Venera 9

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The orbiter entered Venus orbit on October 20, 1975. Its mission was to act as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments. It performed 17 survey missions from October 26, 1975, to December 25, 1975.

The orbiter consisted of a cylinder with two solar panel wings and a high gain parabolic antenna attached to the curved surface. A bell-shaped unit holding propulsion systems was attached to the bottom of the cylinder, and mounted on top was a {{convert|2.4|m|ft|adj=on}} sphere which held the lander.

The instruments composing the orbiter included:{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Don P. |title=First Pictures of the Surface of Venus |url=http://mentallandscape.com/V_Lavochkin2.htm |access-date=April 13, 2013}}

• 1.6–2.8 μm IR spectrometer
• 8–28 μm IR radiometer
• 352 nm UV photometer
• 2 photo-polarimeters (335–800 nm)
• 300–800 nm spectrometer
• Lyman-α (alpha) H/D spectrometer
• Bistatic radar mapping
• CM, DM radio occultations
• Triaxial Magnetometer
• 345–380 nm UV camera
• 355–445 nm camera
• 6 electrostatic analyzers
• 2 modulation ion traps
• Low-energy proton / alpha detector
• Low-energy electron detector
• 3 semiconductor counters
• 2 gas-discharge counters
• Cherenkov detector

File:Foto de Venera 9.png

The lander was encased in a spherical shell before landing to help protect it from the heat of entry as it slowed from {{convert|10.7|km/s}} to {{convert|150|m/s}}. This sphere was then separated with explosive bolts and a three-domed parachute was deployed which slowed the lander further to {{convert|50|m/s}} at an altitude of {{convert|63|km}} above the planet.Keldysh, M. V., 1977: "Venus Exploration with the Venera 9 and Venera 10 Spacecraft", Icarus, 30: 605-625.

The descent through the cloud layer took about 20 minutes, during which time the lander took measurements of the atmosphere and radioed the information to the orbiter. To minimize lander damage in the hot atmosphere, the parachute was released at an altitude of {{convert|50|km}}, and the ring-shaped aerodynamic shield provided braking. The Venusian atmosphere is so dense near the surface that this shield provided a descent rate of {{convert|7|m/s}} as the lander touched down. The landing device, a hollow ring surrounding the lower part of the lander, was partly crushed upon touchdown to take up most of the landing impact.

On October 20, 1975, the lander spacecraft separated from the orbiter, and landing was made with the Sun near zenith at 05:13 UTC on October 22. Venera 9 landed within a {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} radius of {{Venus coords and quad cat|31.01|N|291.64|E}}, near Beta Regio, on a steep (20°) slope covered with boulders (suspected to be the slope of the tectonic rift valley, Aikhylu Chasma). The entry sphere weighed {{convert|3440|lb|kg|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} and the surface payload was {{convert|1455|lb|kg|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}.[http://www.braeunig.us/space/planet.htm Interplanetary Spacecraft]

It was the first spacecraft to return an image from the surface of another planet. Many of the instruments began working immediately after touchdown and the cameras were operational 2 minutes later. These instruments revealed a smooth surface with numerous stones. The lander measured a light level of 14,000 lux, similar to that of Earth in full daylight but no direct sunshine.

A system of circulating fluid was used to distribute the heat load. This system, plus pre-cooling prior to entry, permitted operation of the lander for 53 minutes after landing, at which time radio contact with the orbiter was lost as the orbiter moved out of radio range. During descent, heat dissipation and deceleration were accomplished sequentially by protective hemispheric shells, three parachutes, a disc-shaped drag brake, and a compressible, metal, doughnut-shaped landing cushion. The landing was about {{convert|2200|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Venera 10 landing site.

Venera 9 measured clouds that were {{convert|30|-|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} thick with bases at {{convert|30|-|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} altitude. It also measured atmospheric chemicals including hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, bromine and iodine. Other measurements included surface pressure of about {{convert|90|atm|kPa|order=flip|lk=on}}, temperature of {{convert|905|F|C|order=flip|lk=on}}, and surface light levels comparable to those at Earth mid-latitudes on a cloudy summer day. Venera 9 was the first probe to send back television pictures (black and white) from the Venusian surface, showing no shadows, no apparent dust in the air, and a variety of {{convert|30|to|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} rocks which were not eroded. Planned 360-degree panoramic pictures could not be taken because one of two camera lens covers failed to come off, limiting pictures to 180 degrees. This failure recurred with Venera 10.

The lander payload was as follows:

• Temperature and pressure sensors
• Accelerometer
• Visible / IR photometer – IOV-75
• Backscatter and multi-angle nephelometers – MNV-75
• P-11 mass spectrometer – MAV-75
• Panoramic telephotometers (2, with lamps)
• Anemometer – ISV-75
• Gamma-ray spectrometer – GS-12V
• Gamma-ray densitometer – RP-75

{{commons category|Venera 9}}

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}

• List of missions to Venus
• Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes

{{Reflist}}

{{Venus}}

{{Venera}}

{{Venus spacecraft}}

{{Orbital launches in 1975}}

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Category:Venera program

Category:1975 in spaceflight

Category:1975 in the Soviet Union

Category:Derelict landers (spacecraft)

Category:Spacecraft launched in 1975

Category:4MV

Category:Non Earth orbiting satellites of the Soviet Union