User talk:Makumbe
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References
dog edit
The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris)[4] is a member of genus Canis (canines) that forms part of the wolf-like canids,[5] and is the most widely abundant carnivore.[6][7][8] The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa,[9][10][11] with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated,[10][11] which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct.[12] The dog was the first domesticated species[11][13] and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[14]
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{{subspeciesbox
| name = Arabian wolf
| image = Arabian wolf in Jordan.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Canis
| species = lupus
| species_link = Gray wolf
| subspecies = arabs
| authority = Pocock, 1934
| range_map = Present distribution of the gray wolf subspecies - Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs).jpg
| range_map_caption = Arabian wolf range
}}
The Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs) is a subspecies of gray wolf which lives on the Arabian peninsula. It is a small, desert adapted wolf that normally lives in small groups and is omnivorous; eating carrion and garbage as well as small to medium-sized prey.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1383305?&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|DOI: 10.2307/1383305
Taxonomy
The Arabian wolf is designated Canis lupus arabs by the British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222933408654939 Once thought to possibly be C.L. Pallipes (the Indian wolf) the Arabian wolf is now thought to be its own sub-species- C.l. arabs as designated by Pocock in 1934. Pocock noted its smaller skull and smaller size.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222933508654985 A new study suggests that genetically the Arabian wolf is closer to C.l. lupus than it is to pallipes. This 2014 study posits that at this point the C.l. arabs subspecies designation should be used.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1616504714000603?via%3Dihub There is admixture with domestic dogs but it is unclear whether this is why it is closer genetically to C.l. lupus.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1616504714000603?via%3Dihub This raises a concern of extinction by hybridization as Arabian wolves are more adapted to desert life than wolf/dog hybrids.http://canids.org/CBC/20/Arabian_wolf_and_domestic_dog_in_saudi_arabia.pdf
Description
The Arabian wolf is small for Canis lupus and stands on average {{convert|26|in|cm|0}} at shoulder height and weighs an average of {{convert|40|lb|kg|2}}. Along with the Indian wolf, it is probably smaller than other wolves to help it adapt to life in a hot, dry climate. https://books.google.com/books/about/Wolves_of_the_World.html?id=M_q5FP2olaEC PG. 21 This is an example of Bergmann's rule, where mammal size varies by the warmth of their environment. Its ears are proportionally larger in relation to its body size when compared to other sub-species of Canis lupus, an adaptation probably developed to help disperse body heat.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1945.tb36162.x/abstract Arabian wolves do not usually live in large packs, and instead hunt in pairs or in groups of about three or four animals.https://books.google.com/books?id=6PTl3wUEJtgC&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=arabian+wolf+oman&source=bl&ots=iOuJXNjy_v&sig=buo7bp-NlFItWbglBByWj--C3l0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioub_y6N7VAhWjjVQKHSB7DTIQ6AEIXzAL#v=onepage&q=arabian&f=false pg 219 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1383305?&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contentsThey have a short thin coat which is usually a grayish beige color.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1935.tb01687.x/abstract PG. 672-673 "...a mixture of black and slightly buffy grey," according to Pocock in his 1935 description.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1383305?&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Like other canines, the Arabian Wolf has no sweat glands - it controls body temperature by rapid panting which causes evaporation from the lungs.{{sfn|Harrington| Paquet|1983}} It is distinguished from the Indian wolf by its smaller skull and smaller size and thinner coat.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1935.tb01687.x/abstract PG. 672-673
Diet
File:Canis lupus arabs head front.JPG
Arabian wolves are omnivorous and in some areas largely dependent on human excess products and waste.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1383305?&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents They also feed on hares, rodents, small ungulates, and carrion. Opportunistically almost any small animal including fish, snails, baby baboons can be part of their diet; they also eat garbage.http://nwrc.gov.sa/NWRC_ARB/mzyd_files/1-1994-005.pdf
Arabian wolves hunt small to medium-sized animals such as cape hares, Dorcas gazelles, and ibexes, though they feed on carrion and livestock when in the vicinity of human settlements.{{sfn|Hefner|Geffen|1999}} Because Arabian wolves can attack and eat any domestic animals up to the size of a goat, Bedouins and farmers will not hesitate to shoot, poison, or trap them.http://www.canids.org/canidnews/13/Arabian_wolf_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf
Range and conservation
The Arabian wolf was once found throughout the Arabian Peninsula, but now lives only in small pockets in southern Israel,http://www.tau.ac.il/~geffene/PDFs/89-Oryx_2013.pdf southern and western Iraq, Oman, Yemen, Jordan,http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-01-25-1/zoo-25-1-3-9909-8.pdf Saudi Arabia,http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1616504714000603?via%3Dihub and some parts of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196317300174
The Arabian wolf is rare throughout most of its range because of human persecution.https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/80/2/611/899899/Group-Size-and-Home-Range-of-the-Arabian-Wolf In Oman wolf populations have increased because of a ban on hunting, and they may naturally re-establish themselves in certain places within the region in the relatively near term.https://books.google.com/books?id=6PTl3wUEJtgC&pg=PA219 In Israel, between 100 and 150 Arabian wolves are found across the Negev and the Arava. The U.A.E. has a captive breeding program and the wolf is protected in Oman and Israel; but elsewhere its future is uncertain.http://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/conservation-conflict-isis-advancement-and-arabian-wolf-811485183 In Saudi Arabia the wolf is protected in places and still exists in places with sparse human activity.http://www.canids.org/canidnews/13/Arabian_wolf_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf
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