|[ʔirʈa]}}	'wet'
Polynesian \| colspan="2" \| Wallisian	{{lang\|wls\|ma{{okina}}uli}}	{{IPA\|[maʔuli]}}	'life'

Glottal stop

Features

Writing

In English

=Replacement of /t/=

=Before initial vowels=

Occurrence in other languages

See also

References

Bibliography

External links