Unofficial patch
{{Short description|Patch for a piece of software}}
An unofficial patch, sometimes alternatively called a community patch, is a patch for a piece of software, created by a third party such as a user community without the involvement of the original developer. Similar to an ordinary patch, it alleviates bugs or shortcomings. Unofficial patches do not usually change the intended usage of the software, in contrast to other third-party software adaptions such as mods or cracks.
Motivation
A common motivation for the creation of unofficial patches is missing technical support by the original software developer or provider. Reasons may include:
- the software product reached its defined end-of-life and/or was superseded by a successor product (planned obsolescence){{cite web|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1001739/open-source-weapon-planned-obsolescence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120192512/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1001739/open-source-weapon-planned-obsolescence |url-status=unfit |archive-date=January 20, 2011 |title=Open Source, the only weapon against "planned obsolescence" |first=Fernando |last=Cassia |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=theinquirer.net}}
- the software was originally designed to operate in a substantially different environment and may require improvement/optimization (porting)
- the developer has gone out of business and is not available anymore{{cite web |url=http://www.g4tv.com/thefeed/blog/post/713030/the-lost-history-of-system-shock |date=30 May 2011|author=g4tv staff |publisher=g4tv.com |title=The Lost History of System Shock |quote=Looking Glass Studios closed in 2000, a year after System Shock 2's release, and the copyright to the series went into the hands of an insurance company. That left EA with only the System Shock name, but no actual development rights.|access-date=30 May 2012}}
- support is not economically viable (e.g. localization for small markets)
- a fast solution for a time critical problem (e.g. security holes) when an official one takes too long{{cite web|url=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Another-Unofficial-WMF-Patch-Released/ |title=IT Security & Network Security News – Another Unofficial WMF Patch Released |first=Ryan |last=Naraine |date=4 January 2006 |access-date=7 January 2012 |quote=Security vendor ESET, makers of the NOD32 anti-virus program, on Wednesday shipped an interim patch for the bug, almost a week before Microsoft Corp. is scheduled to release a properly tested security update. |publisher=eweek.com}}{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/security-management/2006/01/03/firms-urged-to-use-unauthorised-windows-patch-39245447/ |title=Firms urged to use unauthorised Windows patch |first=Tom |last=Espiner |publisher=ZDNet.co.uk |date=6 January 2006 |access-date=29 January 2012}}{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/03/technology/windows_virusthreat/index.htm?cnn=yes |title=Huge virus threat rocks Microsoft |author=CNN Staff |publisher=CNNmoney |date=3 January 2006 |access-date=29 January 2012 |quote=Because of the severity of the threat, the SANS Institute, a computer security group, has released a patch for the vulnerability until Microsoft's fix is available next week.}}
- the official developer is unable to cope with the problems
Types
Unofficial patches are also sometimes called fan patches or community patches, and are typically intended to repair unresolved bugs and provide technical compatibility fixes, e.g. for newer operating systems, increased display resolutions or new display formats.
While unofficial patches are most common for the PC platform, they can also be found for console games e.g. in context of the emulation community.{{cite web|url=http://www.romhacking.net/?page=hacks&genre=&platform=&game=&category=4&perpage=50&title=&author=&hacksearch=Go|title=Hacks – Bugfix|publisher=romhacking.net |access-date=13 August 2014}}
=Translations=
{{main|Fan translation (video gaming)}}
Unofficial patches are not limited to technical fixes; fan translations of software, especially games, are often created if the software has not been released locally. Fan translations are most common for Japanese role-playing games which are often not localized for Western markets.{{cite web|url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/you-say-tomato-a-pro-on-fan-translating-nintendo-s-mother-3 |title=You Say Tomato: A Pro on Fan-Translating Nintendo's Mother 3 |first=Simon |last=Parkin |date=26 December 2008 |publisher=gamasutra.com |access-date=3 April 2011}}{{cite journal |last=Szczepaniak |first=John |date=June 2006 |title=Japanese ROM Translation |url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/Fantranslation/Romhacking.htm |journal=Retro Gamer |volume=25 |pages=102–105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718200406/http://img145.imageshack.us/img145/6211/tra17fu.jpg |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2012-12-15}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718200406/http://img145.imageshack.us/img145/6211/tra17fu.jpg][https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024241/http://img128.imageshack.us/img128/1900/tra26ba.jpg][https://web.archive.org/web/20110718200414/http://img145.imageshack.us/img145/4573/tra37ws.jpg][https://web.archive.org/web/20110718200429/http://img145.imageshack.us/img145/7259/tra42bl.jpg]
Another variant of unofficial patches are slipstream like patches which combine official patches together, when individual patches are only available online or as small incremental updates.
Methods
The most common case is that the source code and the original development tools are not available for the software. Therefore, the faulty software's binary must be analyzed at run time by reverse engineering and debugging. If the problem is found, a fix to the program must be applied. Sometimes only small changes in configuration files or the registry are required, sometimes binary hacks on the executable itself are required to fix bugs. If a software development kit (e.g. for modding) is available, fixes to the content can be easily produced, otherwise the community would need to create their own tools. These found fixes are typically packed to user deployable patches (e.g. with NSIS, Innosetup).
If the source code is available, support can by provided most effectively. Sometimes the source code is released intentionally, sometimes by leaking{{cite web|url=http://www.cleared-to-engage.com/2011/03/12/interview-with-kevin-klemmick-lead-software-engineer-for-falcon-4-0/|title=Interview with Kevin Klemmick – Lead Software Engineer for Falcon 4.0 | publisher=Cleared-To-Engage |date=12 March 2011 |first=Giorgio |last=Bertolone |access-date=31 August 2014 |quote=[C2E] In 2000 the source code of Falcon 4.0 leaked out and after that groups of volunteers were able to make fixes and enhancements that assured the longevity of this sim. Do you see the source code leak as a good or bad event? [Klemmick] "Absolutely a good event. In fact I wish I'd known who did it so I could thank them. I honestly think this should be standard procedure for companies that decide not to continue to support a code base." |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318015840/http://www.cleared-to-engage.com/2011/03/12/interview-with-kevin-klemmick-lead-software-engineer-for-falcon-4-0 |archive-date=18 March 2011}}[https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray xray] on github.com (August 2014)[https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 xray-16] on github.com or mistake,{{cite journal |url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2010/12/14/shipping-receiving-dark-engine-source/|title=Dark Engine Source Code Found In A Bag |first=Quintin |last=Smith |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=15 April 2011 |journal=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|quote=As of this weekend, Christmas has come early for the Through the Looking Glass community. A CD's been discovered containing the source code for the Dark Engine, aka the engine used by Thief, Thief II and System Shock 2 (not to mention Irrational and Looking Glass' cancelled cold war spy game Deep Cover).}} such as what happened with the game engine of the Thief series.{{cite journal |url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2012/09/26/hooray-system-shock-2-thief-2-get-usability-patches/|title=Hooray! – System Shock 2, Thief 2 Get Usability Patches |first=Nathan |last=Grayson |date=26 September 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012 |journal=Rock, Paper, Shotgun |quote=Double Fine's Chris Remo (via Kotaku) tweeted out word of the abruptly unearthed hunks of unofficial patching gold, pointing the way to a French forum called Ariane4ever.}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ttlg.com/forums/showthread.php?t=140085 |title=Thief 2 V1.19 & System Shock 2 V2.4 |author=Le Corbeau |quote=This is an unofficial patch for Thief II: The Metal Age (T2) which updates the game from v1.18 to v1.19, providing improved support for modern hardware and correcting many known bugs. |publisher=ttlg.com |access-date=10 November 2012 |date=25 September 2012}} Sometimes fans even completely reverse-engineer source code from the original program binary.{{cite web | url=http://dunedynasty.sourceforge.net/|title=Dune Dynasty|quote=Dune Dynasty is a continuation of the classic real-time strategy game Dune II by Westwood Studios. It is not a remake. It builds upon the original game engine as reverse-engineered by the OpenDUNE project.}} With the source code available even the support of completely different but recent platforms with source ports becomes possible.
Law
While no court cases have directly addressed the legal ramifications of unofficial patches, similar cases have been tried on related issues. The case of Galoob v. Nintendo found that it was not copyright infringement by a user to apply an unauthorized patch to a system (while the scope was very specific to the Game Genie). On the other hand, the case Micro Star v. FormGen Inc. found that user-generated maps were derivative works of the original game. In Sega v. Accolade, the 9th Circuit held that making copies in the course of reverse engineering is a fair use, when it is the only way to get access to the "ideas and functional elements" in the copyrighted code, and when "there is a legitimate reason for seeking such access". According to Copyright law of the United States 17 U.S. Code § 117, the owner of a copy of a program can modify it as necessary for "Maintenance or Repair",{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/117|title = 17 U.S. Code § 117 – Limitations on exclusive rights: Computer programs}} without permission from the copyright holder; an argumentation also raised by Daniel J. Bernstein professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago.[http://cr.yp.to/softwarelaw.html softwarelaw] on cr.yp.to
Similar user rights are given also according to European copyright laws. The question of whether unauthorized changes of lawfully obtained copyright-protected software qualify as fair use is an unsettled area of law.[https://www.law.berkeley.edu/php-programs/faculty/facultyPubsPDF.php?facID=346&pubID=157 MODIFYING COPYRIGHTED SOFTWARE: ADJUSTING COPYRIGHT DOCTRINE TO ACCOMMODATE A TECHNOLOGY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521114611/https://www.law.berkeley.edu/php-programs/faculty/facultyPubsPDF.php?facID=346&pubID=157 |date=2013-05-21 }} by Pamela Samuelson, Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh School of Law (1988) An article of Helbraun law firm remarks, in the context of fan translations, that while redistributing complete games with adaptions most likely does not fall under fair use, distributing the modifications as a patch might be legally permissible; however, that conclusion has not been tested in court.[https://www.helbraunlaw.com/reviewing-the-questionable-legality-of-fan-made-translations-of.html Reviewing the Questionable Legality of Fan-Made Translations of Video Games] on helbraunlaw.com (accessed 7 May 2017)
Reception
Reception of unofficial patches is mixed, but by large, copyright holders are ambivalent. When the software is not considered commercially viable unofficial patches are ignored by the copyright holder as it is not seen as a source of lost revenue.{{cite web|url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Infogrames-toleriert-Fan-uebersetzung-fuer-Master-of-Orion-3-85111.html |title=Infogrames toleriert Fan-Übersetzung für Master of Orion 3 |date=9 September 2003 |access-date=3 April 2011 |publisher=heise.de |first=Torge |last=Löding |language=de}}{{cite web |url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q3-2007/071207a.html |title=E3 – Front Mission Interview |date=7 December 2007 |first=Bryan |last=Boulette |publisher=rpgamer.com |access-date=3 April 2011 |quote=[…]we told Mr. Sakamoto that a fan translation had been done some years ago for Front Mission 1, and asked how he felt about such efforts. The producer replied that he actually found them very encouraging – it's something the developers should be doing, but because they're not, the fans are doing it instead. He stated that he'd like to be able to give something back to the fans, and would like to thank personally each of the fans that worked on the translation. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525095157/http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q3-2007/071207a.html |archive-date=25 May 2011 }}
There have been seldom cases of cease and desist letters to unofficial patch and fan translation projects.{{cite web |url=http://www.chronocompendium.com/Term/Retranslation.html |date=9 May 2009 |access-date=3 April 2011 |publisher=chronocompendium.com |title=Chrono Trigger Retranslation |quote=As of May 9, 2009, the patch is no longer hosted due to a cease & desist letter from Square Enix.}}{{cite web|url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Infogrames-laesst-uebersetzung-von-Civilization-3-untersagen-55433.html |title=Infogrames lässt Übersetzung von Civilization 3 untersagen |publisher=heise.de |date=21 November 2001 |access-date=3 April 2011 |first=David |last=Adamczewski |language=de}}
Sometimes the copyright holder actively support the patching and fixing efforts of a software community,[http://forums.galciv2.com/457944 Community-based update to GalCiv 2 Ultimate Edition] by MarvinKosh on 25 September 2014 sometimes even by releasing the source code under a software license which allows the software community the continued software support by themselves.{{cite web|url=http://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2004/06/10/mythdevelopers.html |title=Keeping the Myths Alive |first=Howard |last=Wen |date=10 June 2004 |access-date=22 December 2012 |publisher=linuxdevcenter.com |quote=[...]fans of the Myth trilogy have taken this idea a step further: they have official access to the source code for the Myth games. Organized under the name MythDevelopers, this all-volunteer group of programmers, artists, and other talented people devote their time to improving and supporting further development of the Myth game series.}}{{cite web |url=http://www.insidemacgames.com/news/story.php?ArticleID=8516 |title=Homeworld Source Code Released |date=8 October 2003 |first=Andy |last=Largent |publisher=insidemacgames.com |access-date=24 November 2012 |quote=With the release of Homeworld 2 for the PC, Relic Entertainment has decided to give back to their impressive fan community by releasing the source code to the original Homeworld. |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012012745/http://www.insidemacgames.com/news/story.php?ArticleID=8516 }}{{cite web |url=http://timreview.ca/article/294 |title=Opening the Source of Art |date=1 October 2009 |first=John |last=Bell |quote=[...]that no further patches to the title would be forthcoming. The community was predictably upset. Instead of giving up on the game, users decided that if Activision wasn't going to fix the bugs, they would. They wanted to save the game by getting Activision to open the source so it could be kept alive beyond the point where Activision lost interest. With some help from members of the development team that were active on fan forums, they were eventually able to convince Activision to release Call to Power II's source code in October of 2003. |publisher=Technology Innovation Management Review |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330084636/http://timreview.ca/article/294 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.madvulture.de/wp/about |year=2010 |title=About MVG |access-date=3 April 2011 |publisher=madvulture.de |first=Peter |last=Schramm |quote=Being part of the "Community Patch Team" formed to fix the great but bug-baiten "Gothic 3″ game, Mad Vulture Games was taking care of major coordination work, 3D model fixing and lots of other work for the Gothic 3 Addon "Forsaken Gods" Enhanced Edition, also being the producing company. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326103502/http://www.madvulture.de/wp/about |archive-date=26 March 2011 }}[https://mmos.com/news/blue-sagas-source-code-has-been-released Blue Saga's Source Code Has Been Released] by Matt Chelen on mmos.com (30 July 2016) Examples for such software are in the List of commercial video games with later released source code.
The free and open source software movement was founded in the 1980s to solve the underlying problem of unofficial patches, the limited possibility for user self-support in binary only distributed software due to missing source code. Free and open source software demands from distributed software the availability of source code, which prevents the technical problems and legal uncertainties of binary only user patching of proprietary software.
Examples in video games
Examples in general software
See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Independent production}}
Category:Unofficial adaptations