User:Nerd271/sandbox

File:The Beatles arrive at JFK Airport.jpg|The Beatles arrive at the John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City (1964).

File:Land on the Moon 7 21 1969-repair.jpg|A girl reads a newspaper reporting that man has landed on the Moon (1969).

File:Peace pipe offered and refused.jpg|Some attendees of the Woodstock Music and Arts Festival, in Bethel, New York (1969)

File:The Reagans waving from the limousine during the Inaugural Parade 1981.jpg|President-elect Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy, wave to the crowd during the Inaugural Parade (1981).

File:Table of contents with green leaders.jpg|A table of contents with leaders highlighted in green

File:Annalen der Physik ToC June 1905.jpg|The table of contents of the scientific journal Annalen der Physik (Annals of Physics) from June 1905. Albert Einstein's groundbreaking paper on the photoelectric effect is sixth on this list.

File:Michelangelo - Creation of Adam (cropped).jpg|alt=Creation of Adam () by Michelangelo on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.|The Creation of Adam ({{Circa|1511}}) by Michelangelo on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican City

File:185L18110489 Stadt, Parlament, Brunnenfiguren.jpg|alt=Allegories of the rivers Elbe and Vltava (German: Moldau)|Allegories of the rivers Elbe and Vltava (German: Moldau) at the base of the Pallas Athena Fountain, Parliament Building, Vienna, Austria

File:Paris 6e - Jardin du Luxembourg - Fontaine Médicis - Acis et Galatée (Auguste Ottin).jpg|Depiction of the lovers Acis and Galatea at the Medici Fountain, Luxembourg Garden, Paris, France, by Auguste Ottin (1866). This Galatea is a sea-nymph and should not be confused with another Galatea, who was sculpted by Pygmalion and brought to life by Aphrodite.

File:Clarence A train on the Lake Street Elevated, 1893.jpg|A steam train on the Lake Street Elevated Railroad, 1893

File:CRT1268 20100626.jpg|A preserved Northwestern Elevated Railroad car dating from 1907

File:L Train over Jack-Knife Bridge, Chicago (front).png|A Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad "L" train passing over the Chicago River in 1918

File:1921 Chicago L map.jpg|Map of the "L" in 1921

File:Chicago Rapid Transit Company 4410.jpg|1922 vintage Chicago Rapid Transit Company 'L' cars. This car had a trolley pole in addition to contact shoes on the trucks. A preserved 1924 Chicago Transit Authority steel 'L' car at the Fox River Trolley Museum.

File:Chicago Transit Authority 4451 at the Fox River Trolley Museum.jpg|A preserved 1924 Chicago Transit Authority steel "L" car at the Fox River Trolley Museum.

File:Westmount Public Library 07.jpg|Eastern entrance of the WPL, facing the Westmount Park

File:Westmount Public Library in May 2015 - 05.JPG|Interior on the second floor

File:Westmount Public Library by Rodrigo Tetsuo Argenton (01).jpg|Some single-seat sofas on the second floor

File:Westmount Public Library in May 2015 - 02.JPG|One of the main reading rooms on the second floor

File:Westmount Public Library by Rodrigo Tetsuo Argenton (03).jpg|View from the third floor

File:Victoria Hall and greenhouse in May 2015 - 12.JPG|Westmount Conservatory viewed from entrance from Victoria Hall showing door leading to the WPL

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{{See also|Cosmic Crisp|SweeTango|Zestar apple|MN55 (apple)|Arctic Apples}}

The Midwest Apple Improvement Association (MAIA) is an organization founded by apple-growers Mitch Lynd and Ed Fackler in the mid-1990s.{{Cite web |title=About Midwest Apple Improvement Association, M.A.I.A. |url=http://www.midwestapple.com/midwest-apple-improvement-association-about.htm |access-date=2019-05-12 |website=www.midwestapple.com}} Although the MAIA is an independent organization, it is advised by Dr. Diane Miller at Ohio State University.{{Cite web |title=About Midwest Apple Improvement Association, M.A.I.A. |url=http://www.midwestapple.com/midwest-apple-improvement-association-about.htm |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=www.midwestapple.com}} According to The MAIA, the organization grew out of a need for apple cultivars that were both suited to the climate and harvesting challenges of the Midwest. The MAIA's membership were looking for a later and longer-harvesting-period fruit than the Honeycrisp, suitable for growing in the central and southern Midwest. Approximately 50 apple-growers in the Midwestern region pledged to commit US$100 per year for 15 years toward crossbreeding and growing new apple varieties on their independent orchards.{{Cite web |title=About Midwest Apple Improvement Association, M.A.I.A. |url=http://www.midwestapple.com/midwest-apple-improvement-association-about.htm |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=www.midwestapple.com}} During MAIA's first breeding year, beginning in the spring of 1997, 5300 seedlings were developed and grown through crossbreeding existing apple cultivars as GoldRush, Sweet Sixteen, Crimson Crisp, HoneyCrisp, Fuji, and Golden Delicious. The MAIA estimates over 50,000 seedlings have been distributed to MAIA members since the organisations inception over two decades ago.{{Cite web |title=About Midwest Apple Improvement Association, M.A.I.A. |url=http://www.midwestapple.com/midwest-apple-improvement-association-about.htm |access-date=2019-05-27 |website=www.midwestapple.com}}

On the back of EverCrisp's success, the MAIA released two new apple varieties in early-2017, 'Crunch-A-Bunch' and 'Bakers Delight'.{{Cite web |last=Herrick |first=Christina |date=2017-11-20 |title=Midwest Apple Improvement Association Breeds Fruit for the Modern Consumer |url=https://www.growingproduce.com/fruits/apples-pears/midwest-apple-improvement-association-breeds-fruit-for-the-modern-consumer/ |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Growing Produce |language=en-US}} According to Growing Produce magazine, the new cultivars formally known as MAIA-11 and MAIA-12 were designed not only for commercial growers but for apple hobbyists and "backyard growers" too.{{Cite web |last=Mertz |first=Leslie |date=26 June 2017 |title=Lots of new apples coming to market |url=https://www.goodfruit.com/lots-of-new-apples-coming-to-market/ |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Good Fruit Grower |language=en-US}} The varieties are sold and distributed exclusively by Gurney's Seed and Nursery Company, mail delivering the new MAIA seeds to home apple-growers throughout the US, and through Early Morning and Wafler Nurseries for commercial orchardists.{{Cite web |last=Herrick |first=Christina |date=2017-03-25 |title=Two MAIA Releases Available for Growers, Hobbyists |url=https://www.growingproduce.com/fruits/apples-pears/two-maia-releases-available-for-growers-hobbyists/ |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Growing Produce |language=en-US}} According to Growing Produce, both varieties offer unique flavour profiles and disease, browning and pest resistance.

In 2018 Bill Dodd, president of the MAIA, estimated that 70,000 to 80,000 bushels (a bushel holds approximately 125 medium apples) were to come from the 700,000 apple-trees MAIA have planted since the organisations inception.{{Cite web |last=Miltner |first=Olivia |title=New Wave Varieties Upset the Apple Cart |url=http://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/forget-red-delicious-the-new-wave-of-apple-varieties-is-here/90620 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=OZY |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Huffstetler |first=Erin |title=Here's How Much You'll Get If You Buy a Bushel |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-much-is-a-bushel-1389308 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}} According to OZY magazine, Dodd predicts that one million apple trees will have been planted under the MAIA by 2020. "One of our goals for our breeding program is to have a full season of varieties," Dodd stated in an interview with Growing Produce magazine in late-2017. According to OZY, these new trademarked apple varieties, 'Summerset', 'Rosalee', 'Sweet Zinger' and 'Ludacrisp', are set to be released by 2021. In the next two to three years, the MAIA expect to have early, midseason, and late-season apple varieties available to the public through orchards, nurseries, independent groceries, and grocery-chains. As of early-2018, the MAIA had more than 450 members worldwide.{{Cite web |title=Retail debut of EverCrisp earning 'early fans' |url=https://fruitgrowersnews.com/news/retail-debut-evercrisp-earning-early-fans/ |access-date=2019-05-27 |website=Fruit Growers News |language=en-US}} By 2019, MAIA reported that it had 700 members.{{cite news |last=Shepard |first=Cristin |date=August 21, 2019 |title=Midwest Apple Improvement Association launches new website |url=https://www.thepacker.com/article/midwest-apple-improvement-association-launches-new-website |access-date=August 21, 2019 |work=The Packer |location=Lenexa, Kansas}}

File:Cosmic_Crisp.jpg. (2016)]]

In an article titled 'New Wave Varieties Upset the Apple Cart', OZY magazine reported in December 2018 that "EverCrisp is among a slew of new commercial [apple] varieties," that are not only "juicy, crunchy and flavourful, [but] can be stored longer and have a higher disease resistance".{{Cite web |last=Miltner |first=Olivia |title=New Wave Varieties Upset the Apple Cart |url=http://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/forget-red-delicious-the-new-wave-of-apple-varieties-is-here/90620 |access-date=2019-05-17 |website=OZY |language=en}} EverCrisp is firmly within what has been referred to by Quartzy magazine as the "designer fruit era".{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Annaliese |date=2017-11-15 |title=This autumn's apples mark the beginning of the designer fruit era |url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1127928/whats-the-best-new-apple-the-cosmic-crunch-golden-arctic-and-kissabel-are-competing-for-the-crown/ |access-date=2019-05-17 |website=Quartzy |language=en}} Among other successful designer apples as Cosmic Crisp and Zestar, EverCrisp is part of a new generation of apple cultivars that are "more delicious, beautiful, convenient for eaters and more productive for growers,"

According to OZY, consumer demand for better quality produce and a wider variety of cultivars are the central forces driving the expanding market of designer apples in the U.S. According to Vox, apple breeders are certainly listening. Organizations such as the MAIA are working hard to meet consumer demand by releasing new apples, each with their own nuances.{{Cite web |last=Abad-Santos |first=Alex |date=2016-10-06 |title=Honeycrisp was just the beginning: inside the quest to create the perfect apple |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2016/10/6/13078268/honeycrisp-apple-explainer-club-apples |access-date=2019-05-17 |website=Vox}} Vox reports that there's an apple for everyone; some look better than others, some are anti-browning, some are crunchier, warmer, cooler, sweeter or more tart.

According to Quartzy, this wave of new designer cultivars have the potential to trump old favourites such as Red Delicious, Granny Smith, McIntosh and Honeycrisp.{{Cite web |last=Sowder |first=Amy |title=What's in a name? A lot, when it comes to 2019 apples |url=https://www.thepacker.com/article/whats-name-lot-when-it-comes-2019-apples |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=Packer |language=en}}OZY too is aware of this trend, reporting that if institutions such as the MAIA and Washington State University continue to release new apple varieties and the steady rate of apple consumption in the U.S. endures, older apple varieties will eventually be displaced.

Beyond the apple itself, marketing has been an important factor in the success of club apples such as EverCrisp and Cosmic Crisp. According to The Packer magazine, Rena Montedoro, vice president of sales and marketing for Crunch Time Apple Growers, said, "the names of apples influence the consumer. They speak to each apple,"{{Cite web |last=Sowder |first=Amy |title=What's in a name? A lot, when it comes to 2019 apples |url=https://www.thepacker.com/article/whats-name-lot-when-it-comes-2019-apples |access-date=2019-05-17 |website=Packer |language=en}} EverCrisp is marketed as the apple whose "name says it all".{{Cite web |title=About EverCrisp Apples – EverCrisp Apples |url=https://evercrispapple.com/about-evercrisp/ |access-date=2019-05-24 |language=en-US}} The EverCrisp Apple website claims that EverCrisp is a "durable apple [that] maintains sweetness and firmness like no other." Although marketing campaigns for independent patented fruit varieties are a relatively new phenomenon, trademarked apple cultivars such as Cosmic Crisp are already experiencing success.{{Cite web |last=Abad-Santos |first=Alex |date=2016-10-06 |title=Honeycrisp was just the beginning: inside the quest to create the perfect apple |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2016/10/6/13078268/honeycrisp-apple-explainer-club-apples |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=Vox}} According to Seattle magazine, Cosmic Crisp's marketing campaign is heavily focused on consumer research.{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=M. Sharon |date=2017-11-24 |title=The Next Big Apple Variety Was Bred for Deliciousness in Washington |url=https://www.seattlemag.com/news-and-features/next-big-apple-variety-was-bred-deliciousness-washington |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=Seattle Magazine |language=en}} Through think taste tests and focus groups, Cosmic Crisp has been able to generate significant "buzz" before it has even hit the shelf. According to a Quartzy article in late-2017, Washington State has planted more than 12 million Cosmic Crisp trees in preparation for its debut.{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Annaliese |date=14 November 2017 |title=This autumn's apples mark the beginning of the designer fruit era |url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1127928/whats-the-best-new-apple-the-cosmic-crunch-golden-arctic-and-kissabel-are-competing-for-the-crown/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=Quartzy |language=en}}

{{See also|Cosmic Crisp|SweeTango|Zestar apple|MN55 (apple)|Arctic Apples}}