Umm Khalid

Image:Umm Khalid Castle.jpg

Archaeological findings around the village included the remains of towers, fortresses, wells, reservoirs, cisterns, and pottery.

Flint tools found around the area suggest that the site might have been inhabited since prehistoric times.Y. Porath, Umm Khalid, Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 37, 1987, pp. 57–59.

First century BCE remnants of buildings, installations and burial caves have been found.

The village site contained Castellum Rogerii Langobardi, the castle of Roger the Lombard, built by the Crusaders.Khalidi, 1992, p. 562 The building was mentioned in 1135, mostly destroyed c. 1948, and partly excavated in 1985/86.Pringle, 1997, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA104 104], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA105 105] It appears to have been continuously in use from the Crusader period until 1948.

File:Remains of a fortified khan at Mukhâlid. A saracenic structure, which has long been in ruins. It is nearly a mile from the seashore and close to the little village of Mukhâlid. The solitary (NYPL b10607452-80638).jpg as a "well-known landmark" growing "close to the...village" in his illustrated book Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt (1883, vol. II, p. 113)Wilson, 1881, 1884, [https://archive.org/stream/picturesquepales03wilsuoft#page/113/mode/1up p.113]{{cite web |last= Neiman |first= Rachel |title= Love wins the day in fight to preserve 26 trees in Jaffa |date= 5 November 2018 |url= https://www.israel21c.org/love-wins-the-day-in-fight-to-preserve-26-trees-in-jaffa/ |access-date= 17 February 2021}}]]

Image:Painting(1873) of the old Sycamore tree in Netanya.jpg Street in Netanya.]]

Umm Khalid was one of four villages founded in the 18th century, near the coast north of the Yarkon River (along with the villages of Al-Shaykh Muwannis, Al-Haram, and Ijlil). According to historian Roy Marom, the establishment of Umm Khalid "demonstrates that the expansion of settlement in the southern Sharon was the result of the internal expansion of the core settlement by residents of the mountainous highlands of Samaria, and not by Egyptian ‘penetrators’ as previously claimed."[https://berkeley.academia.edu/RoyMarom Roy Marom], "[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5hd572t9#author Al-Sheikh Muwannis: Transformations in the Arab Countryside between the Mountainous Interior and the City of Jaffa, 1750–1848]," Cathedra 183 (February 2023), pp. 9–34.

The village was named Omm Kaled on a 1799 map of the area,Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 170] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }} and the village was razed by the troops of Napoleon during their return to Egypt after their failed siege of Acre in 1799.

The British traveller James Silk Buckingham, who passed through the village ("El Mukalid") in 1816, described it as still "rather poor", while noting that the village resembled an Egyptian one in form and constructions of its huts.Buckingham, 1822, p. [https://archive.org/stream/travelsinpalest03buckgoog#page/n267/mode/1up 217] ff, also mentioned in Pringle, 1997, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA104 104]

In the 19th century, Umm Khalid was a rest area between al-Tantura and Ras al-Ayn, where Ottoman officials stopped and received dignitaries.D 3/2:311. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 562 When Mary Rogers, the sister of the British vice-consul in Haifa, visited the Umm Khalid in 1856 she described it as a flourishing village, and noted the extensive watermelon gardens to the west of the village.Rogers, 1862, p. [https://archive.org/stream/domesticlifeinp01rogegoog#page/n360/mode/1up 344]. Also reprint 1989, p. 344-45, quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 562-63.

In 1863, Victor Guérin found the village to have about 300 inhabitants.Guérin, 1875, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n412/mode/1up 387] In 1873, among the ruins were seen a vaulted building with remnants of a second story, a well built well, and six circular rock-cut granaries.Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/142/mode/1up 142].

In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Wadi al-Sha'ir.{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=David |title=Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine |publisher=Magnes Press |year=2004 |location=Jerusalem |pages=253}}

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the village as "A small mud village, with ruins, and a sacred place to the south. On the east is a good masonry well, with troughs and a wheel for raising the water. ... There are also cisterns, and a pond with mud banks. There are cornfields to the east, but the soil is very sandy. The place is famous for its water melons, which are shipped at the little harbour called Minet Abu Zabura."Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/135/mode/1up 135]

In the 1922 census of Palestine there were 307 villagers, all Muslim,Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Tulkarem, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n30/mode/1up 28] increasing in the 1931 census to 586; 580 Muslims and 6 Christians, in a total of 131 houses.Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 58]

At the village center was a mosque, an elementary school for boys, and four shops for groceries and fabrics. In the 1944/45 statistics, Um Khalid had 970 inhabitants; 960 Muslims and 10 Christians, with a total of 2,894 dunums of land. Of this, a total of 47 dunums were used for citrus and bananas, while 1,830 dunums were planted with cereals.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Tulkarm/Page-128.jpg 128]. Also in Khalidi, 1992, p. 563 At the same time, it was registered that 2,894 dunums of land was Arab owned, 882 Jewish owned, while 89 dunam was public property.

File:Umm Khalid 1929.jpg|Umm Khalid 1929 1:20,000

File:Umm Khalid 1949.jpg|Umm Khalid 1939 1:20,000

File:Umm Khalid 1945.jpg|Umm Khalid 1945 1:250,000

According to an Israeli military report, Umm Khalid was evacuated 20 March 1948. Walid Khalidi speculates that the village was located in an area which was regarded by the Zionist leadership as the core of the planned Jewish state and would therefore have been desirable that the Arab residents were made to leave before 15 May.Khalidi, 1992, p. 563.

The American historian Rosemarie Esber interviewed refugees from Umm Khalid. According to Ahamed 'Uthman, Zionist surrounded and blockaded the village in 1947, and continued into 1948:

{{blockquote|[The Jews] did not allow any to enter or leave the village. They did not allow us to sell or buy anything from outside the village.....After a month of the Jewish blockade, some families left. [..] We had been awaiting the end of the blockade, but it would not end unless the people left...They were shooting, but not heavily. They shot from outside the village to make the villagers afraid.

No one returned to Umm Khalid. We were not allowed to return....Jews killed many people in Mlabis and in many other places....What did they do in Dayr Yassin?...I thank God we left before they entered the village."Esber, 2008, p.297}}

Much of the village land has been engulfed by the suburbs of the city of Netanya, founded in 1929 one kilometer to the west. The settlement of Gan Chefer, founded in 1940, and Nira, founded in 1941, were merged in 1953 to form a single, large settlement named Sha'ar Hefer; this settlement covers part of the village land.

According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, the structures on the village land were in 1992: "The village site has become part of the city of Netanya. Some houses remain and are used either as residences or for commercial purposes such as warehouses for Israeli companies. The land in the vicinity are planted in citrus trees.

In 1997, bulldozers leveling ground for a school building in Netanya uncovered remains of the cemetery of Umm Khalid. The Aqsa Association for the Preservation of Consecrated Islamic Property petitioned the High Court of Justice. As a result, the city of Netanya agreed to halt work in the area which had not been damaged, and to put up a sign: "Here is the Muslim cemetery of the village Umm Khalid." The Muslims refused to accept that the area should be turned into a park, stating that "No foot shall tread on the graves."Benvenisti, 2001, [https://archive.org/details/sacredlandscapeb00benvrich p.296]

• Mahmoud Hamshari

{{reflist|25em}}

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• {{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
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• {{cite book |editor= Mills, E. |title= Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url= https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas |publisher= Government of Palestine |location= Jerusalem |year= 1932 }}
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• {{cite book |editor= Wilson, C.W. |editor-link= Charles William Wilson |title= Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt |url= https://www.archive.org/details/picturesquepales03wilsuoft |volume= 3 |year= c. 1881 |publisher= D. Appleton |location= New York }}

{{refend}}

• [https://www.palestineremembered.com/Tulkarm/Umm-Khalid/ Palestine Remembered – Umm-Khalid]
• [https://www.zochrot.org/en/village/48992 Umm Khalid], Zochrot
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 10: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8372 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.10.jpg Wikimedia commons]
• [http://www.alnakba.org/villages/tulkarm/khalid.htm Umm Khalid] from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center

{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}

{{Crusader sites}}

Category:Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War

Category:District of Tulkarm

Category:Crusader castles