Universal transit pass

In North America, a Universal Transit Pass (U-Pass)—also known as a Universal Access Transit Pass—is a program that provides students who are enrolled in participating post-secondary institutions with unlimited access to local transit.Han, Dahai, Jie Yu, and Edward Beimborn. 2019. "Elements of Successful Universal Student Transit Pass Programs from Planning to Implementation: A Benchmark Study." Transportation Research Record 2673(4):833-43. {{doi|10.1177/0361198119834916}}.

Programs are funded through mandatory fees that either eligible students pay for each term in which they are registered or are included in the students' tuition. For example, the University of Washington and the U-Pass program in Chicago have mandatory U-Pass fees.{{cite web|title=University of Washington: Finance & Facilities - Tuition Components|url=http://f2.washington.edu/fm/sfs/tuition/components|access-date=2 January 2014|publisher=University of Washington.}}{{cite web|title=Chicago Transit Authority: U-Pass|url=http://www.transitchicago.com/upass/|access-date=2 January 2014|publisher=Chicago Transit Authority}} Fees are transferred to the local transit authority to fund the required transit service. Because fees are collected from a large participant base, U-Pass prices are lower than the amount students would otherwise pay for monthly passes or tickets over the course of a term. The U-Pass price charged to students depends on a variety of factors which differ among municipalities, transit systems and post-secondary institutions.

Advantages and disadvantages

=Potential benefits=

U-Pass programs offer students a way to lower their transportation costs while at school and also benefit the local community and the environment. U-Pass programs can provide the following benefits:

Save students money — a U-Pass costs less than the amount students would otherwise pay for regular monthly passes or tickets over the course of a term
Reduce demand for parking on campus (thus less resources spent on constructing parking facilities and more valuable land available for university development) — the more incentive there is for students to take public transportation, the less students there will be who drive to school in their own vehicles.
Improve the transit system that the university's students and employees rely upon — U-Pass programs often allow for more bus routes and/or better transit service to the institution
Reduce traffic congestion around the campus and local community — the more people willing to take the bus to university, the less traffic there will be in and around the area
Contribute to fewer emissions and a reduction to greenhouse gas emissions (consistent with the American College and University President's Climate Commitment)
Stimulate public transportation ridership, particularly during off-peak, non-commuting hours, thereby filling excess capacity
Provide a regular and reliable revenue source for transit authorities that may otherwise be low on funding
Create a sense of brand loyalty and transit travel patterns among students who will be prospective customers in their post-college years
Reduce the cost burden for local taxpayers to fund public transportation

=Potential costs=

U-Pass programs that require a 100% adoption rate by universities may subsidize the U-Pass at the expense of students who drive, walk, or bike to school and who do not use transit to get to other locations.{{cite web|date=3 Oct 2012|title=Winnipeg student associations push for yearly transit pass|url=https://uniter.ca/view/8103/|access-date=9 Oct 2012|publisher=The Uniter}}{{cite web|last=Raaymakers|first=Peter|title=Ignorance about U-Pass is stoking the controversy|url=http://spacingottawa.ca/2010/11/02/ignorance-about-u-pass-is-stoking-the-controversy/|access-date=9 Oct 2012|publisher=Spacing Ottawa}} Some U-Pass programs offer exemptions for students with mobility restrictions and students who live out of the program range, such as exemptions for students who live in Quebec but commute to school in Ottawa, Ontario.

Other disadvantages include:

Not able to benefit from the lower cost of U-Pass if students are travelling to school with a different transit system that does not receive U-Pass funding
Additional load puts more strain on existing resources{{cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=University bus passes cheap? Depends who you ask|url=http://www.guelphmercury.com/news-story/2733900-university-bus-passes-cheap-depends-who-you-ask/|publisher=Guelph Mercury}}
Being charged while taking a term off (e.g. vacation, study abroad, work out of town), courses not offered on campus (e.g. distant learning, graduate thesis, research projects), or being an exchange student

Canada

Thirty academic institutions throughout Canada currently participate in a U-Pass program.{{cite web |title=Universal Access Transit Passes |url=http://www.aashe.org/resources/campus-universal-transit-passes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024001900/http://www.aashe.org/resources/campus-universal-transit-passes |archive-date=24 October 2015 |access-date=2 January 2014 |publisher=The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education}}

In 1973, Queen's University at Kingston implemented the "Bus-It" program with Kingston Transit, making it the first university in Canada to implement a universal transit pass program.{{cite web|title=History of Sustainability at Queen's|url=http://www.queensu.ca/sustainability/about/history.html|access-date=6 January 2014|publisher=Queen's University}} Nearby St. Lawrence College also participates in this program. Students are required to pay for the service as part of student activity fees.

class="wikitable"

!City/region

!Transit system

!Institution

!Institution specifics

!Notes

rowspan="2" |Brandon, MB

| rowspan="2" |Brandon Transit

|Brandon University

|The Brandon University Students' Union offers a UPass program with Brandon Transit. The UPass was last negotiated in 2015 at $16 increasing by $1/year for 5 years.{{Cite web|url=http://www.busu.ca/u-pass|title=U-Pass|website=Brandon University Students' Union}}

Assiniboine Community College

|The Assiniboine Community College Student Association offers all ACC students a free bus pass with Brandon Transit.{{Cite web|url=http://assiniboine.net/students/housing-and-transportation|title=ACC Housing and Transportation}}

rowspan="2" |Winnipeg, MB

| rowspan="2" |Winnipeg Transit{{Cite web|title=U-Pass|url=https://winnipegtransit.com/en/fares/say-hello-to-peggo/u-pass/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=winnipegtransit.com}}

|University of Manitoba

|U-Passes at the U of M are provided through the University of Manitoba Students' Union for undergraduates{{Cite web|title=U-Pass|url=https://umsu.ca/services-and-support/u-pass/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=UMSU|language=en-CA}} and the U of M Graduate Students' Association for graduate students.{{Cite web|date=2017-09-18|title=U-Pass {{!}} UMGSA|url=https://www.umgsa.org/u-pass/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.umgsa.org|language=en-US}}

| rowspan="2" |U-Pass has been offered to full-time students in Winnipeg as of at least the 2017/18 school year, and are issued on reloadable "Peggo cards" that are preloaded with a semester pass. Upon obtaining a U-Pass, a validation sticker is placed on to the user's student ID.

University of Winnipeg

|U-Passes at the U of W are provided through the University of Winnipeg Students' Association.{{Cite web|title=U-Pass « The UWSA|url=https://theuwsa.ca/u-pass/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=The UWSA|language=en-US}}

rowspan="4" |Halifax, NS

| rowspan="4" |Halifax Transit

|Saint Mary's University

|In 2003, St. Mary's University instituted a UPass program.

Dalhousie University

|In 2006, Dalhousie negotiated extra routes to the university for their new UPass.

NSCAD University

|NSCAD created their own UPass program a few years after Dalhousie.

Nova Scotia Community College (NSCC)

|NSCC created their own UPass program a few years after Dalhousie.

rowspan="3" |Hamilton, ON{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2014-06-10|title=University and College Bus Passes|url=https://www.hamilton.ca/hsr-bus-schedules-fares/fares/university-and-college-bus-passes|access-date=2021-05-07|website=City of Hamilton|language=en}}

| rowspan="3" |GO Transit

|McMaster University

|Through McMaster Student Union

Mohawk College

|Through Mohawk Students Association

Redeemer University College

|Through Redeemer University Student Association

rowspan="3" |Oshawa, ON (RM of Durham)

| rowspan="3" |Durham Region Transit and DRT-GO{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|title=U-Pass Framework|url=https://www.durhamregiontransit.com/en/fares-and-passes/u-pass.aspx|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.durhamregiontransit.com|language=en}}

|Durham College

|Mandatory U-Pass

| rowspan="3" |A U-Pass is mandatory for all students of Durham College, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, and Trent University Durham GTA and are included with full-time student fees. This pass offers unlimited travel seven days a week on Durham Region Transit services and certain GO Transit routes operating within Durham Region. It previously offered travel on GO Transit buses travelling into and out of Durham Region; this was discontinued in 2013.

University of Ontario Institute of Technology

|Mandatory U-Pass

Trent University Durham GTA

|Mandatory U-Pass

rowspan="4" |Ottawa, ON (National Capital Region)

| rowspan="4" |OC Transpo (including O-Train) and STO{{Cite web|title=U-Pass {{!}} OC Transpo|url=https://www.octranspo.com/en/fares/reduced-fares/u-pass/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.octranspo.com}}

|Carleton University

|The U-Pass program at Carleton is the result of successful referendums in 2012 and 2016 organized by the Carleton University Students’ Association (CUSA) and the Graduate Students’ Association (GSA).{{Cite web|title=U-Pass - Carleton University|url=https://carleton.ca/upass/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=carleton.ca}} Following the introduction of U-Pass at the university, driving decreased by 33%.{{cite web|title=OC Transpo Marketing Plan, City of Ottawa, 2011|url=https://app06.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/pec/2011/02-07/OC%20Transpo%20Marketing%20Plan%202011%20doc%202.pdf|access-date=6 January 2014|publisher=OC Transpo}} At least one newspaper has reported that students at Carleton faced overcrowded buses as a result of the U-Pass.{{cite web|last=Mathew|first=Bonita|date=15 Oct 2010|title=Bus overcrowding blamed on U-Pass|url=http://centretownnewsonline.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1795&Itemid=127|newspaper=Centretown News}}

| rowspan="4" |

In 2009, students' associations at Carleton University and the University of Ottawa negotiated with the City of Ottawa to offer a citywide U-Pass.{{cite web|title=U-Pass|url=http://www.octranspo1.com/tickets-and-passes/u-pass|access-date=9 Oct 2012|publisher=OC Transpo}}{{Failed verification|date=May 2021}} The U-Pass was introduced to post-secondary students at Carleton and U of Ottawa in September 2010.
In the 2010 and 2012 academic years (September–April), it cost $145 per term{{cite web|last=Pagliaro|first=Jennifer|date=28 Jan 2011|title=U-Pass gets a chance in Ottawa|url=http://oncampus.macleans.ca/education/2010/01/28/u-pass-gets-a-chance-in-ottawa/|access-date=9 Oct 2012|publisher=Macleans On Campus}} and in the 2012 academic year, it costs $290.
In the 2011 budget, the City of Ottawa reported that the U-Pass helped increased ridership among students by 1.35 million, increased transit use at Carleton and U of Ottawa by 35%.{{cite web|title=Transit|url=http://ottawa.ca/en/city_hall/budgettaxes/budget/budget_2011/factsheets/transit_highlights/index.html|access-date=9 Oct 2012|publisher=City of Ottawa}} The City reports that it subsidizes the cost of the U-Pass at $3 million.
In 2011, a study by the City of Ottawa showed that after students at Carleton and U of Ottawa adopted the U-Pass program, transit use increased by 39% and 35% respectively at the two universities.

University of Ottawa

|The U-Pass program at U of Ottawa is provided by the Student Federation of the University of Ottawa (SFUO).

Following the introduction of U-Pass at the university, car use remained unchanged, thus the gains of transit-use came primarily from students who walk/bike. This raised some doubts at the university as to the environmental and social benefits of the U-Pass, considering that walking and cycling produces no pollution, whereas bus use causes pollution. Some students at U of Ottawa have taken SFUO to court in order to recover U-Pass funds after allegations arose that the SFUO did not properly administer the U-Pass referendum question.{{cite news|date=January 12, 2011|title=Students sue over U-Pass|newspaper=The Charlatan|url=http://www.charlatan.ca/2011/01/ottawa-students-sue-over-u-pass/|access-date=6 January 2014}}

Saint Paul University

|U-Pass is supported by the Saint Paul University Student Association{{Cite web|url=https://ustpaul.ca/en/u-pass-home_1327_773.htm|title = U-Pass - Home}}

Algonquin College

|In 2014, the Algonquin Students' Association sponsored a U-Pass Referendum. In March 2015, the U-Pass Agreement was formally signed with the City of Ottawa for the upcoming academic year.{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=About|url=https://www.algonquincollege.com/upass/about/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Algonquin College of Applied Arts and Technology|language=en-US}}

rowspan="2" |London, ON

| rowspan="2" |London Transit

|University of Western Ontario

| rowspan="2" |In 2012, University of Western Ontario and Fanshawe College created a UPass program.

Fanshawe College

Mississauga, ON

|MiWay{{Cite web|date=2020-01-29|title=Transit passes|url=https://www.mississauga.ca/miway-transit/fares/transit-passes/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=City of Mississauga|language=en-CA}}

|University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM){{Cite web|title=U-Pass {{!}} Student Affairs & Services|url=https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/sas/upass|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.utm.utoronto.ca}}

|The U-Pass program at UTM is provided by the UTM Students’ Union (UTMSU) and the UTM Association of Graduate Students.{{Cite web|title=U-Pass – UTMSU|url=https://utmsu.ca/service/u-pass/|access-date=2021-05-07|language=en-US}}

UTM introduced its U-Pass program in the fall of 2007, offering full-time UTM students unlimited ridership on MiWay during the September-to-April school year. Undergraduates and UTM-affiliated graduate students are charged a mandatory fee each fall. The program has proved to be very popular at the university and has since been extended to the summer and to include part-time students.{{cite news|last=Clay|first=Chris|date=May 10, 2011|title=Students make MiWay their way|newspaper=Mississauga News|url=http://www.mississauga.com/news-story/3117148-students-make-miway-their-way/|access-date=2 January 2014}}{{cite news|last=Clay|first=Chris|date=May 7, 2012|title=Students have it their way on MiWay|newspaper=Missassauga News|url=http://www.mississauga.com/news-story/3125599-students-have-it-their-way-on-miway/|access-date=2 January 2014}}

rowspan="2" |Thunder Bay, ON

| rowspan="2" |Thunder Bay Transit

|Lakehead University{{Cite web |title=Lakehead University Student Union - Unlimited Bus Pass |url=https://lusu.ca/upass/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=lusu.ca}}

|Given to all undergraduate students enrolled in at least 3.75 FCE. Other students have the option to opt in through LUSU.

| rowspan="2" |Provided through a sticker issued annually, spanning from 1 September to 31 August.{{Cite web |last=Administrator |first=Site |title=Universal Bus Pass (UPASS) {{!}} Confederation College |url=https://www.confederationcollege.ca/department/succi/universal-bus-pass-upass |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.confederationcollege.ca |language=en}} Usually a grace period is provided in September for students to update to change U-Pass stickers.

Confederation College

| Mandatory for all students in Confederation College. Only students living outside of service area is allowed to opt out, only after providing proof of address.

rowspan="2" |Waterloo, ON (RM of Waterloo){{Cite web|date=2021-04-19|title=University + College students|url=https://www.grt.ca/en/fares-passes/university--college-students.aspx|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.grt.ca|language=en}}

| rowspan="2" |Grand River Transit

|Wilfrid Laurier University

| rowspan="2" |Both universities in Waterloo have implemented U-Pass programs in their tuition fees, allowing full-time students year-round unlimited travel on the Grand River Transit bus system anywhere in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo using their student card.{{cite web|title=University Students|url=http://www.grt.ca/en/fares/universitystudents.asp|access-date=3 February 2014|work=Grand River Transit}}

University of Waterloo

Vancouver, BC (Metro Vancouver)

|TransLink

|Introduced in 2010, U-Pass BC provides post-secondary students access to the TransLink system in Metro Vancouver, which includes bus, SeaBus, and SkyTrain services, as well as discounts on West Coast Express. Privately funded post-secondary schools are not currently eligible to join the U-Pass BC Program; it is only available to public post-secondary schools within the Metro Vancouver region.{{Cite web|title=U-Pass BC|url=https://www.translink.ca/transit-fares/u-pass-bc|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.translink.ca|language=en-CA}}

rowspan="3" |Victoria, BC (Greater Victoria)

| rowspan="3" |Victoria Regional Transit System (BC Transit){{Cite web|title=BC Transit - U-PASS|url=https://www.bctransit.com/victoria/fares/victoria-u-pass|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.bctransit.com}}

|University of Victoria

|At UVic, the U-Pass was approved in a referendum by the University of Victoria Students' Society (UVSS) in 2000. The UVic student card is encoded with the U-Pass privileges and the student can have their card encoded at a U-Pass activation kiosk.

| rowspan="3" |Residents who are 13 to 18 years of age can apply for a free annual BC Transit Youth U-Pass (12 years and under always ride free).{{cite web|url=https://upass.victoria.ca/|title = City of Victoria U-PASS|access-date=June 10, 2024}} Youth U-Passes are also available for Songhees and Esquimalt First Nations youths, St. Andrew's Regional High School students, and Artemis Place Secondary students.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bctransit.com/victoria/fares/youth-u-pass-program|title = BC Transit - Youth U-PASS Program}}

Royal Roads

Camosun College

Kamloops, BC

|Kamloops Transit System (BC Transit){{Cite web|title=BC Transit - U-PASS|url=https://www.bctransit.com/kamloops/fares/kamloops-u-pass|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.bctransit.com}}

|Thompson Rivers University

|The TRUSU UPASS is an unlimited transit pass for the City of Kamloops provided to every student enrolled at Thompson Rivers University. The UPASS also provides a 50% discount to a monthly membership to the Tournament Capital Centre and free access to the Canada Games Aquatic Centre.{{Cite web|url=https://trusu.ca/services/upass/|title = UPASS| date=13 August 2013 }}

rowspan="5" |Edmonton, AB (Edmonton Metro Region)

| rowspan="5" |

Edmonton Transit Service{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=2021-05-07|title=Universal Transit Pass FAQ|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/ets/universal-transit-pass-faq.aspx|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.edmonton.ca}}
St. Albert Transit (StAT)
Strathcona County Transit
Fort Saskatchewan Transit
Spruce Grove Transit
Leduc Transit

|University of Alberta{{Cite web|title=Universal Transit Pass (U-Pass) {{!}} Graduate Students' Association|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/graduate-students-association/services/u-pass.html|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.ualberta.ca}}

| rowspan="5" |

The Edmonton area U-Pass program provides participating post-secondary students with unlimited access to the transit services of Edmonton, St. Albert, Strathcona County, Fort Saskatchewan, Spruce Grove, and Leduc during fall and winter academic terms.
All five major post-secondary students' associations/unions in the area operate a U-Pass program in partnership with their respective municipal governments.
U of Alberta and MacEwan first launched the program in 2007 and were joined by the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in 2010, NorQuest College in 2013, and CUE in 2024.
All institutions (with the exception of CUE) are connected by LRT as of 2015.
Since the implementation of the U-Pass program in 2007, the City of Edmonton has responded to increased demand for public transportation by offering increased service hours and additional routes.

MacEwan University

Northern Alberta Institute of Technology

NorQuest College

Concordia University of Edmonton (CUE){{Cite web |title=u-pass |url=https://www.ourcsa.ca/u-pass.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=OURCSA |language=en}}

|Beginning January 2024{{Cite web |title=U Pass FQA |url=https://www.ourcsa.ca/u-pass1.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=OURCSA |language=en}}

rowspan="2" |Regina, SK

| rowspan="2" |Regina Transit{{Cite web|title=City of Regina {{!}} Fares & Passes|url=https://www.regina.ca/transportation-roads-parking/transit/fares-passes/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=City of Regina|language=en}}

|University of Regina

|The U-Pass was approved by the student body at URegina in a referendum that took place in March 2015. This referendum gave URegina Students' Union (URSU) a mandate to negotiate a U-Pass deal with the City of Regina which would cost between $70-$90 per student. After several months of negotiation with the City of Regina, URSU, and Regina Transit came to an agreement, which was approved by the Regina City Council in September 2015.{{Cite web|url=https://ursu.ca/upass|title = UPass – University of Regina Students' Union}}

Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies

Sherbrooke, QC

|Société de transport de Sherbrooke (STS)

|Université de Sherbrooke

|Université de Sherbrooke started its universal transit pass in 2004. A deal was struck between the STS and two students associations: the Fédération étudiante de l'Université de Sherbrooke (FEUS), and the Regroupement des étudiantes et étudiants de maîtrise, de diplôme et de doctorat de l'Université de Sherbrooke (REMDUS), which allows for students to take the bus simply by showing their student ID card.{{Cite web|url=https://www.usherbrooke.ca/developpement-durable/campus/mobilite/etudiants/|title=Transport en commun pour les étudiants - Développement durable - Université de Sherbrooke}} The same year, the university received the Transport 2000 prize for this achievement.{{Cite web|url=https://www.usherbrooke.ca/developpement-durable/accueil/nouvelles/nouvelles-details/article/7018/|title = Transport 2000 remet son prix au recteur Béchard|date = February 2005}}

United States

{{See also|List of bus transit systems in the United States|Public transportation in the United States}}137 academic institutions throughout the United States currently participate in a U-Pass program, including the following.

=University of Washington, King County, Washington=

One of the first U-Pass programs in the United States was started at the University of Washington (UW) in conjunction with King County Metro (KCM) in the Seattle area. This program began in 1991 and now offers students access to most public transportation services in the Puget Sound region. The program was initially introduced as a short-term pilot program, only the largest transit operator in the Seattle area, KCM and the main UW campus in Seattle were involved. The pilot was so successful that it became permanent; participation is now mandatory for students at all three UW campuses, and six additional transit agencies have joined the program. Students access the bus service by using their university ID card. The UW U-Pass program is paid for mostly through a student and activity fee of $76 per quarter. The fee is highly discounted and includes full fare coverage on a number of metro, commuter, shuttle, vanpool, and car-sharing transit options.{{cite web|title=University of Washington: Commuter Services - Student U-Pass|url=https://www.washington.edu/facilities/transportation/commuterservices/u-pass/student|access-date=2 January 2014|publisher=University of Washington}}

Participation is optional for faculty and staff, who pay $136/quarter for the program. The university, in turn, pays transit operators on a per trip basis according to a negotiated trip rate. The negotiated trip rate varies by operator, but is lower than the cash fare. Studies of UW's U-Pass program demonstrate that since the program began, drive alone commuting has decreased by some 38%. The U-Pass program resulted in a significant increase in demand for transit services and over time as ridership has increased, so has transit service to the campus. The program also generates approximately $7.5 million annually for King County Metro alone.{{cite web|title=University of Washington/King County Metro: 2008 U-Pass Survey Summary Report|url=http://metro.kingcounty.gov/am/reports/2008/2008-UPass.pdf|access-date=2 January 2014|publisher=Opinion Research Northwest}}

=Chicago, Illinois=

The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) launched its U-PASS program in 1998. Within three years, 22 colleges and universities had joined the program, by entering into a contractual agreement with CTA to provide the U-Pass to all full-time students. The CTA currently contracts with 52 area colleges and universities to offer all students discounted rides for a semester.{{cite web|title=U-Pass|url=http://www.transitchicago.com/upass/|access-date=2 January 2014|publisher=Chicago Transit Authority}}

All enrolled students are required to purchase the U-Pass. The pass enables the students to make unlimited trips on all CTA buses and trains during the academic year. Students pay for the pass as part of the regular tuition and fees assessed by the participating institutions. The institutions are charged for the U-PASS based on a daily per student charge that was initially set at 50 cents and increased on a regular basis. Since the fall of 2013, the new rate is $1.07 per day, or about $15 per semester. On a monthly basis, students save a minimum of $66 per month over the full-fare price. U-Pass provides more than 35 million rides annually for students.{{cite web|title=Chicago Transit Authority Renews, Expands Popular U-Pass Program|url=http://www.transitchicago.com/news/default.aspx?Archive=y&ArticleId=3154|access-date=2 January 2014|publisher=Chicago Transit Authority}}{{cite web|title=Transit Cooperative Research Program: Fares, Policies, Structures and Technologies: Update|url=https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_94.pdf|access-date=2 January 2014|publisher=Transportation Research Board}}

References

External links

Canada

[http://www.busu.ca/u-pass/ BUSU U-Pass]
[http://accstudents.com/services/ ACCSA U-Pass]
[http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/environment/UTSP/universaltransitpasses.htm Transport Canada]
[http://gss.uvic.ca/services/upass.htm UVic U-Pass]
[https://www.upass.ubc.ca/ UBC U-Pass]
[https://www.sfu.ca/upass SFU U-Pass]
[http://www.halifax.ca/metrotransit/SMUU-Pass.html SMU U-Pass]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120217085914/http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/universal_pass_program.html Calgary Transit U-Pass]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20100923040557/http://edmonton.ca/transportation/ets/fares/universal-transit-pass-upass.aspx City of Edmonton U-Pass]
[https://ursu.ca/upass Sherbrooke University U-Pass]

United States

[http://www.duluthtransit.com/collegiate.htm Duluth Transit Authority U-Pass]
[http://www.transitchicago.com/upass/ Chicago Transit Authority U-Pass]
[https://www.washington.edu/facilities/transportation/commuterservices/u-pass University of Washington U-Pass]

Category:Fare collection systems in the United States