User:A.j.roberts/sandbox
{{User sandbox}}
Graph test
{{Graph:Chart|type=line
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yAxisTitle=GDP(PPP) per capita, 1990 $
|legend=GDP
|width=600
|height=350
|colors=red,orange,green,blue
|yGrid =
|title= y 450, 450, 550, 550, 550,
|x=1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
|y1Title=Indian Subcontinent
|y2Title=Republic of India
|y1=533,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 533,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 533,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 551, 567, 548, 572, 576, 559, 584, 529, 571, 584, 592, 577, 533, 630, 630, 580, 599, 608, 655, 660, 659, 643, 657, 614, 619, 700, 697, 691, 689, 673, 709, 691, 710, 697, 607, 690, 635, 679, 701, 671, 697, 698, 713, 706, 706, 728, 726, 711, 709, 700, 697, 680, 697, 676, 668, 674, 686, 691, 679, 698, 683, 664, 622, 618, 617, 624, 619
|y2= ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 619, 623, 629, 657, 672, 676, 701, 680, 716, 717, 753, 758, 758, 779, 821, 771, 762, 807, 809, 845, 868, 856, 834, 853, 843, 897, 889, 937, 966, 895, 938, 977, 985, 1043, 1060, 1079, 1101, 1125, 1216, 1270, 1309, 1303, 1345, 1399, 1474, 1553, 1645, 1693, 1771, 1845, 1892, 1966, 2001, 2134, 2278, 2423, 2617, 2817, 2975
}}
(1990 International Geary-Khamis dollars)
Bb
class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 88%;" | |||||
Feature | First seen | First demonstrated on | First commissioned carrier | Entry into service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flight takeoff deck | 1910 | USS Birmingham | HMS Repulse (1916) | 1917 | |
Full length flight deck | 1918 | HMS Argus (I49) | HMS Argus (I49) | 1918 | |
Angled flight deck | 1948 | HMS Warrior | USS Antietam (CV-36) | 1952 | |
Aircraft elevators | 1918 | HMS Argus (I49) | HMS Argus (I49) | 1918 | |
Purpose built carrier | 1918 | HMS Hermes (95) | IJN Hōshō | 1922 | |
Arresting gear | 1911 | USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4) | HMS Argus (I49) | 1918 | The Argus was fitted with longitudinal gear, by W.A.D.Forbes |
Transverse arrestor gear | 1922 | USS Langley (CV-1) | Béarn | 1927 | |
Hydraulic Arrestor Gear | 1927 | Béarn | Béarn | 1927 | |
Starboard Island | 1924 | HMS Hermes (95) | HMS Hermes (95) | 1924 | |
Hurricane Bow | 1924 | HMS Hermes (95) | HMS Hermes (95) | 1924 | |
Aircraft catapult | 1915 | USS North Carolina | USS Langley (CV 1) - compressed air USS Lexington (CV-2) - flly wheel HMS Courageous (50) - hydraulic | 1922 1927 1934 | Lt. Cmdr. Henry Mustin made the first successful launch on November 5, 1915, |
Steam Catapult | 1950 | HMS Perseus | USS Shangri-La (CVA-38) | 1955 | added to the Shangri-La during her 1953 SCB-27C/125 refit. |
EMALS | 2010 | Lakehurst Maxfield Field | USS Gerald R. Ford | 2017 | |
Nuclear marine propulsion | 1961 | USS Enterprise (CVN-65) | USS Enterprise (CVN-65) | 1961 | |
Ski-jump | 1973 | RAE Bedford | HMS Invincible (R05) | 1977 |
See also:
class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 88%;" | |||||
Country | 1st PWR fabricated | 1st PWR acquired | 1st vessel | Commissioned | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | 1953 | - | USS Nautilus (SSN-571) | 1955 | World's first nuclear submarine |
USSR | 1958 | - | K-3 Leninsky Komsomol | 1958 | |
United Kingdom | 1965 | 1962 | HMS Dreadnought (S101) | 1963 | HMS Dreadnought utilised an imported US S5W reactor, with HMS Valiant (S102) carrying the first UK built Rolls-Royce PWR, in 1966. |
Germany | 1968 | - | Otto Hahn (ship) | 1968 | Commercial ship, scrapped in 2009 |
France | 1970 | - | Redoutable (S611) | 1971 | |
Japan | 1970 | - | Mutsu (nuclear ship) | 1972 | Decommissioned 1992 |
China | 1973 | - | Han (S401) | 1974 | |
Russia | 1992 | 1992 | K-419 Kuzbass | 1992 | The Russian navy inherited approximately 250 nuclear powered vessels from the Soviet navy, in January 1992. |
India | 2003 | 1988 | INS Chakra | 1998 | Soviet submarine K-43, leased in 1988, and Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152), leased in 2012, have both carried the INS Chakra name. INS Arihant is India's first indigenously constructed nuclear submarine, commissioned in 2016. |
= GDP estimates =
{{See also|Demographics of India|List of regions by past GDP (PPP)}}
According to economic historian Angus Maddison in Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 CE: essays in macro-economic history, India had the world's largest economy from 1 CE to 1600.{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|title=Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history|date=6 December 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-922720-4|page=379}}
class="wikitable"
|+ GDP (PPP) in 1990 international dollars | ||||||||||
Year
! GDP !colspan="4"| GDP per capita ! Avg % GDP growth ! % of world GDP ! Population ! % of world population ! Period | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 33,750,000,000 | colspan="4" align="center"| 450 | — | 32.0 | 70,000,000 | 30.3 | Classical era | |||
1000 | 33,750,000,000 | colspan="4" align="center"| 450 | 0.0 | 28.0 | 72,500,000 | 27.15 | Early medieval era | |||
1500 | 60,500,000,000 | colspan="4" align="center"| 550 | 0.117 | 24.35 | 79,000,000 | 18.0 | Late medieval era | |||
colspan="3" align=right | Alternative estimates: | {{cite journal|last1=Broadberry|first1=Stephen|last2=Gupta|first2=Bishnupriya|title=India and the great divergence: an Anglo-Indian comparison of GDP per capita, 1600–1871|pages=58–75|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56838/|journal=Explorations in Economic History|volume=55|year=2015|accessdate=8 December 2018|doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2014.04.003}} | {{cite web|last1= Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Inklaar|first2=Robert|title=Maddison Project Database 2018|url=https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2018|website=University of Groningen|year=2018|accessdate=8 December 2018}} | colspan="5" | | |||||||
1600 | 74,250,000,000 | 550 | 782 | 682 | 758 | 0.205 | 22.39 | 100,000,000 | 17.98 | rowspan="3" | Early modern era |
1700 | 90,750,000,000 | 550 | 719 | 622 | 697 | 0.201 | 24.43 | 165,000,000 | 27.36 | |
1820 | 111,417,000,000 | 533 | 580 | 520 | 562 | 0.171 | 16.04 | 209,000,000 | 20.06 | |
1870 | 134,882,000,000 | 533 | 526 | 526 | 510 | 0.975 | 12.14 | 253,000,000 | 19.83 | rowspan="3" | Colonial era |
1913 | 204,242,000,000 | colspan="4" align="center"| 673 | 0.965 | 7.47 | 303,700,000 | 16.64 | ||||
1940 | 265,455,000,000 | colspan="4" align="center"| 686 | 0.976 | 5.9 | 386,800,000 | 16.82 | ||||
1950 | 222,222,000,000 | colspan="4" align="center"|619 | -1.794 | 4.17 | 359,000,000 | 14.11 | rowspan="2" | Republic of India | |||
1990 | 1,098,100,000,000 | colspan="4" align="center"| 1,309 | 4.075 | 4.05 | 839,000,000 | 15.92 |
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Connectivity
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Play
Chines GDP (PPP) per capita
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ GDP (PPP) per capita in 1990 International Dollars ! Authors ! 1 ! 1000 ! 1500 ! 1600 ! 1650 ! 1700 ! 1750 ! 1800 ! 1820 ! 1850 ! 1870 ! 1900 ! 1930 ! 1950 |
Broadberry & Gupta (2010)
| | | | 782 | 736 | 719 | 661 | 639 | 580 | 586 | 526 | | | |
Broadberry & Gupta (2015)
| | | | 682 | 638 | 622 | 573 | 569 | 520 | 556 | 526 | | | |
Maddison Project (2018)
| | | | 758 | 714 | 697 | 641 | 620 | 562 | 568 | 510 | 657 | 898 | 823 |
Maddison (2009)
| 450 | 450 | 550 | 550 | | 550 | | | 533 | 533 | 533 | 599 | 726 | 619 |
|-
| Maddison Project (####) cgdppc || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || 940 || || || || || 686 || || 624 || 741 || || 643 || 751 || 760 || 804|| 881 ||886 || 757
|-
| Maddison Project (####) rgdpnapc || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || 1083 || || || || || 791 || || 684 || 741 || || 684 || 754 || 727 || 722 || 786 || 736 || 637
TABLE 6: GDP per capita levels in China and Britain (1990 international dollars)
China GB China/GB ($1990) ($1990) (GB=100) 1020
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ GDP (PPP) per capita in 1990 International Dollars ! Country / Region ! 1973 ! 1989 ! 2008 |
China
| 838 | 1,834 | 6,725 |
= Taher Elgamal =
{{main|Taher Elgamal}}
Taher Elgamal (born 1955) is an Egyptian-American engineer, who while chief scientist at Netscape Communications, between 1995 and 1998, co-authored and headed a team that added the E-commerce enabling HTTPS protocol to the Netscape Navigator browser.{{Cite news|date=2019-03-13|title=Cryptographers Paul Kocher and Taher Elgamal Awarded the 2019 Marconi Prize|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2019-03-13/cryptographers-paul-kocher-and-taher-elgamal-awarded-the-2019-marconi-prize|access-date=2021-02-11}}