User:Erutuon/Ancient Greek interlinear glossing
Issues:
- Verb stems carry some of the inflectional information that is carried by the ending: {{lang|grc|λέγ-}} in {{lang|grc|λέγει}} carries the information "present", while {{lang|grc|-ει}} carries the information "third-person singular present indicative active" (or arguably "present or future"); {{lang|grc|ἔβαλλ-}} in {{lang|grc|ἔβαλλε}} carries the information "aorist indicative active", while {{lang|grc|-ε}} carries the information "third-person singular aorist indicative active" (or arguably "aorist or imperfect or perfect").
- Verbs have information for as many as five inflectional categories. Perhaps it is easiest to treat indicative and active as the defaults for the categories of mood and voice, and omit them. Then, {{lang|grc|εἰμί}} is "first-person present" and not "first-person present indicative" or "first-person present indicative active".
- The augment can perhaps be analyzed as a separate morpheme when it is {{lang|grc|ἐ-}}, as in {{lang|grc|ἔλεγον}}, in which case it probably carries the information "past", or it can be considered a part of the tense stem, in which case it carries the meaning "indicative". When the augment is quantitative, as in {{lang|grc|ἦγον}}, it can't be analyzed as a separate morpheme. When there is a prepositional prefix, I am not sure how to format the glossing abbreviations: {{lang|grc|συνέβην}}.
- What was said about the augment is also true of reduplication.
Cases
From Ancient Greek nouns:
=Nominative=
The Ancient Greek nominative, like the Proto-Indo-European nominative, is used for the subject and for things describing the subject (predicate nouns or adjectives):
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|Σωκράτ-ης γὰρ σοφ-ὸς ἦν καὶ δίκαι-οςAristotle, Rhetoric 1357b.10
|{{grc-tr-bare|Σωκράτ-ης γὰρ σοφ-ὸς ἦν καὶ δίκαι-ος.}}
|Socrates-NOM.SG for wise-NOM.SG be.IMPERF.IND.3.SG and wise-NOM.SG.
|For Socrates was wise and just.
}}
=Vocative=
The vocative is used for addressing people or things. It is frequently the same as the nominative in the singular and always the same in the plural.
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ἀληθ-ῆ λέγ-εις, ὦ Σώκρατ-εςPlato, Ion 530c
|{{grc-tr-bare|ἀληθ-ῆ λέγ-εις, ὦ Σώκρατ-ες}}
|true-ACC.SG say.PRES-2.SG.PRES.IND.ACT, PTCL.VOC Socrates-VOC.SG
|What you say is true, Socrates.
}}
=Accusative=
The accusative is used for the object of a verb, and also after prepositions. After prepositions it is often used for the destination of motion:
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|πέμπ-ουσιν ἐς Κρήτ-ην ἀγγέλ-ουςHerodotus, 4.151.2
|{{grc-tr-bare|πέμπ-ουσιν ἐς Κρήτ-ην ἀγγέλ-ους}}
|send.PRES-3.PL.PRES.IND.ACT into Crete-ACC.SG messengers-ACC.PL
|They send messengers to Crete.
}}
=Genitive=
The Ancient Greek genitive can often be translated with the preposition "of" or the English possessive case:
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ἡ τ-οῦ Καίσαρ-ος γυνήJosephus, The Life of Flavius Josephus 429
|{{grc-tr-bare|ἡ τ-οῦ Καίσαρ-ος γυνή}}
|the.F.NOM.SG the-M.GEN.SG Caesar-GEN.SG woman.NOM.SG
|The wife of Caesar
}}
It is also used after prepositions, especially those which mean "from":
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ἀπῆλθ-εν ἐκ τ-ῆς ἀγορ-ᾶς.Aeschines, 1.61
|{{grc-tr-bare|ἀπῆλθ-εν ἐκ τ-ῆς ἀγορ-ᾶς.}}
|{go away}.AOR.IND-3.SG.AOR.IND.ACT {out of} the-F.GEN.SG marketplace-GEN.SG
|He went away from the marketplace.
}}
=Dative=
The Ancient Greek dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European dative, instrumental, or locative. When it corresponds to the dative, it expresses the person or thing that is indirectly affected by an action, and can often be translated with the prepositions "to" or "for":
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|λέγ-ει τ-ὴν μαντεί-αν τ-ῷ Σωκράτ-ει.Xenophon, Anabasis 3.1.7
|{{grc-tr-bare|λέγ-ει τ-ὴν μαντεί-αν τ-ῷ Σωκράτ-ει.}}
|say.PRES-3.SG.PRES.IND.ACT the-F.ACC.SG oracle-ACC.SG the-M.DAT.SG Socrates-DAT.SG.
|He tells the oracle to Socrates.
}}
When the dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European instrumental, it expresses the thing with which something is done, and can often be translated by the preposition "with":
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ἔβαλλ-έ με λίθ-οιςLysias, 3.8
|{{grc-tr-bare|ἔβαλλ-έ με λίθ-οις}}
|throw.AOR.IND-3.SG.AOR.IND.ACT PN.1.ACC.SG stone-DAT.PL
|He was hitting me with stones.
}}
When the dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European locative case (this is often the case when it is used with prepositions), it expresses location (sometimes figuratively) or time, and can often be translated by "in", "at", or "on":
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|τρίτ-ῳ ἔτ-ει ὡμολόγησ-αν Ἀθηναί-οις.Thucydides, 1.101.3
|{{grc-tr-bare|τρίτ-ῳ ἔτ-ει ὡμολόγησ-αν Ἀθηναί-οις.}}
|third-DAT.SG year-DAT.SG agree.AOR.IND-3.PL.AOR.IND.ACT Athenian-DAT.PL.
|In the third year they came to an agreement with the Athenians.
}}
The dative is also frequently used after prepositions, such as {{lang|grc|ἐν}} ({{grc-transl|ἐν}}) "in":
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ἐν τ-ῇ μάχ-ῃ ἀπέθαν-εν.Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.3.3
|{{grc-tr-bare|ἐν τ-ῇ μάχ-ῃ ἀπέθαν-εν.}}
|in the-F.DAT.SG battle-DAT.SG die.AOR.IND-3.SG.AOR.ACT.IND.
|He died in the battle.
}}
Verb stuff
From Ancient Greek verbs:
=Present tense=
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|πολλ-ά γε ἔτ-η ἤδη εἰμὶ ἐν τ-ῇ τέχν-ῃ.Plato, Protagoras 317c
|{{grc-tr-bare|πολλ-ά γε ἔτ-η ἤδη εἰμὶ ἐν τ-ῇ τέχν-ῃ.}}
|many-N.ACC.PL DM year-ACC.PL already be.1.SG.PRES.IND in the-F.DAT.SG business-DAT.SG.
|I have been [{{literal translation}} I am] in the business for many years now.
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|τὸ πλοῖ-ον ἧκ-εν ἐν ᾧ ἐπῑ́ν-ομεν.Antiphon, 5.29
|{{grc-tr-bare|τὸ πλοῖ-ον ἧκ-εν ἐν ᾧ ἐπῑ́ν-ομεν.}}
|the.N.NOM.SG boat-NOM.SG arrive.IMPERF.IND-3.SG.IMPERF.IND.ACT in REL.M.DAT.SG drink.IMPERF.IND-1.PL.IMPERF.IND.ACT.
|The boat arrived in which we had been drinking.
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ὄμνῡ-μι πάντ-ας θε-ούς.Xenophon, Agesilaus 5.5, Symposium 4.11
|{{grc-tr-bare|ὄμνῡ-μι πάντ-ας θε-ούς.}}
|swear.PRES-1.SG.PRES.IND.ACT all-M.ACC.PL god-ACC.PL.
|I swear by all the gods!
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|τ-ὸν ἄνδρ-α ὁρ-ῶ.Xenophon, Anabasis 1.8.26
|{{grc-tr-bare|τ-ὸν ἄνδρ-α ὁρ-ῶ.}}
|the-M.ACC.SG man-ACC.SG see.PRES-1.SG.PRES.ACT.IND.
|I see the man!
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ᾱ̓εὶ ταὐτ-ὰ λέγ-εις, ὦ Σώκρατ-ες.Plato, Gorgias 490e
|{{grc-tr-bare|ᾱ̓εὶ ταὐτ-ὰ λέγ-εις, ὦ Σώκρατ-ες.}}
|always {the same.N.ACC.PL} say.PRES-2.SG.PRES.ACT.IND, PTCL.VOC Socrates-VOC.SG.
|You are always saying the same things, Socrates!
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|“ὦ Σώκρατ-ες,” ἔφ-η, “ἐγρήγορ-ας ἢ καθεύδ-εις;”Plato, Protagoras 310b
|{{grc-tr-bare|“ὦ Σώκρατ-ες,” ἔφ-η, “ἐγρήγορ-ας ἢ καθεύδ-εις;”}}
|"PTCL.VOC Socrates-VOC.SG," say.IMPERF-3.SG.IMPERF.IND, "wake.PERF.ACT-1.SG.PERF.IND.ACT or sleep.PRES-2.SG.PRES.IND.ACT?"
|"O Socrates", he said, "have you woken up, or are you sleeping?"
}}
=Imperfect tense=
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc|abbreviations=PLUP:pluperfect
|ὁ λοχαγ-ὸς ᾔδ-ει ὅπου ἔκει-το ἡ ἐπιστολ-ή.Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.2.9
|{{grc-tr-bare|ὁ λοχαγ-ὸς ᾔδ-ει ὅπου ἔκει-το ἡ ἐπιστολ-ή.}}
|the.M.NOM.SG captain-NOM.SG know.PLUP.IND-3.SG.PLUP.IND.ACT where lie.IMPERF.IND-3.SG.IMPERF.IND.MID the.F.NOM.SG letter-NOM.SG.
|The captain knew where the letter was lying.
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ἐστρατοπεδεύ-οντο ἑκάστοτε ἀπέχ-οντ-ες ἀλλήλ-ων παρασάγγ-ην καὶ πλέον.Xenophon, Anabasis 2.4.10
|{{grc-tr-bare|ἐστρατοπεδεύ-οντο ἑκάστοτε ἀπέχ-οντ-ες ἀλλήλ-ων παρασάγγ-ην καὶ πλέον.}}
|camp.IMPERF.IND-3.PL.IMPERF.IND.ACT {at each time} {keep away.PRES-PTCP.PRES-M.NOM.PL} {each other-GEN.PL} parasang-ACC.SG and more.N.ACC.SG.
|Every night the (two armies) would camp a parasang or more apart from each other.
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ταῦτ-α πολ-ὺν χρόν-ον οὕτ-ως ἐγίγν-ετοLysias, 1.10
|{{grc-tr-bare|ταῦτ-α πολ-ὺν χρόν-ον οὕτ-ως ἐγίγν-ετο}}
|this-N.NOM.PL much-M.ACC.SG time-ACC.SG this-ADV happen.IMPERF.IND-3.SG.IMPERF.IND.MID.
|These things carried on like this for long time.
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|συμβαλ-όντ-ες τ-ᾱ̀ς ἀσπίδ-ας ἐωθ-οῦντο, ἐμάχ-οντο, ἀπέκτειν-ον, ἀπέθνῃσκ-ον.Xenophon, Agesilaus 2.12
|{{grc-tr-bare|συμβαλ-όντ-ες τ-ᾱ̀ς ἀσπίδ-ας ἐωθ-οῦντο, ἐμάχ-οντο, ἀπέκτειν-ον, ἀπέθνῃσκ-ον.}}
|throw.AOR.ACT-PTCP.AOR-M.NOM.PL the-F.ACC.PL shield-ACC.PL shove.IMPERF.IND-3.PL.IMPERF.IND.MID, fight.IMPERF.IND-3.PL.IMPERF.IND.MID, kill.IMPERF.IND-3.PL.IMPERF.IND.ACT, die.IMPERF.IND-3.PL.IMPERF.IND.ACT.
|Throwing together their shields, they began shoving, fighting, killing, and dying.
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|μετὰ τὸ δεῖπν-ον τὸ παιδί-ον ἐβό-α.Lysias, 1.11
|{{grc-tr-bare|μετὰ τὸ δεῖπν-ον τὸ παιδί-ον ἐβό-α.}}
|after the.N.ACC.SG dinner-ACC.SG the.NOM.SG baby-NOM.SG cry.IMPERF.IND-3.SG.IMPERF.IND.ACT.
|After dinner the baby began crying.
}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=grc
|ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἕ-ως ἐγέν-ετο, διέβαιν-ον τ-ὴν γέφῡρ-αν.Xenophon, Anabasis 2.4.24
|{{grc-tr-bare|ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἕ-ως ἐγέν-ετο, διέβαιν-ον τ-ὴν γέφῡρ-αν.}}
|when CNJ dawn-NOM.SG happen.IMPERF.IND-3.SG.IMPERF.IND.MID, cross.IMPERF.IND-3.PL.IMPERF.IND.ACT the-F.ACC.S bridge-ACC.SG.
|And when dawn came, they began crossing the bridge.
}}