Varisulca

{{Short description|Proposed phylum of protists}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Ancyromonas.png

| image_alt = "Ancyromonas" sp.

| image_caption = Ancyromonas sp.

| taxon = Varisulca

| authority = Cavalier-Smith, 2002

| display_parents = 3

| synonyms =

| synonyms_ref =

| subdivision_ranks = Classes

| subdivision =

• Hilomonadea
• Diphyllatea
• Glissodiscea

}}

Varisulca was a proposed basal Podiate taxon.{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Chao|first2=Ema E.|last3=Snell|first3=Elizabeth A.|last4=Berney|first4=Cédric|last5=Fiore-Donno|first5=Anna Maria|last6=Lewis|first6=Rhodri|date=2014-12-01|title=Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=81|pages=71–85|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012|pmid=25152275|doi-access=free}} It encompassed several lineages of heterotrophic protists, most notably the ancyromonads (planomonads), collodictyonids (diphylleids), rigifilids (Rigifila, Micronuclearia) and mantamonads. Recent evidence suggests that the latter three are closely related to each other, forming a clade called CRuMs, but that this is unlikely to be specifically related to ancyromonads.{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Matthew W|last2=Heiss|first2=Aaron A|last3=Kamikawa|first3=Ryoma|last4=Inagaki|first4=Yuji|last5=Yabuki|first5=Akinori|last6=Tice|first6=Alexander K|last7=Shiratori|first7=Takashi|last8=Ishida|first8=Ken-Ichiro|last9=Hashimoto|first9=Tetsuo|date=2018-01-19|title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=427–433|doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014|issn=1759-6653|pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}

Cavalier-Smith had proposed the new subphylum Varisulca which consists of the classes Hilomonadea, Diphyllatea and Glissodiscea.{{cite journal | author = Cavalier-Smith T | year = 2013 | title = Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa | journal = Eur J Protistol | volume = 49 | issue = 2| pages = 115–78 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001 | pmid=23085100}} The validity of this proposed taxonomy has yet to ruled upon by the Society of Protistologists. It is unlikely to be widely accepted, since Varisulca appears to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic (ancyromonads are not inferred to be the sister group to CRuMs). Glissodiscea and Multirhiza (a taxon encompassing Diphyllatea and Glissodiscea) also appear paraphyletic or polyphyletic, since Mantamonas belongs to CRuMs but ancyromonads do not.

Varisulca appear to be paraphyletic stem Podiata. So the other basal Podiata such as Malawimonas, Metamonada and/or Amoebozoa and Amorphea may have emerged in the Varisulca.{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|date=2017-02-05|title=Origin of animal multicellularity: precursors, causes, consequences—the choanoflagellate/sponge transition, neurogenesis and the Cambrian explosion|journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B|language=en|volume=372|issue=1713|pages=20150476|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0476|issn=0962-8436|pmid=27994119|pmc=5182410}}{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Chao|first2=Ema E.|last3=Lewis|first3=Rhodri|title=187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=99|pages=275–296|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023|pmid=27001604|year=2016|doi-access=free}} Some groups of Apusozoa are now considered Varisulca. The Apusomonadida (e.g. Thecamonas) now not directly associated with Varisulca but are considered sister of the opisthokonts. Sulcozoa (originally only Varisulca and Apusozoa){{Cite journal|last1=Ruggiero|first1=Michael A.|last2=Gordon|first2=Dennis P.|last3=Orrell|first3=Thomas M.|last4=Bailly|first4=Nicolas|last5=Bourgoin|first5=Thierry|last6=Brusca|first6=Richard C.|last7=Cavalier-Smith|first7=Thomas|last8=Guiry|first8=Michael D.|last9=Kirk|first9=Paul M.|date=2015-04-29|title=A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|pages=e0119248|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248|pmid=25923521|pmc=4418965|issn=1932-6203|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1019248R|doi-access=free}} now encompasses the Unikonta/Amorphea and becomes equivalent to (stem) Podiata and Sarcomastigota.{{fact|date=January 2021}}

{{clade |style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%

|label1=Eukaryotes

|1={{Clade

|label1=Scotokaryotes/|sublabel1=Opimoda/Neozoa

|1={{Clade

|state1=dashed

|1=Metamonada

|2={{Clade

|state1=dashed

|1=Malawimonas

|label2=Podiata

|2={{Clade

|state1=double

|1=Varisulca

|label2=Amorphea/|sublabel2=Unikont

|2={{Clade

|1=Amoebozoa

|label2=Obazoa

|2={{Clade

|1=Breviata

|2={{Clade

|1=Apusomonadida

|2=Opisthokonta

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2=Corticata/Diphoda/Diaphoretickes/Bikont

}}

}}

Mantamonadida appear to be sister to Apusomonadida in the Apusozoa in some findings.{{cite journal|date=September 2010|title=The Novel Marine Gliding Zooflagellate Genus Mantamonas (Mantamonadida ord. n.: Apusozoa)|journal=Protist|volume=162|issue=2|pages=207–221|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2010.06.004|pmid=20884290|vauthors=Glücksman E, Snell EA, Berney C, Chao EE, Bass D, Cavalier-Smith T}}{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Orr|first1=Russell J. S.|last2=Zhao|first2=Sen|last3=Klaveness|first3=Dag|last4=Yabuki|first4=Akinori|last5=Ikeda|first5=Keiji|last6=Makoto|first6=Watanabe M.|last7=Shalchian-Tabrizi|first7=Kamran|date=2017-10-08|title=Enigmatic Diphyllatea eukaryotes: Culturing and targeted PacBio RS amplicon sequencing reveals a higher order taxonomic diversity and global distribution|biorxiv=10.1101/199125}}