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Victor Emmanuel II

{{Short description|King of Sardinia (1849–1861) and King of Italy (1861–1878)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox royalty

| name = Victor Emmanuel II

| title =

| image = VictorEmmanuel2.jpg

| caption = Portrait by André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri, {{circa|1861}}

| succession = King of Italy

| moretext = (more...)

| reign = {{nowrap|17 March 1861 – 9 January 1878}}

| regent = {{Collapsible list|title = See list|1={{ubl|Camillo Cavour|Bettino Ricasoli|Urbano Rattazzi|Luigi Carlo Farini|Marco Minghetti|Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora|Luigi Federico Menabrea|Giovanni Lanza|Agostino Depretis}}}}

| reg-type = {{nowrap|Prime ministers}}

| predecessor = Napoleon (1814)

| successor = Umberto I

| birth_date = 14 March 1820

| birth_place = Palazzo Carignano, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1878|1|9|1820|3|14}}

| death_place = Quirinal Palace, Rome, Kingdom of Italy

| burial_date =

| burial_place = Pantheon, Rome

| spouse = {{plainlist|

}}

| issue = {{plainlist|

}}

| issue-link = #Family and children

| issue-pipe = see details...

| full name = {{langx|it|Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso}}


{{langx|en|Victor Emmanuel Maria Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas}}

| house = Savoy-Carignano

| father = Charles Albert of Sardinia

| mother = Maria Theresa of Austria

| religion = Catholic Church

| succession1 = King of Sardinia{{efn|name=efn|Victor Emmanuel and his successors retained the title "King of Sardinia" after the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.}}
Duke of Savoy

| reign1 = 23 March 1849 – 17 March 1861

| predecessor1 = Charles Albert

| reg-type1 = {{nowrap|Prime ministers}}

| regent1 = {{Collapsible list|title = See list|1={{ubl|Agostino Chiodo|Claudio Gabriele de Launay|Massimo D'Azeglio|Camillo Cavour|Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora}}}}

| signature = Signature of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.svg

}}

Victor Emmanuel II ({{langx|it|Vittorio Emanuele II}}; full name: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia (also informally known as Piedmont–Sardinia) from 23 March 1849 until 17 March 1861,{{efn|name=efn}} when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet of "Father of the Fatherland" ({{langx|it|Padre della Patria}}).

Born in Turin as the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria, Victor Emmanuel fought in the First Italian War of Independence (1848–1849) before being made King of Sardinia following his father's abdication. He appointed Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, as his Prime Minister, and he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left. In 1855, he sent an expeditionary corps to side with French and British forces during the Crimean War; the deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol led the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Italian unification to other European powers.{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Guy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UreS--MoD0C&pg=PA112 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780810866133}} This allowed Victor Emmanuel to ally himself with Napoleon III, Emperor of France. France had supported Sardinia in the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in liberating Lombardy from Austrian rule.

Victor Emmanuel supported the Expedition of the Thousand (1860–1861) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy; however, Victor Emmanuel halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna decided to side with Sardinia, and Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious Battle of Castelfidardo over the Papal forces. This led to his excommunication from the Catholic Church until 1878, just before his death in the same year. He subsequently met Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy and becoming the first King of Italy on 17 March 1861.

In 1866, the Third Italian War of Independence allowed Italy to annex Veneto. In 1870, Victor Emmanuel also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to conquer the Papal States after the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871. He died in Rome in 1878, and was buried in the Pantheon. The Italian national Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, containing the Altare della Patria, was built in his honour.

Biography

Victor Emmanuel was born as the eldest son of Carlo Alberto Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria. His father succeeded a distant cousin as King of Sardinia in 1831. He lived for some years of his youth in Florence and showed an early interest in politics, the military, and sports. In 1842, he married his cousin, Adelaide of Austria. He was styled as the Duke of Savoy prior to becoming King of Sardinia. He took part in the First Italian War of Independence (1848–1849) under his father, King Charles Albert, fighting in the front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Victor Emmanuel became King of Sardinia in 1849 when his father abdicated the throne, after being defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Novara. Victor Emmanuel was immediately able to obtain a rather favourable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian imperial army commander, Radetzky. The treaty, however, was not ratified by the Piedmontese lower parliamentary house, the Chamber of Deputies, and Victor Emmanuel retaliated by firing his Prime Minister, Claudio Gabriele de Launay, replacing him with Massimo D'Azeglio. After new elections, the peace with Austria was accepted by the new Chamber of Deputies. In 1849, Victor Emmanuel also fiercely suppressed a revolt in Genoa, defining the rebels as a "vile and infected race of canailles".

In 1852, Victor Emmanuel appointed Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Cavour was a clever strategist focused on establishing the House of Savoy as Italy's rulers. He applied liberalism and nationalism to dismantle the traditional structures of the Kingdom of Sardinia while advancing an anti-clerical agenda that started during Charles Albert.{{Sfn|Bence-Jones|Vickers|Williamson|1977|p=355}} Cavour modernized the kingdom for war to expel the Austrians from Italy, facilitating Victor Emmanuel's eventual ascension as king. He also played a key role in securing an alliance with Napoleon III, leading to French support that enabled Emmanuel’s forces to capture Milan and other Austrian territories, though Venice remained under Austrian control.{{Sfn|Bence-Jones|Vickers|Williamson|1977|p=355}} Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement of the 1850s and early 60s.{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He was especially popular in Piedmont–Sardinia because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms.

File:Portrait du roi Vittorio Emanuele II en majesté.png|Victor Emmanuel II in 1850

File:Ritratto di Vittorio Emanuele duca di Savoia, 1848 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino - Ritratti 0036 B.jpg|Portrait of Victor Emmanuel, with a battle in the background (1848)

File:Ritratto di S.M. Carlo Alberto di Savoia.png|Charles Albert of Sardinia, father of Victor Emmanuel II

File:Maria Teresa d'Asburgo-Toscana.jpg|Maria Theresa of Austria, mother of Victor Emmanuel II

File:S.M. Re Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia (Biscarra).png|Portrait of Victor Emmanuel II by Carlo Felice Biscarra

=Crimean War=

File:Victor Emmanuel reviews the troops for the Crimean War.jpg.]]

Following Victor Emmanuel's advice, Cavour joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia. Cavour was reluctant to go to war due to the power of Russia at the time and the expense of doing so; however, Victor Emmanuel was convinced of the rewards to be gained from the alliance created with Britain and more importantly France. After successfully seeking British support and ingratiating himself with France and Napoleon III at the Congress of Paris in 1856 at the end of the war, Count Cavour arranged a secret meeting with the French emperor. In 1858, they met at Plombières-les-Bains (in Lorraine), where they agreed that if the French were to help Piedmont in its war against Austria, which still reigned over the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia in northern Italy, France would be awarded Nice and Savoy.

=Wars of Italian Unification=

{{main|Second Italian War of Independence}}

The Italo-French campaign against Austria in 1859 started successfully; however, sickened by the casualties of the war and worried about the mobilisation of Prussian troops, Napoleon III secretly made a treaty with Franz Joseph of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piedmont would only gain Lombardy. France did not as a result receive the promised Nice and Savoy but Austria kept Venetia, a major setback for the Piedmontese, in no small part because the treaty had been prepared without their knowledge. After several quarrels about the outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, and the king had to find other advisors. France only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Turin was signed in March 1860, after Cavour had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, and a deal with the French was struck for plebiscites to take place in the Central Italian Duchies.

Later that same year, Victor Emmanuel II sent his forces to fight the papal army at Castelfidardo and drove the Pope into Vatican City. His success at these goals led him to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church until 1878 when it was lifted just before his death. Then, Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples, and Piedmont–Sardinia grew even larger. On 17 March 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was officially established and Victor Emmanuel II became its king.

Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand (1860–1861), which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy; however, the king halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, through local plebiscites, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna decided to side with Piedmont–Sardinia. Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious battle of Castelfidardo (1860) over the Papal forces.

The king subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy. Another series of plebiscites in the occupied lands resulted in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel as the first King of Italy by the new Parliament of unified Italy, on 17 March 1861. He did not renumber himself after assuming the new royal title, and Turin became the capital of the new state. Only Lazio, Veneto, and Trentino remained to be conquered.Image:With Victor Emmanuel.jpg in Teano.]]

=Completion of the unification=

{{Main|Third Italian War of Independence}}{{See also|Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866}}

File:Artgate Fondazione Cariplo - Magistretti Emilio, Il 9 gennajo 1878 in Milano o Il 9 Gennaio 1878 o L'annuncio della morte di Vittorio Emanuele a Milano.jpg (1879)]]

File:Pantheon 0935 2013.jpg]]

In 1866, Victor Emmanuel allied himself with Prussia in the Third Italian War of Independence. Although not victorious in the Italian theatre, he managed to receive Veneto after the Austrian defeat in Germany. The British Foreign Secretary, Lord Clarendon, visited Florence in December 1867 and reported to London after talking to various Italian politicians: "There is universal agreement that Victor Emmanuel is an imbecile; he is a dishonest man who tells lies to everyone; at this rate, he will end up losing his crown and ruining both Italy and his dynasty."Mack Smith, Denis Italy and its Monarchy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989 p. 42 In 1870, after two failed attempts by Garibaldi, he also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to capture Rome after the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871, after a temporary move to Florence in 1864. The new Royal residence was the Quirinal Palace.

The rest of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was much quieter. After the Kingdom of Italy was established, he decided to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. This was a terrible move as far as public relations went, as it was not indicative of the fresh start that the Italian people wanted and suggested that Piedmont–Sardinia had taken over the Italian peninsula rather than unifying it. Despite this mishap, the remainder of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was consumed by wrapping up loose ends and dealing with economic and cultural issues. His role in day-to-day governing gradually dwindled, as it became increasingly apparent that a king could no longer keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. As a result, while the wording of the Statuto Albertino stipulating that ministers were solely responsible to the crown remained unchanged, in practice they were now responsible to Parliament.

Victor Emmanuel died in Rome in 1878, after meeting with the envoys of Pope Pius IX, who had reversed the excommunication, and received last rites. He was buried in the Pantheon. His successor was his son Umberto I.{{Cite web |title=Excommunicating Politicians |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/497/article/excommunicating-politicians |date=27 September 2004}}

Family and children

File:Monument to Victor Emmanuel II (Venice).jpg in Venice]]

In 1842, Victor Emmanuel married his paternal first cousin (aunt's daughter) Adelaide of Austria (1822–1855). With her, he had eight children:Genealogical data from the [http://www.sardimpex.com/savoia/savoia-carignano.htm Savoia]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} page of the [http://www.sardimpex.com/ Genealogie delle famiglie nobili italiane] website.

In 1869 he married morganatically his principal mistress Rosa Vercellana (3 June 1833 – 26 December 1885). Popularly known in Piedmontese as "Bela Rosin", she was born a commoner but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858. Their offspring were:

  • Vittoria Guerrieri (2 December 1848 – 29 December 1905), married three times: to Giacomo Spinola, Luigi Spinola and Paolo DeSimone.
  • Emanuele Alberto Guerrieri (16 March 1851 – 24 December 1894), Count of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda.

File:Brooklyn Museum - Caricature of King Victor Emmanuel II - Thomas Nast - overall.jpg, Brooklyn Museum]]

In addition to his morganatic second wife, Victor Emmanuel II had several other mistresses:

1) Laura Bon at Stupinigi, who bore him two children:

  • Stillborn child (1852-1852).
  • Emanuela of Roverbella (6 September 1853 – 1896).

2) Baroness Vittoria Duplesis who bore him another daughter:

  • Maria Savoiarda Projetti (1854–1885/1888).

3) Unknown mistress at Mondovì, mother of:

  • Donato Etna (15 June 1858 – 11 December 1938) who became a soldier during the First World War.

4) Virginia Rho at Turin, mother of two children:

  • Vittorio di Rho (1861 – Turin, 10 October 1913). He became a notable photographer.
  • Maria Pia di Rho (25 February 1866 – Vienna, 19 April 1947). Married to count Alessandro Montecuccoli.

5) Rosalinda Incoronata De Domenicis (1846–1916), mother of one daughter:

  • Vittoria De Domenicis (1869–1935) who married doctor Alberto Benedetti (1870–1920), with issue.

6) Angela Rosa De Filippo, mother of:

  • Actor Domenico Scarpetta (1876–1952)

Honours and arms

{{Infobox Royal styles

|royal name= King Victor Emmanuel II

|image=75px

|dipstyle=His Majesty

|offstyle=Your Majesty

}}

=Italian=

=Foreign=

  • {{flag|Austrian Empire}}:
  • Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1841{{Cite web |title=Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece |url=http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights5.htm |last=Boettger |first=T. F. |website=La Confrérie Amicale |access-date=25 June 2019}}
  • Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 1869[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}
  • {{flag|Baden}}:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1865), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1893788 pp. 55], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1893799 66]
  • Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1864
  • Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion, 1864
  • {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: Knight of the Order of St. Hubert, 1869Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern (1873), "Königliche Orden" p. [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11038226?page=36 8]
  • {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 25 July 1855{{cite book|author=Ferdinand Veldekens|title=Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP11|year=1858|publisher=lelong|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_6lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA214 214]}}
  • {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 2 September 1861{{Cite book |last=Jørgen Pedersen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ |title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 |publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag |year=2009 |isbn=978-87-7674-434-2 |page=466 |language=da}}
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg}} French Empire:
  • Médaille militaire
  • Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign
  • {{flag|Kingdom of Hawaii}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1865{{cite web|url=https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kamehameha|title=The Royal Order of Kamehameha|website=crownofhawaii.com|publisher=Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228013523/https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kamehameha|url-status=dead}}
  • {{flagicon image|Imperial Standard of Mexico (1864-1867).svg}} Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, 1865{{Citation |title=Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ |page=242 |year=1866 |chapter=Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio |access-date=29 April 2020 |language=es}}
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} Kingdom of Prussia:{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste|volume=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=16&skin=2021 12], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=28&skin=2021 24]|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1877}}
  • Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 12 January 1866; with Collar, 1875
  • Pour le Mérite (military), 29 May 1872
  • {{flag|Kingdom of Saxony}}: Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown, 1850{{cite book|author=Sachsen|title=Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBFTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4|year=1866|publisher=Heinrich|page=4}}
  • {{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} {{flagicon|Norway|1844}} Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, 30 August 1861{{Citation |title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1877 |url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1877/0392.html |page=368 |language=sv |access-date=2020-05-02 |via=runeberg.org}}
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg}} Beylik of Tunis: Husainid Family Order{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaussant-lefevre.com/lot/86924/8138236?|title = Nichan ad-Dam, ou ordre du Sang, institué... - Lot 198}}
  • {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: Stranger Knight of the Order of the Garter, 5 December 1855Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n147/mode/2up p. 59]

File:Coat of Arms of Victor Emmanuel II and Umberto I of Italy (Order of the Golden Fleece).svg|Arms as knight of the Golden Fleece

File:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Italy variant (1848-1870).svg|Coat of arms as King of Sardinia (1849–1861)

File:Greater coat of arms of the Kingdom of Italy (1870-1890).svg|Greater coat of arms as King of Italy (1861–1878)

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel

|collapsed=yes |align=center

| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;

| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;

| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;

| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;

| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;

| 1 = 1. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

| 2 = 2. Charles Albert of Sardinia

| 3 = 3. Maria Theresa of Austria

| 4 = 4. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano

| 5 = 5. Maria Christina of Saxony

| 6 = 6. Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany

| 7 = 7. Luisa of Naples and Sicily

| 8 = 8. Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano

| 9 = 9. Joséphine of Lorraine

| 10 = 10. Charles, Duke of Courland

| 11 = 11. Franciszka Krasińska

| 12 = 12. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

| 13 = 13. Maria Louisa of Spain

| 14 = 14. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

| 15 = 15. Maria Carolina of Austria

}}

See also

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

  • {{Cite book |last1=Bence-Jones |first1=Mark |last2=Vickers |first2=Hugo |last3=Williamson |first3=David |year=1977 |title=Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume I |url=https://www.burkespeerage.com/preview.php?book=Preview%20of%20Burke%E2%80%99s%20Royal%20Families%20of%20the%20World%20Volume%20I&ref=pRoyalFamilies1&page=1&totalPages=10&from=subs_ind |url-access=subscription |publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited |isbn=0-85011-023-8 |access-date=30 September 2024}}
  • {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Victor Emmanuel II.|volume=28}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Mack Smith, Denis |date=1972 |orig-year=1971 |title=Vittorio Emanuele II. (Traduzione ... di Jole Bertolazzi.) |trans-title=Original title: Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento |publisher=Laterza |oclc=504679452|ref=none}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Thayer, William Roscoe |year=1911 |title=The Life and Times of Cavour Vol. 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfwNAQAAMAAJ |ref=none}} Old interpretations but useful on details; vol. 1 goes to 1859; [https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimescav00thaygoog volume 2 online covers 1859–62]

=In Italian=

  • {{Cite book |last=Del Boca |first=Lorenzo |title=Maledetti Savoia |publisher=Piemme |year=1998 |location=Casale Monferrato|ref=none}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Gasparetto |first=Pier Francesco |title=Vittorio Emanuele II |publisher=Rusconi |year=1984 |location=Milan|ref=none}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Mack Smith |first=Denis |year=1995 |title=Vittorio Emanuele II |translator=Iole Bertolazzi |location=Milan |publisher=Mondadori |isbn=9788804403807 |oclc=915124309 |ref=none}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Paolo |title=Vittorio Emanuele II: il re avventuriero |publisher=Mondadori |year=1997 |location=Milan|ref=none}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Rocca |first=Gianni |year=1993 |title=Avanti, Savoia!: miti e disfatte che fecero l'Italia, 1848–1866 |location=Milan |publisher=Mondadori |ref=none}}

External links

{{Commons category|Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Vittorio Emanuele II}}

  • {{Internet Archive author |sname=Victor Emmanuel II of Italy}}
  • [http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/gotha/italygen.htm External link: Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060701112641/http://www.freereservation.com/roma2/1.htm View of Venezia Square Victor Emmanuel II monument] (archived 1 July 2006)

{{s-start}}

{{s-hou|House of Savoy|14 March|1820|9 January|1878}}

{{s-reg|}}

{{s-bef|before=Charles Albert}}

{{s-ttl|title=King of Sardinia

|years=23 March 1849 – 17 March 1861}}

{{s-aft|after=Himself
as King of Italy}}

{{s-break}}

{{s-bef|before=Charles Albert}}

{{s-ttl|title=Duke of Savoy

|years=23 March 1849 – 9 January 1878}}

{{s-aft|after=Umberto I}}

{{s-break}}

{{s-vac|last=Napoleon I}}

{{s-ttl|title=King of Italy

|years=17 March 1861 – 9 January 1878}}

{{s-aft|after=Umberto I}}

{{s-end}}

{{Princes of Savoy}}

{{Kings of Sardinia (House of Savoy)}}

{{Kings of Italy (1861–1946)}}

{{Risorgimento}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Victor Emanuel 02 Of Italy}}

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