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Vickers-Armstrongs#Shipbuilding

{{short description|British former engineering company}}

{{for-multi|the modern day New Zealand aircraft company|Vickers Aircraft Company|other companies using the "Vickers" name|Vickers}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}

{{Infobox company

|name = Vickers-Armstrongs Limited

|logo = Vickers Armstrong.png

|logo_size = 200px

|fate = Assets split and majority nationalised

|successor = Vickers plc
British Aircraft Corporation (est. 1960)
British Shipbuilders
British Steel Corporation

|foundation = 1927

|defunct = 1977

|location = Vickers House, Westminster, London

|key_people = {{Unbulleted list|George Edwards|Rex Pierson}}

|parent = Vickers Limited
Armstrong Whitworth

|subsid = Metropolitan-Vickers
Canadian Vickers
Whitehead & Company
John Brown & Company
Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval
Supermarine Aviation Works (est. 1928)

}}

Vickers-Armstrongs Limited was a British engineering conglomerate formed by the merger of the assets of Vickers Limited and Sir W G Armstrong Whitworth & Company in 1927. The majority of the company was nationalised in the 1960s and 1970s, with the remainder being divested as Vickers plc in 1977.

It featured among Britain's most prominent armaments firms.{{Cite book |last=Spear |first=Joanna |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/business-of-armaments/B99B897EAC3B9958684487E2BD70A455 |title=The Business of Armaments: Armstrongs, Vickers and the International Arms Trade, 1855–1955 |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-29752-3 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781009297516|s2cid=256162790 }}

History

Vickers merged with the Tyneside-based engineering company Armstrong Whitworth, founded by William Armstrong, to become Vickers-Armstrongs. Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers had developed along similar lines, expanding into various military sectors and produced a whole suite of military products. Armstrong Whitworth were notable for their artillery manufacture at Elswick and shipbuilding at a yard at High Walker on the River Tyne.File:River Tyne.Scotswood Bridge.Vickers Armstrong Works - geograph.org.uk - 486153.jpg]]

1929 saw the merger of the acquired railway business with those of Cammell Laird to form Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon (MCCW); Metro Cammell.

In 1935, before rearmament began, Vickers-Armstrongs was the third-largest manufacturing employer in Britain, behind Unilever and ICI.{{cite book|author=David Edgerton|title=Warfare State: Britain, 1920–1970|url=https://archive.org/details/warfarestatebrit00edge|url-access=limited|date=8 December 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44874-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/warfarestatebrit00edge/page/n54 37]}}

In 1956 Dorothy Hatfield became the first female engineering apprentice at Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft), Brooklands,{{Cite web|title=Dorothy Hatfield {{!}} Women's Engineering Society|url=https://www.wes.org.uk/content/dorothy-hatfield|access-date=2021-03-26|website=www.wes.org.uk|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322081350/https://www.wes.org.uk/content/dorothy-hatfield|url-status=dead}} followed in 1958 by Janet Gulland who was the first female graduate apprentice at the company.{{Cite web|title=Brooklands Museum :: LGBTQ at Brooklands: Janet Gulland|url=https://www.brooklandsmuseum.com/explore/museum-from-home/lgbtq-at-brooklands-janet-gulland|access-date=2021-03-26|website=www.brooklandsmuseum.com}}

=Break-up=

In 1960 the aircraft interests were merged with those of Bristol, English Electric and Hunting Aircraft to form the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). This was owned by Vickers, English Electric and Bristol (holding 40%, 40% and 20% respectively). BAC in turn owned 70% of Hunting. The Supermarine operation was closed in 1963 and the Vickers brand name for aircraft was dropped by BAC in 1965. Under the terms of the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977 BAC was nationalised to become part of British Aerospace (later BAE Systems).

The Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act also led to the nationalisation of Vickers' shipbuilding division as part of British Shipbuilders. This division was privatised as Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering in 1986, later passing to GEC as part of Marconi Marine and survives to this day as part of BAE Systems Submarines.

Vickers Container and Packaging Machinery Division, including the Vickers Stitcher and Vickers Hardness Machine business, was bought by Fords Industrial Products, part of Barry Wehmiller in 1986. In 1991 the Vickers Hardness Machinery business was bought by the then field engineers, and continues today as UK Calibrations Limited based in Kidderminster. The Vickers Stitcher was still being manufactured in India as recently as 2005.

The steelmaking division became part of British Steel Corporation and the remaining interests were divested as the public company Vickers plc, whose various components were later split. The Vickers name ceased to exist in 2003 when Rolls-Royce renamed its acquisition Vinters Engineering.{{cite web | url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00003543 | title=VINTERS ENGINEERING LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK }}

Businesses

=Armaments=

Vickers-Armstrongs inherited the Vickers machine gun of 1912 used in World War I from Vickers Limited. There were other Vickers machine guns aside from the regular water-cooled model (known universally as the "Vickers"): the Vickers-Berthier (VB) machine gun used by the Indian Army, the Vickers "K" .303 aircraft machine gun developed from it, and the Vickers "S" 40 mm aircraft gun. An unusual machine gun also made was the Vickers Higson.[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2509734.html Double-barreled automatic gun – VICKERS ARMSTRONGS LTD]. Freepatentsonline.com (30 May 1950). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.

Vickers produced larger weapons such as the Ordnance QF 2-pounder gun used on tanks.

In 1948 Vickers bought the Australian business of Charles Ruwolt Ltd for £750,000 following Ruwolt's death in 1946. During World War II Ruwolt's firm produced armaments for the Australian Government, including field artillery such as mortars and howitzer cannon.{{cite book|author=G. Hayes |url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A110501b.htm |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |chapter=Ruwolt, Charles Ernest (1873–1946) |publisher=Adb.online.anu.edu.au |access-date=2 June 2014}}

=Shipbuilding=

After the 1927 merger, the company possessed a major yard on each coast of Britain; the Naval Construction Yard of Vickers at Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria and the Naval Yard of Armstrong Whitworth at High Walker on the River Tyne. Vickers-Armstrongs was one of the most important warship manufacturers in the world. These interests were renamed as Vickers-Armstrongs Shipbuilders in 1955, changing again to Vickers Limited Shipbuilding Group in 1968. The Barrow yard was nationalised and became part of British Shipbuilders in 1977, was privatised as VSEL in 1986 and remains in operation to this day as BAE Systems Submarines. Meanwhile, the Naval Yard at High Walker on the River Tyne passed to Swan Hunter in 1968,{{cite web |url=http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/pdf/arkrep.pdf |title=Tyne & Wear Archives |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103215409/http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/pdf/arkrep.pdf |url-status=dead }} was nationalised and became part of British Shipbuilders in 1977, was privatised still as Swan Hunter in 1986 but closed down during the 1980s.{{cite web|author=3.30 pm |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1993/may/12/swan-hunter |title=Hansard 1993 |work=Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) |date=12 May 1993 |access-date=2 June 2014}}

Vickers-Armstrong also built the VA-3 hovercraft.

=Military vehicles=

The company was also known for its tank designs, starting with the widely used Vickers 6-Ton. It also produced the influential, if never actually produced, Independent A1E1 tank. One of the company's most important designs was the Valentine Infantry Tank, produced in the thousands in World War II. The military vehicle manufacturing interests were divested into Vickers plc, and would later pass to Alvis Vickers, now part of BAE Systems Land and Armaments.

Notable Vickers-Armstrongs military vehicles include;

=Aviation=

Vickers formed its Aviation Department in 1911. The aircraft interests of Armstrong Whitworth were not acquired in the merger and later passed to the Hawker Aircraft group. In 1928 the Aviation Department became Vickers (Aviation) Ltd and soon after acquired Supermarine Aviation Works, which became the Supermarine Aviation Works (Vickers) Ltd and was responsible for producing the revolutionary Spitfire fighter. In 1938, both companies were re-organised as Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft) Ltd, and a new 'art deco' headquarters designed by architect C. Howard Crane was built at its Brooklands factory in Surrey although the former Supermarine and Vickers works continued to brand their products under their former names. In 1960 the aircraft interests were one of the founding companies merged to form BAC. The hovercraft activities of Vickers-Armstrongs were merged with those of the Westland Aircraft company (including those of Saunders-Roe) to form the British Hovercraft Corporation in 1966 with Vickers holding 25% of the new company. Westland bought out Vickers interest along with other partners in 1970.

Vickers formed a subsidiary, the Airship Guarantee Company, under the direction of Cdr Dennis Burney solely for the purpose of producing the R100 airship for the government.

Between 1911 and 1970, just over 16,000 aircraft were built under the Vickers name; together the 11,462 Wellington and 846 Warwick aircraft (which were structurally similar) make up over 75% of this total.{{cite book|author=Iain Murray|title=Vickers Wellington Manual|date=2012|publisher=Haynes|isbn=978-0-85733-230-1|page=39}}

==Military aircraft==

Vickers became renowned as a manufacturer of large aircraft at its main factory at Brooklands in Surrey. In the interwar period, the company produced the Wellesley, designed by Rex Pierson using the geodetic airframe principle of structural engineer Barnes Wallis. This would later evolve into the famous Wellington bomber, a mainstay of RAF Bomber Command and RAF Coastal Command during World War II. The Cold War-era Valiant V bomber was another Vickers product.Force V: The history of Britain's airborne deterrent, by Andrew Brookes. Jane's Publishing Co Ltd; First Edition 1 Jan. 1982, {{ISBN|0710602383}}, p.29, 30,31.

Military aircraft with the Vickers brand:

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

}}

Vickers also competed for contracts with designs such as:

==Vickers Canada==

==Missiles and other weapons==

==Civilian aircraft==

Vickers was a pioneer in producing airliners, early examples being converted from Vimy bombers. Post-WWII, Vickers went on to manufacture the piston-engined Vickers VC.1 Viking airliner, the Viscount and Vanguard turboprop airliners and (as part of BAC) the VC10 jet airliner, which was used in RAF service as an aerial refuelling tanker until 2013.

=Marine engines=

Vickers-Armstrongs was one of the few British manufacturers of marine diesel engines, notably for Royal Navy S, T-class and Estonian {{Sclass|Kalev|submarine|0}} submarines during World War II.

=Civilian Target and Sporting Rifles=

After the Great War Vickers needed to diversify when the military contracts ended. Between WWI and the Second World War they introduced ranges of target and sporting rifles and shotguns, the most successful of which were their small-bore .22 rimfire target rifles. These were serious competitors to the Birmingham Small Arms equivalent products, and Vickers .22 target rifles were at the top of the major competitions' results for more than a decade. Initially these rifles were named solely for Vickers, but, after the 1927 amalgamation with Armstrongs, they became Vickers Armstrongs' products. See reference [https://www.rifleman.org.uk/Vickers_Martini_Rifles.html Vickers and Vickers-Armstrongs Martini target rifles and Sporting guns]

In fiction

  • A handgun described in a trial of Walter Mitty's alter ego is a .50 caliber Webley-Vickers revolver.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book| last=Andrews|first= C.F.| title=Vickers Aircraft since 1908| publisher=Putnam| date=1969}}
  • {{cite book| last1=Johnston|first1=Ian| last2 =Buxton| first2=Ian| title=The Battleship Builders – Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships| publisher=Naval Institute Press| location= Annapolis, Maryland| date=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slS3MQEACAAJ| format=Hardback| isbn=978-1-59114-027-6}}
  • Lynch, Brendan. Yesterday We Were in America - Alcock and Brown - First to fly the Atlantic non-stop. Yeovil, England: Haynes Publishing, 2009 {{ISBN| 978 1 84425 681 5}}
  • {{cite book| last=Scott|first= J.D.| title=Vickers: A History| publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson| location= London|date= 1962}}

External links

  • [https://www.rifleman.org.uk/Vickers_Martini_Rifles.html Vickers and Vickers-Armstrongs Martini Target Rifles and Sporting Guns]
  • [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200020.html Vickers Golden Jubilee] Flight 1961
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100328090903/http://www.dockmuseum.org.uk/archive/index.asp Vickers Photographic Archive]

{{Vickers aircraft}}

{{Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom}}

{{British shipbuilders evolution}}

{{BAE Systems evolution}}

{{FT 30 constituents}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom

Category:Defunct firearms manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Category:Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United Kingdom

Category:Scotswood

Category:British companies established in 1927

Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1927

Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1927

Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1977

Category:1927 establishments in England

Category:1977 disestablishments in England

Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of England

Category:British Shipbuilders

Category:Former submarine builders