Vaxxed

{{short description|2016 anti-vaccination documentary film}}

{{pp-semi-indef}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}

{{Use American English|date=March 2016}}

{{Infobox film

| name = Vaxxed

| image = Vaxxed poster.jpg

| caption = Film poster

| director = Andrew Wakefield

| writer = Andrew Wakefield
Del Bigtree

| producer = Del Bigtree

| distributor = Cinema Libre Studio

| released = {{Film date|2016|04|01}}

| runtime = 91 minutes

| country = United States

| language = English

}}

Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe is a 2016 American pseudoscience propaganda film{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/meet-the-new-york-couple-donating-millions-to-the-anti-vax-movement/2019/06/18/9d791bcc-8e28-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html|title=Meet the New York couple donating millions to the anti-vax movement|last=Sun|first=Lena H.|date=June 19, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|quote=Wakefield used the money to help fund a documentary film called “Vaxxed,”...Tara Smith, an infectious disease expert at Kent State University who has researched the anti-vaccine movement, called the film “an effective piece of propaganda”|access-date=April 23, 2022|archive-date=July 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704230246/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/antivax-donation-new-york-couple-vaccine-a8970921.html|url-status=live}} alleging a cover-up by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of a purported link between the MMR vaccine and autism.{{Cite news|last1=Belluck|first1=Pam|last2=Ryzik|first2=Melena|date=2016-03-25|title=Robert De Niro Defends Screening of Anti-Vaccine Film at Tribeca Festival|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/health/vaccines-autism-robert-de-niro-tribeca-film-festival-andrew-wakefield-vaxxed.html|access-date=2016-03-25|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725131050/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/health/vaccines-autism-robert-de-niro-tribeca-film-festival-andrew-wakefield-vaxxed.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/03/tribeca-film-festival-anti-vaxx.html/ |title=Why Is an Anti-Vaccine Documentary by a Proven Quack Being Taken Seriously? |author=June, Laura |date=March 22, 2016 |work=New York |access-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331042100/http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/03/tribeca-film-festival-anti-vaxx.html |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}{{ cite web | url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/andrew-wakefields-vaxxed-antivaccine-propaganda-at-its-most-pernicious/ | title=Reviewing Andrew Wakefield's VAXXED: Antivaccine propaganda at its most pernicious | last=Gorski | first=David | work=Science-Based Medicine | date=2016-07-11 | access-date=2019-10-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215114418/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/andrew-wakefields-vaxxed-antivaccine-propaganda-at-its-most-pernicious/ | archive-date=2017-02-15 | url-status=live }} According to Variety, the film "purports to investigate the claims of a senior scientist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who revealed that the CDC had allegedly manipulated and destroyed data on an important study about autism and the MMR vaccine". Critics derided Vaxxed as an anti-vaccine propaganda film.{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-is-designed-to-trick-you-review-20160401 |title='Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe' is Designed to Trick You (Review) |last=Kohn |first=Eric |date=April 1, 2016 |website=Indiewire |access-date=April 3, 2016 |archive-date=April 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403185102/http://www.indiewire.com/article/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-is-designed-to-trick-you-review-20160401 |url-status=live }}{{cite news|last=Senneset|first=Ingeborg|date=March 28, 2016|title=Robert De Niro har gjort seg til vaksinemotstandernes nyttige idiot|language=nb-NO|trans-title=Robert De Niro has become the vaccine opponent's useful idiot|work=Aftenposten (Norway)|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kommentarer/Robert-De-Niro-har-gjort-seg-til-vaksinemotstandernes-nyttige-idiot--Ingeborg-Senneset-8407950.html|access-date=April 22, 2016|archive-date=March 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331023749/http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kommentarer/Robert-De-Niro-har-gjort-seg-til-vaksinemotstandernes-nyttige-idiot--Ingeborg-Senneset-8407950.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Senapathy|first=Kavin|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2016/03/28/no-andrew-wakefield-youre-not-being-censored-and-you-dont-deserve-due-process/#7cf2b545225d|title=No Andrew Wakefield, You're Not Being Censored And You Don't Deserve Due Process|date=March 28, 2016|work=Forbes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200323001148/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2016/03/28/no-andrew-wakefield-youre-not-being-censored-and-you-dont-deserve-due-process/%236e9b4169297a|archive-date=2020-03-23|location=US}}{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2016/03/25/mystery-solved-it-was-robert-de-niro-who-got-andrew-wakefields-antivaccine-film-selected-by-the-tribeca-film-festival/ |title=Mystery solved: It was Robert De Niro who got Andrew Wakefield's antivaccine propaganda film selected for screening at the Tribeca Film Festival |date=March 25, 2016 |website=Respectful Insolence |author=Gorski, David (Orac) |access-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-date=April 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406224820/http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2016/03/25/mystery-solved-it-was-robert-de-niro-who-got-andrew-wakefields-antivaccine-film-selected-by-the-tribeca-film-festival/ |url-status=live }}

The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews from academics and critics. The film was directed by discredited anti-vaccine activist Andrew Wakefield, who was struck off the medical register in the United Kingdom in 2010 due to ethical violations related to his fraudulent research into the role of vaccines in autism.{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/comment/antiimmunisation-movie-vaxxed-is-a-platform-for-its-maker-not-its-message-20160425-goetem.html |title=Anti-immunisation movie Vaxxed is a platform for its maker, not its message |author=Gill, Sarah |date=April 27, 2016 |work=The Age (Vic. Australia) |access-date=April 27, 2016}}{{Cite news|date=2010-02-03|title=The Lancet's Vaccine Retraction|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704022804575041544115791952|url-access=subscription|access-date=2016-04-04|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033556/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704022804575041544115791952|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8695267.stm |date=May 24, 2010 |title=MMR doctor struck from register |last=Triggle |first=Nick |website=BBC |access-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-date=April 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411105047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8695267.stm |url-status=live }} It was scheduled to premiere at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival but was withdrawn by the festival.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/03/26/tribeca-film-festival-vaxxed-pulled-schedule |title=Tribeca Film Festival: Vaxxed pulled from schedule |last=Rosen |first=Christopher |date=March 26, 2016 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=March 26, 2016}} In reviewing the film, Indiewire said that "Wakefield doesn't just have a dog in this fight; he is the dog".[http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-is-designed-to-trick-you-review-21896/ ‘Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe’ is Designed to Trick You (Review)], Indiewire In November 2019, a sequel, Vaxxed II: The People's Truth, was released.

Background

{{further|MMR vaccine and autism|Lancet MMR autism fraud}}

In 1998 Wakefield and 12 other authors published a fraudulent study in The Lancet in which he falsely claimed that the MMR vaccine caused autism. In 2010 the study was retracted, and Wakefield was struck off the medical register in the United Kingdom due to "ethical violations and a failure to disclose financial conflicts of interest" and for his invention of evidence linking the MMR vaccine to autism.{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-tribeca-vaccine-20160323-snap-htmlstory.html |title=Column: How Robert De Niro's Tribeca Film Festival sold out to anti-vaccine crackpots [UPDATED] |last=Hiltzik |first=Michael |date=March 25, 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=March 26, 2016 |archive-date=March 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326045021/http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-tribeca-vaccine-20160323-snap-htmlstory.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/may/24/andrew-wakefield-struck-off-gmc | title=Andrew Wakefield struck off register by General Medical Council| newspaper=The Guardian| date=2010-05-24| last1=Boseley| first1=Sarah }}{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8695267.stm| title=MMR doctor struck from register| date=2010-05-24| access-date=July 17, 2018| archive-date=April 11, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411105047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8695267.stm| url-status=live}} A substantial body of subsequent research has established that there is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism.{{Cite journal|last1=Di Pietrantonj|first1=Carlo|last2=Rivetti|first2=Alessandro|last3=Marchione|first3=Pasquale|last4=Debalini|first4=Maria Grazia|last5=Demicheli|first5=Vittorio|date=2020-04-20|title=Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=4|language=en|issue=4|pages=CD004407|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4|pmc=7169657|pmid=32309885}}{{Cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=Luke E.|last2=Swerdfeger|first2=Amy L.|last3=Eslick|first3=Guy D.|date=2013-11-29|title=Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies|journal=Vaccine|language=en|volume=32|issue=29|pages=3623–3629|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085|pmid=24814559}}{{Cite journal|last1=Maglione|first1=Margaret A.|last2=Das|first2=Lopamudra|last3=Raaen|first3=Laura|last4=Smith|first4=Alexandria|last5=Chari|first5=Ramya|last6=Newberry|first6=Sydne|last7=Shanman|first7=Roberta|last8=Perry|first8=Tanja|last9=Goetz|first9=Matthew Bidwell|last0=Gidengil|first0=Courtney|date=2014-08-01|title=Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization of US Children: A Systematic Review|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt2f93s53t/qt2f93s53t.pdf?t=nv5cul|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=134|issue=2|pages=325–337|doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1079|issn=0031-4005|pmid=25086160|s2cid=514220|doi-access=free}} Wakefield went on to become a leader in the anti-vaccination movement that his discredited study helped create.{{Cite news|last=Ryzik|first=Melena|date=2016-03-30|title=Pulled From Festival, Anti-Vaccination Film Will Run in Theater|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/movies/pulled-from-tribeca-film-festival-vaccination-film-vaxxed-will-run-in-theater.html|access-date=2016-04-12|issn=0362-4331}}

Del Bigtree, a producer of Vaxxed, was formerly a producer of The Doctors, an American medical advice talk show. The British Medical Journal conducted a study on The Doctors and The Dr. Oz Show and concluded with this warning about the shows: "Consumers should be skeptical about any recommendations provided ... as details are limited and only a third to one half of recommendations are based on believable or somewhat believable evidence".{{cite journal |last=Koronyk |first=C. |date=December 17, 2014 |title=Televised medical talk shows-what they recommend and the evidence to support their recommendations: a prospective observational study | journal=The British Medical Journal |volume=349 |pages=g7346 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g7346 |pmid=25520234 |pmc=4269523 |display-authors=etal}}{{Cite journal|last1=Korownyk|first1=Christina|last2=Kolber|first2=Michael R.|last3=McCormack|first3=James|last4=Lam|first4=Vanessa|last5=Overbo|first5=Kate|last6=Cotton|first6=Candra|last7=Finley|first7=Caitlin|last8=Turgeon|first8=Ricky D.|last9=Garrison|first9=Scott|last10=Adrienne|first10=Adrienne J.|last11=Banh|first11=Hoan Linh|display-authors=6|date=2014-12-17|title=Televised medical talk shows--what they recommend and the evidence to support their recommendations: a prospective observational study|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=349|pages=g7346|doi=10.1136/bmj.g7346|issn=1756-1833|pmc=4269523|pmid=25520234}} As with all American medical programmes and medical teleshopping shows, the two programmes carry Food and Drug Administration-required mandatory disclaimers at the end of each episode which state their advice is not a medical endorsement and viewers should consult with a physician based on the advice given.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

The film was produced by Autism Media Channel, of which Wakefield is a director.{{cite news |author=Hannaford, Alex |work=The Guardian |date=April 2, 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/apr/06/what-happened-man-mmr-panic |title=Andrew Wakefield: autism inc |access-date=April 4, 2016 |archive-date=February 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201201709/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/apr/06/what-happened-man-mmr-panic |url-status=live }}

Narrative

Image:CDC Vaccine Information Statement for MMR Vaccine.pdf

According to Variety, the film "purports to investigate the claims of a senior scientist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who revealed that the CDC had allegedly manipulated and destroyed data on an important study about autism and the MMR vaccine." The film features the so-called "CDC whistleblower" narrative that is based on anti-vaccination activist and associate professor Brian Hooker's paper describing claims by senior CDC scientist William Thompson that he and his co-authors had omitted mention of a correlation they found between vaccination and autism in African-American boys in a CDC study. However a 2011 IOM report showed that evidence favors rejection of a relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism.{{cite book|url=http://nationalacademies.org/HMD/Reports/2011/Adverse-Effects-of-Vaccines-Evidence-and-Causality.aspx|title=Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality : Health and Medicine Division|year=2012|doi=10.17226/13164|pmid=24624471|isbn=978-0-309-21435-3|author1=Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines|last2=Institute Of|first2=Medicine|last3=Stratton|first3=K.|last4=Ford|first4=A.|last5=Rusch|first5=E.|last6=Clayton|first6=E. W.|access-date=August 13, 2017|archive-date=August 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813065853/http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2011/adverse-effects-of-vaccines-evidence-and-causality.aspx|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=TABLE: Summary of Causality Conclusions|url=http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2011/Adverse-Effects-of-Vaccines-Evidence-and-Causality/summary2.pdf|website=Nationalacademies.org|publisher=National Academies|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901061629/http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2011/Adverse-Effects-of-Vaccines-Evidence-and-Causality/summary2.pdf|url-status=dead}} The film contains edited excerpts of several phone calls between Hooker and Thompson recorded without Thompson's knowledge.{{Cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/vaxxed-cover-up-catastrophe-film-879960 |title='Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe': Film Review |author=Scheck, Frank |date=April 1, 2016 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=April 3, 2016 |archive-date=April 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403193401/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/vaxxed-cover-up-catastrophe-film-879960 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/04/01/vaxxed-autism-movie-review/ |title=We watched the movie 'Vaxxed' so you don't have to |date=April 1, 2016 |work=Stat News |author=Robins, Rebecca |access-date=April 2, 2016}} Hooker's 2014 paper on the narrative was subsequently retracted due to "serious concerns about the validity of its conclusions"{{cite web|date=August 27, 2014|title=Journal takes down autism-vaccine paper pending investigation|url=http://retractionwatch.com/2014/08/27/journal-takes-down-autism-vaccine-paper-pending-investigation/|access-date=March 28, 2016|website=Retraction Watch|archive-date=March 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323100104/http://retractionwatch.com/2014/08/27/journal-takes-down-autism-vaccine-paper-pending-investigation/|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://time.com/3222008/paper-questioning-cdc-autism-study-retracted/ |title=Journal Retracts Paper that Questioned CDC Autism Study |author=Park, Alice |date=August 29, 2014 |magazine=Time |access-date=March 28, 2016 |archive-date=February 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223021658/http://time.com/3222008/paper-questioning-cdc-autism-study-retracted/ |url-status=live }} and in 2015 the CDC had confirmed that any such initial correlation had ceased to exist once they performed a more in-depth analysis of the children in the study.{{cite news |url=http://www.medicaldaily.com/vaxxed-andrew-wakefield-anti-vaccination-380555 |title=Controversial Documentary 'Vaxxed' Premiered In NYC This Weekend; We Decided To See It |work=Medical Daily |last=Cara, Ed |date=April 4, 2016 |access-date=April 4, 2016 |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407132116/http://www.medicaldaily.com/vaxxed-andrew-wakefield-anti-vaccination-380555 |url-status=live }}

These sometimes spliced-together unauthorized phone recordings of Thompson, according to the Houston Press, form the "crux of the entire movie ... And ... that's it". On the "CDC whistleblower" narrative, Philip LaRussa, a professor of paediatric medicine at Columbia University Medical Center, said the film-makers "were saying, there's this silver bullet here, and the CDC is hiding it, and no one else has looked at this issue, which is not the case".{{cite news|last=Glenza|first=Jessica|date=April 2, 2016|title=Vaxxed: an expert view on controversial film about vaccines and autism|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/02/vaxxed-film-scientist-interview-vaccines-autism?CMP=share_btn_fb|access-date=April 2, 2016}} Thompson does not appear in the film and did not see it before it was released. Thompson had released a statement on the controversy in 2014 which the New York Times discussed in its coverage of Vaxxed; the Times described it as "saying that while he questioned the 2004 study's presentation of some data, he would never advise people not to get vaccinated."{{cite web |url=http://www.morganverkamp.com/august-27-2014-press-release-statement-of-william-w-thompson-ph-d-regarding-the-2004-article-examining-the-possibility-of-a-relationship-between-mmr-vaccine-and-autism/ |title=Press Release, Statement of William W. Thompson, Ph.D., Regarding the 2004 Article Examining the Possibility of a Relationship Between MMR Vaccine and Autism |author=Thompson, William W. |date=August 27, 2014 |work=Morgan Verkamp LLC |access-date=April 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828211540/http://www.morganverkamp.com/august-27-2014-press-release-statement-of-william-w-thompson-ph-d-regarding-the-2004-article-examining-the-possibility-of-a-relationship-between-mmr-vaccine-and-autism/ |archive-date=August 28, 2014}}

Premiere and distribution

The film had been scheduled to premiere at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival but this was the subject of public outcry and widespread criticism, particularly for allowing Wakefield to distribute his discredited theories.{{cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/25/11306458/tribeca-film-festival-anti-vaccine-documentary-robert-deniro |title=The Tribeca Film Festival is screening an anti-vaccine documentary |last=Alessandra |first=Potenza |date=March 25, 2016 |work=The Verge |access-date=March 26, 2016 }}{{cite web |url=http://jezebel.com/robert-de-niro-defends-anti-vax-film-screening-at-tribe-1767104869 |title=Robert De Niro Defends Anti-Vax Film Screening at Tribeca; Says It Will Allow for 'Conversation' |last=Merlan |first=Annie |date=March 25, 2016 |work=Jezebel |access-date=March 26, 2016 |archive-date=March 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328004351/http://jezebel.com/robert-de-niro-defends-anti-vax-film-screening-at-tribe-1767104869 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |author=Haelle T |author-link=Tara Haelle |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2016/03/25/robert-deniro-just-broke-my-heart/#55b2f48b3539 |title=Robert DeNiro Just Broke My Heart |date=March 25, 2016 |work=Forbes |access-date=March 26, 2016 |archive-date=March 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326035838/http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2016/03/25/robert-deniro-just-broke-my-heart/#55b2f48b3539 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/97862-an-open-letter-to-the-tribeca-film-festival-about-vaxxed/ |title=An Open Letter to the Tribeca Film Festival about Vaxxed |last=Lane |first=Penny |date=March 24, 2016 |work=Filmmaker |access-date=March 26, 2016 |archive-date=March 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330015549/http://filmmakermagazine.com/97862-an-open-letter-to-the-tribeca-film-festival-about-vaxxed/ |url-status=live }} Actor Robert De Niro, who co-founded the festival, initially defended the decision to show the film, writing on Facebook that the film was "very personal" to him due to him having an autistic child,{{cite news|last=Tarkan|first=Laurie|date=March 29, 2016|title=Why Robert De Niro Promoted - then Pulled - Anti-Vaccine Documentary|work=Fortune|url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/29/robert-de-niro-anti-vaccine-documentary/|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 30, 2016}} and saying that he hoped the film would open a dialog about the controversy. However, shortly before the evening of March 26, De Niro announced that the film would not screen, stating that consultation with other film festival representatives and members of the scientific community had led him to conclude that screening the film would not contribute to or further the discussion of the topic presented.{{Cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b596c28b662e4fabbca69e16589ed1a2/de-niros-tribeca-festival-pulls-anti-vaccination-film |title=De Niro's Tribeca festival pulls anti-vaccination film |author=Moody, Nekesa Mumbi |date=March 27, 2016 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=March 27, 2016 |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331085628/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b596c28b662e4fabbca69e16589ed1a2/de-niros-tribeca-festival-pulls-anti-vaccination-film |url-status=dead }} While appearing on NBC's Today the following month, De Niro expressed regret that he had agreed to exclude the film and stated, "I think the movie is something that people should see." During the appearance, De Niro also promoted the 2014 anti-vaccination film Trace Amounts and stated that he believed there was a link between vaccines and autism.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJ7iPn39i08 |title=Robert DeNiro Debates Autism's Link To Vaccines {{!}} TODAY |date=2016-04-13 |last=TODAY |access-date=2025-06-05 |via=YouTube}}{{Cite web |last=Boodman |first=Eric |date=2016-04-13 |title=Robert De Niro defends discredited idea linking vaccines to autism |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/04/13/de-niro-vaccines-vaxxed-autism/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=STAT |language=en-US}}

After the film was dropped from the Tribeca Film Festival, it was picked up for distribution by Cinema Libre.{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/vaxxed-anti-vaccine-documentary-cinema-libre-1201741603/ |title=Controversial Anti-Vaccination Documentary Gets Release From Cinema Libre (EXCLUSIVE) |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=March 29, 2016 |work=Variety |access-date=April 4, 2016 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109125252/https://variety.com/2016/film/news/vaxxed-anti-vaccine-documentary-cinema-libre-1201741603/ |url-status=live }} The film premiered at the Angelika Film Center in New York City on April 1, 2016{{Cite news|last=Lipkin|first=W. Ian|date=2016-04-03|title=Anti-Vaccination Lunacy Won't Stop|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/anti-vaccination-lunacy-wont-stop-1459721652|url-access=subscription|access-date=2016-04-04|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=December 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206073238/http://www.wsj.com/articles/anti-vaccination-lunacy-wont-stop-1459721652|url-status=live}} to an audience of "a few dozen".{{cite news|last=Glenza|first=Jessica|date=2016-04-03|title=Controversial Vaxxed film premieres in New York despite scientists' outcry|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/apr/02/vaxxed-film-premieres-new-york-anti-vaccination|access-date=2016-04-03}}

In reaction to Cinema Libre's decision to distribute the film, Todd Drezner, the father of an autistic son and creator of a neurodiversity-themed movie that was distributed by Cinema Libre, wrote an open letter to Cinema Libre criticizing Vaxxed and Cinema Libre's decision to distribute it, writing: "By releasing Vaxxed, Cinema Libre is actively harming thousands of autistic people. While we should be discussing ways to best support autistic people and help them lead fulfilling lives, you would instead have us follow a discredited scientist and dishonest filmmaker down a rabbit hole that leads only to long-debunked conspiracy theories. I am profoundly disappointed."{{cite web|last=Drezner|first=Todd|date=2016-03-30|editor-last=Rosa|editor-first=Shannon Des Roches|title=Todd Drezner's Open Letter to Cinema Libre Studio Regarding "Vaxxed"|url=http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2016/03/todd-drezners-open-letter-to-cinema.html|access-date=2016-04-04|website=Thinking Person's Guide To Autism|via=Blogger|archive-date=April 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403042146/http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2016/03/todd-drezners-open-letter-to-cinema.html?|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last=Ryzik|first=Melena|date=2016-04-01|title=Anti-Vaccine Film, Pulled From Tribeca Film Festival, Draws Crowd at Showing|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/02/nyregion/anti-vaccine-film-pulled-from-tribeca-film-festival-draws-crowd-at-showing.html|access-date=2016-04-04|issn=0362-4331}}

The film was given a private screening in Cannes in 2017 while the Cannes Film Festival was underway,{{cite news|last=Moody|first=Oliver|title=Anti-vaccine film Vaxxed will be given Cannes screening|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/healthcare/article/anti-vaccine-film-vaxxed-will-be-given-cannes-screening-3phdqm6xv|work=Times of London|date=May 23, 2017|language=en}} and at that time Cinema Libre said that it had earned $1.2 million and that they had signed distribution deals in Italy, Germany, Poland, and China.{{cite news|last=Siegel|first=Tatiana|title=Controversial Anti-Vaccine Doc 'Vaxxed' Gets Secret Cannes Screening|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/controversial-anti-vaccine-doc-vaxxed-gets-secret-cannes-screening-1006018|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=21 May 2017|language=en}}

Reception

On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 13 reviews, and an average rating of 4.3/10.{{cite web|title=Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaxxed_from_cover_up_to_catastrophe_2016/|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=30 July 2018}}

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|quote =In his film debut, Wakefield has cast himself as the victim of a massive conspiracy to hide the truth ... What drove Wakefield from being a respected researcher to a conspiracy theorist?|source= —Paul Offit in The Hollywood Reporter.{{cite news |title=Anti-Vaccine Doc 'Vaxxed': A Doctor's Film Review |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/anti-vaccine-doc-vaxxed-a-882651 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=April 11, 2016 |author=Offit, Paul A. |author-link1=Paul Offit |access-date=April 11, 2016 |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412170340/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/anti-vaccine-doc-vaxxed-a-882651 |url-status=live }}

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Documentary director Penny Lane stated, "This film is not some sort of disinterested investigation into the 'vaccines cause autism' hoax; this film is directed by the person who perpetuated the hoax."{{cite news|author=Grinberg, Emanuella|date=March 27, 2016|title=Robert De Niro pulls anti-vaccine film from Tribeca after controversy|work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/26/entertainment/vaxxed-movie-tribeca-festival-feat/|access-date=March 31, 2016|archive-date=April 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409100556/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/26/entertainment/vaxxed-movie-tribeca-festival-feat/|url-status=live |quote=That the film was made by the person blamed by some and credited by others for the anti-vaccine movement makes it propaganda, not documentary film, critics say.}}

A review by Ed Cara from the health and science news-site Medical Daily states that "[Vaxxed] doesn't care about convincing its audience with evidence. Instead, Wakefield, Hooker, and producer Del Bigtree run the viewer through a well-trod gauntlet of emotional pleas, context-free statistics ... and shadowy conspiracies." Eric Kohn from an independent film news-site Indiewire says: "Wakefield's by-the-numbers approach to didactic storytelling relies on tons of random factoids positioned out of context to drive home his agenda."

Joe Leydon, a film critic from Variety magazine. describes the film as a "slickly produced but scientifically dubious hodgepodge of free-floating paranoia" and warns of its "anti-Big Pharma conspiracy mongering."{{cite news|last=Leydon|first=Joe|date=April 3, 2016|title=Film Review: 'Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe'|work=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-review-1201744442/|access-date=April 22, 2016|archive-date=September 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928114827/https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-review-1201744442/|url-status=live}} Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote:

The vast majority of people who see this film will not have the scientific knowledge to assess the film's veracity. But it's fair to say that the documentary, though characterized as antivaccination, isn't quite that. The point of view is more nuanced. It's against the vaccination of children ages 2 and younger. And it's particularly against the MMR — that is, the giving of three vaccines at once ... it's a passionate advocate for its viewpoint, and that makes for compelling viewing. ... Of course, it's possible that the children would have developed autism anyway, and that one event didn't cause the other. But the parents presented here are convinced otherwise.{{cite news|author=LaSalle, Mick|date=April 28, 2016|title='Vaxxed': Vaccination critics take their case to film|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Vaxxed-Vaccination-critics-take-their-case-7381710.php|access-date=January 12, 2017|archive-date=January 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113165416/http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Vaxxed-Vaccination-critics-take-their-case-7381710.php|url-status=live}}
Pete Vonder Haar of Houston Press described the film as a "tragic fraud."{{cite news|last=Vonder Haar|first=Pete|date=April 7, 2016|title=Anti-Vaccination Doc Vaxxed, Booted From Tribeca, Is a Tragic Fraud|work=Houston Press|url=http://www.houstonpress.com/arts/anti-vaccination-doc-vaxxed-booted-from-tribeca-is-a-tragic-fraud-8302709|access-date=April 7, 2016|archive-date=March 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317181642/https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/anti-vaccination-doc-vaxxed-booted-from-tribeca-is-a-tragic-fraud-8302709|url-status=live}} Sarah Gill of The Age called the film "another desperate attempt to hoodwink the public for no greater purpose than making money."

Sequels

File:Vaxxed bus, Monterey CA.jpg

In November 2019, Vaxxed II: The People's Truth, produced by Robert F. Kennedy Jr., was released in the US.{{cite news |last1=Lanzarotta |first1=Tess |title=How to beat anti-vaxxers at their own game |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com//outlook/2019/12/10/how-beat-anti-vaxxers-their-own-game/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=December 10, 2019}} The core of the film is video of individuals telling their stories to those who drove the Vaxxed promotional bus across the US in 2016. Of the film, Newsweek stated that it "touts the myth that there is a "vaccine injury epidemic."" and that the "trailer features distressing footage of parents making anecdotal and unfounded claims that vaccines caused their children to have developmental problems, including autism."{{cite news|last=Gander|first=Kashmira|date=2019-10-31|title=Vaxxed 2 Tickets: Anti-Vaccine Documentary Sequel to Secretly Screen in 19 States to Try and Avoid Being Blocked|work=Newsweek|url=https://www.newsweek.com/vaxxed-2-tickets-anti-vaccine-documentary-sequel-secret-blocked-1468899|url-status=live|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104124430/https://www.newsweek.com/vaxxed-2-tickets-anti-vaccine-documentary-sequel-secret-blocked-1468899|archive-date=2019-11-04}} The Guardian stated that "The film makes no effort to address the scientific evidence that the parents’ experiences of autism in their children have nothing to do with vaccines, or the coincidence that symptoms of autism often appear between 12 and 24 months of age, exactly when the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is given."{{cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|date=2019-10-31|title=Release of Vaxxed sequel prompts fears dangerous propaganda will spread again|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/31/vaxxed-2-movie-sequel-release-fears-propaganda|url-status=live|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103051103/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/31/vaxxed-2-movie-sequel-release-fears-propaganda|archive-date=2019-11-03 |quote=The movie was a powerful propaganda tool for the anti-vaccination movement, which has seen a surge in recent years within certain religious communities and among parents worried about scientifically unproven so-called 'vaccine injuries'.}}

A 2024 video production named Vaxxed III: Authorized To Kill was released in September 2024, produced not by Kennedy himself, but the video production arm of his organization Children's Health Defense. It presents testimonies of people who were allegedly injured following being vaccinated during the COVID-19 pandemic.{{Cite news |last=Tomlin |first=Jimmy |date=17 September 2024 |title=Controversial 'Vaxxed' film shows tonight in High Point |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/controversial-vaxxed-film-shows-tonight-231600304.html |work=The High Point Enterprise}}{{Cite news |last=Zodrow |first=Andru |date=20 September 2024 |title=Vaccine conspiracy theory documentary headed to Spokane |url=https://www.khq.com/news/vaccine-conspiracy-theory-documentary-headed-to-spokane/article_abe5b870-5c16-11ef-8f3b-47225300c6f3.html |work=KHQ Spokane}}

See also

References