Unified primary

In the US, most primary elections are party-specific: voters select a political party, either as part of the voter registration process or at the ballot box, and may vote only for candidates sharing that same party affiliation. These primary systems use plurality voting, where each voter may express a preference for one candidate per office. The candidate in each party receiving the most votes advances to the general election. Voters not affiliated with a major political party may or may not be able to participate in these primary elections, depending on jurisdictional rules, and candidates not affiliated with a major political party may be nominated to the general election by other processes such as minor party conventions or petition.

The non-partisan blanket primary (aka "jungle primary" or top-two primary) is a single primary election in which all voters may participate, and all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party affiliation or lack of party affiliation. The top two most-voted candidates (even if members of the same party) will appear in the general election. This is intended to allow non-partisan voters and candidates to participate, and to allow more moderate nominees in the general election (since voters from both sides of the spectrum can vote for them). However, the non-partisan blanket primary still only allows voters a single choice per office, and is therefore prone to the spoiler effect,{{Cite web|url=http://www.calitics.com/diary/15356/law-of-unintended-consequences-cas-toptwo-primary-helps-cement-intraparty-control|title=Calitics:: Law of unintended consequences: CA's top-two primary helps cement intra-party control|last=Atkins|first=David|date=2014-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317035657/http://www.calitics.com/diary/15356/law-of-unintended-consequences-cas-toptwo-primary-helps-cement-intraparty-control|archive-date=2015-03-17|access-date=2018-07-17}} where candidates espousing similar ideologies split votes, helping candidates with opposing ideologies (but fewer candidates) to win.

Like a blanket primary, the unified primary has only one primary election, in which all voters participate, and all candidates appear on a single ballot regardless of political party affiliation. Unlike a blanket primary, the unified primary uses approval voting in the first round, in which voters may express support for any number of favored candidates, which is intended to eliminate vote splitting and spoilers (since voters can support a partisan favorite and a moderate).{{Cite web|url=http://www.unifiedprimary.org/compare_open_primary|title=Compare|website=Unified Primary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622004731/http://www.unifiedprimary.org/compare_open_primary|archive-date=2014-06-22|access-date=2018-07-17}} The top two most-approved candidates will appear in the general election.

Proponents argue{{Cite web|url=http://www.unifiedprimary.org/|title=The Equal Vote Campaign|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825054745/http://www.unifiedprimary.org/|archive-date=2014-08-25|access-date=2018-07-17}} that the Unified Primary system will increase voter choice by allowing all voters to participate equally in all stages of the election process, by allowing voters to express support for more than a single candidate, and by allowing all candidates to compete in a uniform election process, regardless of political party affiliation or lack of affiliation.{{Cite news|url=http://dgarygrady.com/2016/06/02/approval-voting-and-jungle-primaries/|title=Could approval voting make jungle primaries less objectionable?|date=2016-06-03|work=D Gary Grady|access-date=2018-07-17|language=en-US}}

In contrast, FairVote, a national election reform non-profit that advocates instant-runoff voting, theorized{{Cite web|url=http://www.fairvote.org/top-two-with-a-twist-for-oregon/|title=Top Two (With a Twist) for Oregon?|date=2013-10-18|website=FairVote.org|access-date=2018-07-17}} that it is likely that general election races would have two finalists from the same major party in districts where a majority of voters affiliate with that party, and thereby reduce voter choice in the election that has statistically higher turnout than current primary elections.

Unlike single-round Approval voting, the Approval+Runoff method fails independence of clones, because any time the second-most approved candidate wins the runoff, if a clone of the most-approved candidate is introduced, then the runoff will be only between the most-approved candidate and their clone, preventing the second-most approved candidate and any of their clones from winning.{{Cite book |last1=Delemazure |first1=Theo |last2=Lang |first2= Jérôme |last3=Laslier |first3= Jean-François |last4=Sanver |first4= M. Remzi |title=Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence |chapter=Approval with Runoff |date=2022 |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=230–236 |doi=10.24963/ijcai.2022/33 |doi-access=free|arxiv=2203.02343 |isbn=978-1-956792-00-3 }}

As of 2024, the only city in the United States using a unified primary for government office is St. Louis.

The city of St. Louis has been using the unified primary since their mayoral election held in March 2021, having survived two repeal attempts. The voters of St. Louis will participate in a unified primary as part of the 2025 St. Louis mayoral election, since the constitutional amendment ("Amendment 7") passed in November 2024 exempts cities that had enacted reform prior to 2021 (and St. Louis enacted their unified primary in 2020). https://www.sos.mo.gov/elections/petitions/2024BallotMeasures

The STL Approves campaign sought to adopt the unified primary (though they refer to it simply as "approval voting") in St. Louis city elections (Mayor, Comptroller, President of the Board of Aldermen, and Alderman).{{Cite web|url=https://stlapproves.org/|title=STL Approves|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}{{Cite web|url=https://thefulcrum.us/approval-voting-st-louis|title=It's not just ranked-choice. Approval voting is also in the offing.|last=Theobald|first=Bill|date=2019-06-17|website=The Fulcrum|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}{{Cite web|url=https://democracychronicles.org/st-louis-approves/|title=Joining St. Louis Approves to Advance Approval Voting Campaign|last=Hamlin|first=Aaron|date=2019-05-28|website=Democracy Chronicles|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/nonprofit-donates-to-group-trying-to-change-st-louis-voting/article_8d8b14f0-b4d1-5868-86e1-5f6b91057284.html|title=Nonprofit donates $75,000 to group trying to change St. Louis voting method|last=Barker|first=Jacob|website=stltoday.com|date=4 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}} Originally called St. Louisans for Ranked Choice Voting,{{Cite web|url=https://stl4rcv.wordpress.com/|title=St Louisans for Ranked Choice Voting|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}} the campaign switched to advocating for approval+runoff, primarily due to learning that St. Louis and St. Louis County voting machines are incompatible with IRV.{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/stl4rcv/posts/2189998604449266|title=St Louisans for Ranked Choice Voting|date=March 24, 2019|website=Facebook|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02|quote=We are excited to announce a shift in strategy as we join forces with Show Me Integrity: Reforming Missouri Politics in bringing Approval Voting to St Louis!}}{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/tschlic/status/1128417977643278337|title=Not quite correct on either front! The STL4RCV campaign is now working with http://stlapproves.org. @8aleXD will be speaking:)|last=Ty|date=2019-05-14|website=@tschlic|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.stlmag.com/api/content/ca8b8334-51ba-11e9-9b82-12f1225286c6/|title=St. Louisans for Ranked Choice Voting is pivoting to approval voting...but what is that?|last=Woytus|first=Amanda|date=2019-03-29|website=www.stlmag.com|language=en-us|access-date=2019-10-02|quote=Schlichenmeyer ... is part of a movement to implement approval voting ... Originally, Schlichenmeyer and a group called St. Louisans for Ranked Choice Voting were pursuing ranked choice, or instant runoff, voting}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/with-the-st-louis-mayor-and-board-president-chosen-by/article_61fb837f-2150-55af-b3e1-46895500e8a1.html|title=With the St. Louis mayor and board president chosen by fewer than 40 percent of voters, activists try to change voting rules|last=Barker|first=Jacob|website=stltoday.com|date=10 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-02|quote=can the voting machines actually do it? ... In the case of St. Louis and St. Louis County, the answer is no."}}{{Cite web|url=https://stlapproves.org/faq|title=FAQ|website=STL Approves|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02|quote=approval voting with a top two runoff is compatible with our current voting machines, while instant-runoff is not.}}

In April 2020 they gathered enough signatures to qualify for the ballot as "Proposition D".{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/STLApproves/status/1245408354496851976|title=Great news: After turning in more than 20,000 signatures, we have QUALIFIED for the ballot in 2020!|date=2020-04-01|website=@STLApproves|language=en|access-date=2020-04-08}}{{Cite web|url=https://thefulcrum.us/approval-voting-2645609813|title=New voting method could find breakthrough in St. Louis|date=2020-04-01|website=The Fulcrum|language=en|access-date=2020-04-08}} Polling showed more than 70% support for the measure, with majority support among all demographic groups and parties.{{Cite web|url=https://www.electionscience.org/ces-updates/poll-strong-support-for-approval-voting-in-st-louis/|title=Poll: Strong Support for Approval Voting in St. Louis|date=2019-11-07|website=The Center for Election Science|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-08}}{{Cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iG5aRR4eN8M8dinMIhh2SdMAIT_C2ZgP/view|title=St. Louis Approval Voting Summary|last=Greenfield|first=Ben|date=October 21, 2019|website=Google Docs|publisher=Change Research|access-date=2020-04-08}} On election day, the initiative was successfully passed with 68% of the vote, thus becoming the first United States city and jurisdiction to adopt it.{{Cite web|date=November 4, 2020|title=St. Louis, Missouri, Proposition D, Approval Voting Initiative (November 2020)|url=https://ballotpedia.org/St._Louis,_Missouri,_Proposition_D,_Approval_Voting_Initiative_(November_2020)|access-date=November 4, 2020|website=Ballotpedia}}{{Cite news|last=Sclinkmann|first=Mark|date=November 4, 2020|title=Overhaul of St. Louis election system passes, residency rule repeal fails|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/overhaul-of-st-louis-election-system-passes-residency-rule-repeal-fails/article_d37f0b73-c0b6-56d7-b093-8d069c314813.html|access-date=November 4, 2020}}

{{main|2021 St. Louis mayoral election}}

The first top-two approval primary was held on March 2, 2021, with a 44,571 (22.14%) primary voter turnout. The April 6, 2021 runoff turnout was 57,918 (28.8%).{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2021 |title=Election Summary Report - Primary Municipal Election - St. Louis, Missouri |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/board-election-commissioners/documents/election-results/upload/Mar21-Final-Official-Summary.pdf}} The 2021 St. Louis mayoral election had 4 candidates, three Democrats and one Republican. The average voter supported 1.56 candidates, with the top candidate gaining 57.0%, runner up 46.3%.{{cite web | url=https://ballotpedia.org/Mayoral_election_in_St._Louis,_Missouri_(2021) | title=Mayoral election in St. Louis, Missouri (2021) }}

In the old closed primary system, there would have been a Democratic party primary with 3 candidates, and a Republican party primary with 1 candidate, with the top Democrat and top Republican advancing to the general election. With Saint Louis being a Democrat-majority city, the top-two approval primary helps two Democrats rise and compete head-to-head in the runoff, as well as allowing Republican voters a say on which Democrat wins. Democrat candidates have some incentive to present themselves as a moderate to gain Republican votes. Without a party primary Republicans lose access to consolidate under a single candidates, so they must agree on a single candidate before the primary to have any chance of making the top-two.

While voter support for the approval voting ballot measure was high, a majority of the city's aldermen opposed it, and in January 2022, they attempted to repeal it and return to partisan primaries with two or three rounds of runoff voting.{{Cite web |last=Schlinkmann |first=Mark |title=Effort underway to repeal 'approval voting' in St. Louis, replace it with new system |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/effort-underway-to-repeal-approval-voting-in-st-louis-replace-it-with-new-system/article_2c3bad65-1e46-58b6-8b9f-1d7f49d0aaeb.html |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=STLtoday.com |date=14 January 2022 |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Tyus |first=Sharon |title=Board Bill Number 159 {{!}} Session 2021-2022 |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/city-laws/board-bills/boardbill.cfm?bbDetail=true&BBId=13956 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=stlouis-mo.gov |language=en |quote=This Board Bill would repeal Ordinance 71410 Proposition D (Open, Non-Partisan Elections) in its entirety.}}{{Cite web |last=Tyus |first=Sharon |title=Board Bill Number 160 {{!}} Session 2021-2022 |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/city-laws/board-bills/boardbill.cfm?bbDetail=true&BBId=13957 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=stlouis-mo.gov |language=en |quote=It allows the top two candidates in each of the partisan primary elections … to then compete in a Runoff Municipal Primary Election}} Repealing a voter initiative requires a two-thirds majority of aldermen support, however, and the bills were not passed before another voter initiative, Proposition R, was passed with 69% support, which required that further changes to the voting system be put to a public vote.{{Cite web |title=St. Louis, Missouri, Proposition R, Redistricting Commission, Public Vote to Change Voting Methods, and Conflicts of Interest Requirements Initiative (April 2022) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/St._Louis,_Missouri,_Proposition_R,_Redistricting_Commission,_Public_Vote_to_Change_Voting_Methods,_and_Conflicts_of_Interest_Requirements_Initiative_(April_2022) |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}

In February 2024, Ben Baker introduced legislation to ban approval and ranked-choice voting state-wide.{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Alisa |date=2023-05-04 |title=Should Missouri ban ranked choice and approval voting? |url=https://www.missourinet.com/2023/05/04/should-missouri-ban-ranked-choice-and-approval-voting/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Missourinet |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=es_admin |date=2024-04-19 |title=CES Urges Missouri Legislature to Oppose HJR 104, Which Aims to Suppress Voter Voices by Prohibiting Approval Voting and RCV |url=https://electionscience.org/hjr104/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=The Center for Election Science |language=en-US}} It passed in the House on Apr 15, 2024.{{Cite web |title=Bill tracking in Missouri - HJR 104 (2024 legislative session) - FastDemocracy |url=https://fastdemocracy.com/bill-search/mo/2024/bills/MOB00021980/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=fastdemocracy.com |language=en-US}} Note, however, that St. Louis is still allowed to use top-two approval with a runoff, and that they used the system in their 2025 mayoral election.{{Cite web |title=Correction: The City of St. Louis Will Continue Using Approval Voting |url=https://www.theforumfv.com/articles/correction-the-city-of-st-louis-will-continue-using-approval-voting |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=www.theforumfv.com |language=en-US}}

The use of approval voting on an open field of all candidates for partisan office as a replacement for current party-nominated primary systems was first publicly proposed in November 2011[https://www.facebook.com/UnifiedPrimary/info Fair and Unified Elections Initiative Page Info], Facebook{{dead link|date=April 2020}} by Mark and Jon Frohnmayer in the form of a draft ballot initiative. The text of the failed Oregon Ballot Measure 65 (2008), which would have instituted a top-two primary system, served as the foundation for the draft, which was then modified to allow voters to select as many candidates as favored for each office.{{Cite web |title=Text of the measure |url=http://www.unifiedprimary.org/oregon/page2.html#measure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219020523/http://www.unifiedprimary.org/oregon/page2.html#measure |archive-date=2014-02-19 |access-date=2018-07-17 |website=Unified Primary Elections Initiative}}

A formal petition drive to institute the Unified Primary system in Oregon began in October 2013.{{Cite news |last=Mapes |first=Jeff |date=2013-10-10 |title=Dave Frohnmayer's son proposes radical change in Oregon primary system |language=en-US |work=OregonLive.com |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2013/10/dave_frohnmayers_son_proposes.html |access-date=2018-07-17}} Petitioners completed the sponsorship phase of the initiative process by collecting more than 1,000 verified signatures from registered voters to advance the measure toward the November, 2014 ballot.{{Cite news |last=Mortensen |first=Camilla |date=2013-12-12 |title=Effort To Change The Primary Voting System |language=en-US |work=Eugene Weekly |url=https://www.eugeneweekly.com/2013/12/12/effort-to-change-the-primary-voting-system/ |access-date=2018-07-17}} The pairing "unified primary" was also advanced by Oregon's Attorney General in the draft ballot title for this initiative: "Changes Election Nomination Processes; Replaces Current Primary System With Unified Primary For All Candidates."[https://sos.oregon.gov/admin/Documents/irr/2014/038dbt.pdf Oregon IP38 Draft Ballot Initiative Title], Oregon Secretary of State Several variations of this measure have been filed to date: 2014 Initiative Petitions 38 and 51.[http://egov.sos.state.or.us/elec/web_irr_search.search_form Oregon Secretary of State Initiative, Referendum, and Recall Petition Log Database], Oregon Secretary of State

The campaign did not collect the 87,213 signatures required to get Petition 54 onto the ballot.{{Cite news |title=Oregon Unified Primary Elections Initiative (2014) |language=en-US |work=Ballotpedia |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_Unified_Primary_Elections_Initiative_(2014) |access-date=2018-07-17}} (The "Open Primary" proposal that used plurality voting did collect enough signatures, but was defeated.{{Cite news |title=Oregon Open Primary Initiative, Measure 90 (2014) - Ballotpedia |language=en-US |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_Open_Primary_Initiative,_Measure_90_(2014) |access-date=2018-07-17}})

A 2022 ballot initiative sought to bring this system to Seattle (under the name "approval voting"). In June, volunteers for Seattle Approves had gathered the 26,000 signatures for Initiative 134 to qualify for the November ballot.{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2022 |title=Seattle voting reform initiative qualifies for November 2022 ballot |url=https://seattleapproves.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/20220615-Seattle-voting-reform-initiative-qualifies-for-November-2022-ballot.pdf |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Seattle Approves|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707033437/https://seattleapproves.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/20220615-Seattle-voting-reform-initiative-qualifies-for-November-2022-ballot.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-07 }} The initiative would be an open primary with approval voting, followed by a top-two runoff.{{Cite web |title=Seattle, Washington, Proposition 1A and 1B, Approval Voting Initiative and Ranked-Choice Voting Measure (November 2022) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Seattle,_Washington,_Proposition_1A_and_1B,_Approval_Voting_Initiative_and_Ranked-Choice_Voting_Measure_(November_2022) |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Seattle Approves - Vote YES on Prop. 1A |url=https://seattleapproves.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216132520/https://seattleapproves.org/ |archive-date=2022-12-16 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=}}

The city council then had the option to adopt the initiative immediately as an ordinance, put it on the ballot for voters to approve, or reject it and substitute it with a similar measure.{{Cite web |last=Krieg |first=Hannah |title=Seattle City Council May Put Competing Ranked-Choice Voting Measure on the Ballot |url=https://www.thestranger.com/news/2022/07/11/76315881/seattle-city-council-may-put-ranked-choice-voting-on-the-ballot |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The Stranger |language=en}} They chose the latter, with Andrew Lewis announcing a bill to put a two-round variant of instant-runoff voting on the ballot to compete against the initiative (under the name "ranked choice voting"), with support from FairVote. Because Seattle law requires a top-two runoff, this system is actually an instant-runoff primary followed by a top-two runoff.

In the end, the ballot contained two questions, the first of which asked voters if they wanted to change the voting system at all, and the second of which asked voters to support either Approval (1A) or Ranked Choice (1B). Question 1 narrowly passed, with 51% support, while the more well-known RCV was favored in Question 2, with 76% support.

{{U.S. political divisions electoral reform|state=expanded}}

{{voting methods}}

Category:Electoral systems

Category:Primary elections in the United States