User:LightandDark2000/Cyclone Stephanie (2016)

{{Infobox storm

| event = September 2016 Bay of Biscay cyclone
Subtropical Cyclone Stephanie

| image = Bay of Biscay cyclone 2016-09-15.png

| caption = The cyclone in the Bay of Biscay, shortly after its peak intensity on 15 September, with an eye-like structure visible

| maintype = extratropical cyclone

| type = Subtropical cyclone (disputed)
Extratropical cyclone
European windstorm

| formed = 12 September 2016

| dissipated = 16 September 2016

| lowest pressure = 998

| 1-min winds = 45

| gust = {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in Basque Country, Spain

| damages = Minimal

| casualties = None

| affected = Portugal, Spain, France, United Kingdom

| season = 2016 Atlantic hurricane season''' (unofficially)

}}

The September 2016 Bay of Biscay cyclone, also named Cyclone Stephanie by the Free University of Berlin, was a rare and unusual extratropical cyclone that formed in the Bay of Biscay in the middle of September of 2016. Forming from the tail end of a cold front that was located in the far northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the nascent system drifted southeastwards as it began to undergo occlusion. The cyclone eventually reached its peak intensity on 15 September, before coming ashore near the Spain–France border, rapidly weakening, and later dissipating on the next day.

Although the system itself didn't cause a lot of damage (with the exception of producing gusts up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, heavy rain and some minor surf in the affected areas), it gained a lot of media attention from meteorologists particularly because of its resemblance of a subtropical cyclone, which the foreign meteorological service Météo-France claimed it was, due to its apparent eye feature and nearly separating completely from its parent extratropical cyclone. However, no other meteorological services classify it as a tropical or subtropical cyclone, mainly because surface analysis from NOAA and other agencies still showed fronts attached to it. Furthermore, the National Hurricane Center did not name or monitor the system, due to the disagreement over this storm's exact nature.

Meteorological history

File:January 2009 Bay of Biscay storm tracker.png that impacted Spain and France in January 2009, which took a similar path to the 2016 cyclone.]]

On 12 September 2016, a cold front was draped across the Bay of Biscay in the far northeastern Atlantic.{{cite web|url=http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Prognose_20160912.gif|title=Free University of Berlin Surface Analysis for Storm Stephanie|work=Free University of Berlin|date=12 September 2016|accessdate=1 March 2017}} Over the next 12–24 hours, a non-tropical area of low pressure formed along this front and began to condense into an extratropical cyclone, which the Free University of Berlin named Stephanie. By September 14, the newly-developed low was situated in the northern portion of the bay.{{cite web|url=https://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncep-charts/hires/20160914/atle.sfcanal.00.2016091402.gif|title=NOAA East Atlantic Surface Analysis for 00:00 UTC September 14, 2016|work=NOAA|date=14 September 2016|accessdate=23 February 2017}} Situated over sea surface temperatures just near the minimum threshold to sustain tropical cyclones – around {{convert|23|C|F}}, the low intensified and began to obtain some characteristics resembling that of a subtropical cyclone, however there were major discrepancies among meteorologists regarding its classification (see below).

By 18:00 UTC that day, the cyclone began to drift to the southeast towards the border of Spain and France.{{cite web|url=https://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncep-charts/hires/20160914/atle.sfcanal.18.2016091420.gif|title=NOAA East Atlantic Surface Analysis for 18:00 UTC September 14, 2016|work=NOAA|date=14 September 2016|accessdate=23 February 2017}} The storm continued to the southeast, eventually intensifying to a peak intensity of {{convert|998|mb|inHg}} early on 15 September, corresponding with an eye-like structure visible on satellite.{{cite web|url=https://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncep-charts/hires/20160915/atle.sfcanal.06.2016091508.gif|title=NOAA East Atlantic Surface Analysis for 06:00 UTC September 15, 2016|work=NOAA|date=15 September 2016|accessdate=23 February 2017}} As it neared landfall, the storm began to weaken, and by 00:00 UTC on 16 September, the cyclone made landfall along the Spain–France border with a central pressure of {{convert|1004|mbar|inHg}}.{{cite web|url=https://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncep-charts/hires/20160916/atle.sfcanal.00.2016091602.gif|title=NOAA East Atlantic Surface Analysis for 00:00 UTC September 16, 2016|work=NOAA|date=16 September 2016|accessdate=23 February 2017}} Land interaction quickly took its toll on the system, and the cyclone was absorbed by another tropical system east of England, by mid-day on 16 September.{{cite web|url=https://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncep-charts/hires/20160916/atle.sfcanal.12.2016091614.gif|title=NOAA East Atlantic Surface Analysis for 12:00 UTC September 16, 2016|work=NOAA|date=16 September 2016|accessdate=23 February 2017}}

Impact

The cyclone brought only minor damage to Spain and France, most of which were caused by some strong wind gusts, swells, and some heavy rainfall.{{cite web|url=https://facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1757145444548984&id=1398804930383039&refsrc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&_rdr|title=Meteo-France on Facebook: "SubTropical like Storm Stephanie is battering across the Border of France and Spain with HeavyRain and GustyWind this Evening and also Friday|work=Facebook|date=15 September 2016|accessdate=3 March 2017}} Maximum gusts of up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the coast of Basque Country, with slightly higher gusts in the upper elevations.{{cite web|url=http://actualite.lachainemeteo.com/actualite-meteo/2016-09-16-14h56/un-enroulement-aux-allures-d-ouragan-sur-la-cote-atlantique---31100.php|title=Un enroulement aux allures d'ouragan sur la côte atlantique ?|first=La Chaï¿½ne|last=Mï¿½tï¿½o|work=lachainemeteo.com|accessdate=24 February 2017}} A storm surge of {{convert|3–4|ft|m}} was also reported on the coastlines of Spain and France. No major damage, fatalities or injuries were reported as a result.

Discrepancy among subtropical status

The storm's nature was mainly disputed in how it was officially classified. Météo-France, which is the official French national meteorology service, released a statement on 15 September claiming that the system was a subtropical cyclone – meaning it had characteristics of a tropical and extratropical cyclone.{{cite web|url=http://www.bfmtv.com/planete/depression-subtropicale-dans-le-golfe-de-gascogne-un-phenomene-inedit-1037413.html#page/contribution/index|title=Une dépression subtropicale dans le Golfe de Gascogne: " Un phénomène inédit "|first=|last=BFMTV|work=bfmtv.com|accessdate=6 February 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.estofex.org/cgi-bin/polygon/showforecast.cgi?text=yes&fcstfile=2016091522_201609151200_-_mesoscalediscussion.xml|title=Current ESTOFEX Convective Forecasts - ESTOFEX|work=estofex.org|date=15 September 2016|accessdate=6 February 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://flhurricane.com/cyclone/showflat.php?Cat=0&Board=otherbasin&Number=96968&Searchpage=1&Main=96968&Words=&topic=1&Search=true|title=Subtropical Storm "Stephanie" - Central Florida Hurricane Center|work=FLHurricane.com|date=15 September 2016|accessdate=3 March 2017}} This was met with major controversy, as many American meteorologists made the claim that the system was in fact extratropical,{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/julia-more-annoyance-than-threat-for-us-keep-an-eye-on-td-12-in-eas|title=Julia More Annoyance Than Threat for U.S.; Keep an Eye on TD 12 in Eastern Atlantic - Category 6™|author=Dr. Jeff Masters|date=15 September 2016|work=wunderground.com|accessdate=23 February 2017}} as proven by surface analysis data from NOAA, which showed that the cyclone still had an occluded front connected to it – signs that usually indicate an extratropical cyclone.

References

External links

[http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/wetterpate/Lebensgeschichten/Tief_STEPHANIE_12_09_16.htm Cyclone Stephanie report (in German)]

:Category:Extratropical cyclones

:Category:2016 in Spain

:Category:2016 in France

:Category:European windstorms

:Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season

:Category:2016 meteorology

:Category:September 2016 events in Europe