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File:Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_with_benign_familial_macrocephaly_prior_to_brain_injury_(ANIMATED).gif

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= Clinical =

(Neuro-)[[Psychopharmocology]]

File:4-MMC 3D.gif

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jan/15/david-nutt-drugs-science

=[[Mephedrone]]=

  • Drug
  • Legality
  • Illegal in Israel, Norway, and Sweden [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/8370130.stm]
  • Street use
  • Experiences
  • Research
  • On the net:
  • [http://drugs.homeoffice.gov.uk/publication-search/acmd/acmdmephedrone.html Home Office ACMD letter]
  • [http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/dec/05/mephedrone-problem-legal-highs Guardian]
  • [http://www.talktofrank.com/drugs.aspx?id=3597 Frank]
  • [http://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_4Methylmethcathinone.shtml Erowid]


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File:Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_with_benign_familial_macrocephaly_prior_to_brain_injury_(ANIMATED).gif

[[Neurology]]

[[Psychiatry]]

[[Clinical Psychology]]

[[Psychotherapy]]

Issues in practising Psychotherapy:

  • Ethical considerations
  • Various codes of practice
  • Power in the therapeutic relationship
  • Implications of sexuality, cross-cultural and gender issues in the therapeutic relationship
  • Emotions and human relationships
  • Getting stuck in a certain mode of behaving
  • Time-limited and open-ended therapy
  • Concepts of Mental Health and Illness and their implications in the health care system
  • Loss and bereavement
  • General counselling skills: verbal and non-verbal. Silence, empathy, active listening, questions, reflecting back, paraphrasing, summarising, clarifying, and challenging

= Neuroscience =

Some general interests

  • Human brain - Watch: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rconzwB422s The Origin of the Human Mind: Brain Imaging and Evolution] | List of regions in the human brain
  • [http://morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/brainarium/brainarium_inside.html Brainarium]
  • [http://lifesciencedb.jp/ag/ 3D Human Anatomy]
  • [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/neuroscience/Page.php?ID=2 UCL Neuroscience]

{{Medulla}}

{{Pons}}

{{Mesencephalon}}

{{Cerebellum}}

{{Diencephalon}}

{{Telencephalon}}

[[Neuron]]s

{{Infobox_neuron

| name = neuron (Nerve Cell)

| image = Smi32neuron.jpg

| caption = SMI32-stained pyramidal neurons

|NeuroLex = Neuron

}}

A neuron (pronounced /ˈnjʊərɒn/ N(Y)OOR-on, also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an excitable cell in the nervous system that processes and transmits information by electrochemical signaling.

: E_{eq,K^+} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \frac{[K^+]_{o}}{[K^+]_{i}} ,

:''Nernst Potential in reverse potential: E (equilibrium potential, for potassium in volts)

[[Neural development]]

the 'rule of Sereno'

[[Visual system]]

File:Brodmann areas 17 18 19.png

{{Visual_system}}

{{Visual phenomena}}

[[Somatosensory system]]

  • somatosensory receptors types
  • arm diagram (length, force, alpha/gamma motoneurons)
  • somatosensory pathways (dorsal column, spinothalamic, spinocerebellar)
  • somatosensory cortical areas
  • somatosensory cortical plasticity

[[Motor system]]

  • gaze stabilization
  • sensorimotor coordinate transformations
  • striatum, cerebellum connections
  • pattern generators and motor cortex

[[Limbic System]]

  • Connectional overview limbic system
  • Egocentric place, head direction, grid cells

= MRI Physics =

Also see:

User:GyroMagician/Malvern

Basics

File:Modern 3T MRI.JPG

  • Provides high resolution anatomic structure (as with X-ray CT)
  • Provides high contrast between different soft tissues (X-ray CT cannot)
  • No exposure to radiation and hence safe
  • More complicated instrumentation
  • Takes longer to acquire a scan than CT, more susceptible to patient motion
  • Free lessons: [http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/inside.htm The Basics of MRI]
  • MRI hardware
  • Static magnetic field
  • Early MRI = permanent magnet
  • Superconducting magnets
  • RF System, Radiofrequency coils
  • Gradient coils
  • Spin
  • The hydrogen (1^H) atom inside body possess “spin”. Spin is a fundamental property of nature like electrical charge or mass. Spin comes in multiples of 1/2 and can be + or -. Protons, electrons, and neutrons possess spin. Individual unpaired electrons, protons, and neutrons each possesses a spin of 1⁄2 or - 1⁄2. Two or more particles with spins having opposite signs can pair up to eliminate the observable manifestations of spin. In nuclear magnetic resonance, it is unpaired nuclear spins that are of importance.
  • In the absence of external magnetic field, the spin directions of all atoms are random and cancel each other.
  • When placed in an external magnetic field, the spins align with the external field.
  • By applying an rotating magnetic field in the direction orthogonal to the static field, the spins can be pulled away from the z-axis with an angle \alpha
  • Precession
  • Spins precess at a single frequency (w0), but incoherently − they are not in phase, so that the sum of x-y components is 0, with net magnetization vector in z direction
  • The bulk magnetization vector rotates around z at the Larmor frequency (precess)
  • The precession relaxes gradually, with the xy-component reduces in time, z-component increases
  • The xy component of the magnetization vector produces a voltage signal, which is the NMR signal we measure
  • Bloch equation

MRI Image Formation

MRI Pulse Sequences; MEG/EEG Forward/Inverse

  • fast gradient echo (FLASH)
  • echo planar imaging (EPI)

- - - -

  • derivation of current source density
  • linear forward solution
  • linear inverse
  • dipole fitting

= Cognitive Neuroscience =

= Some templates =

{{Footer Neuropsychology}}

{{nervous system}}

Sensory processing

  • Visual
  • Auditory

[[Motor system|Motor]]

[[Executive functions]]

i.e. planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, initiating appropriate actions and inhibiting inappropriate actions, and selecting relevant sensory information...

  • Decision making
  • Reasoning and problem solving

Memory

Awareness

Consciousness

Representations

== Emotions ==

  • Limbic system: Electrical stimulation of the limbic system in conscious patients evokes emotion (Ervin & Martin, 1986)
  • [http://video.google.co.uk/videosearch?q=stanford+university+lectures+psychology&www_google_domain=www.google.co.uk&hl=en&emb=0&aq=1m&oq=lectures+psy#q=lectures+emotions&hl=en&emb=0 Video: limbic system and the role of the amygdala]
  • AMYGDALA, central to: emotional processing of threat stimuli and storage of emotional memories also serves a role in processing positive emotions

= Philosophy =

{{todo}}

Old Notes: User:The.Filsouf/Old Notes