Victoria Kamāmalu

Born at the Honolulu Fort, on November 1, 1838, she was the only daughter of Elizabeth Kīnaʻu (Kaʻahumanu II) and her third husband Mataio Kekūanaōʻa. Through her mother she was granddaughter of King Kamehameha I, founder of the united Hawaiian Kingdom. Her two brothers would later become kings of Hawaii as Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. She was named after her maternal aunt Queen Kamāmalu, the consort of Kamehameha II, who died in London from the measles. The Christian name Victoria was after Queen Victoria and signified the close friendship of the British monarchs and the Hawaiian monarchs.{{sfn|Ii|Pukui|Barrère|1983|page=161}}{{cite news|title=Hanau o Kamamalu Pikolia|newspaper=Ke Kumu Hawaii|location=Honolulu|date=November 7, 1838|volume=IV|number=12|page=47|url=https://www.papakilodatabase.com/pdnupepa/?a=d&d=KKH18381107-01.2.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN%7ctxNU%7ctxTR--------}}{{cite news|title=Royal Family of Hawaii|newspaper=The Hawaiian Gazette|location=Honolulu|date=April 1, 1874|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1874-04-01/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=November 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031143517/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1874-04-01/ed-1/seq-3|archive-date=October 31, 2016|url-status=live}}

Having given away her previous four sons, Kīnaʻu refused to give her only remaining daughter in hānai to John Adams Kuakini who wanted to take her to be raised on the Big Island. Kīnaʻu defied the customs of the time and personally nursed her daughter.{{cite book |chapter= Reality and Fantasy: The Foster Child in Hawaiian Myths and Customs |author= Katharine Luomala, University of Hawaii |title= Pacific Studies |year= 1987 |publisher= Brigham Young University Hawaii Campus |pages= 28–29 |url= https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/PacificStudies/article/viewFile/9449/9098 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191704/https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/PacificStudies/article/viewFile/9449/9098 |archive-date= March 4, 2016 |df= mdy-all }} According to the journals of American missionary Levi Chamberlain, she was baptized on December 23.{{citation|last=Chamberlain|first=Levi|title=Journal of Levi Chamberlain|volume=23|date=October 1, 1838 – July 21, 1842|url=https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/45d032c93fa09fea85191d30fbd3e1f4.pdf|access-date=November 18, 2021}}

Kīnaʻu died from the mumps a few months after Victoria's birth. She would become the highest female chief in Hawaii at the time. Her kahu (attendants) were John Papa ʻĪʻī and his wife Sarai. They later accompanied Victoria to school due to her age.{{sfn|Ii|Pukui|Barrère|1983|page=161}}{{sfn|Pratt|1920|page=53}}

File:Kamamalu and Kekuanaoa, Bishop Museum.jpg

Victoria was educated at Chiefs' Children's School (later renamed Royal School) along with all her cousins and brothers.{{sfn|Cooke|Cooke|1937|page=vi}} Along with her other classmates, she was chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii.{{cite news|title=Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers|newspaper=The Polynesian|location=Honolulu|date=July 20, 1844|volume=1|issue=9|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092650/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=December 22, 2015|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Van Dyke|2008|page=364}} She was expected from birth to one day succeed to the position of Kuhina Nui if not the office of monarch, so she was educated by the Cookes with full attention to what political roles she might play in the near future. In the school, the students were permitted to visit with relatives from time to time. When the students fell ill, their kahu and families went to the school and stayed for a while to attend to them. Victoria's kahu, John Papa ʻĪʻī, was eventually appointed kahu for all of the students at the Chief's Children's School and visited in that capacity, though his political services were in such demand by the court that he was often absent.

Victoria's father Kekūanaōʻa raised her. He was the royal governor of Oahu. In Honolulu her father built her a Greek-revival mansion which was the largest house in the town of Honolulu, or anywhere in Hawaii, at the time. Her father was in debt to foreigners, however, so Kamehameha III bought the palace from him. He made it his royal palace and called it Hale Aliʻi (House of the Chiefs) and it was the first ʻIolani Palace.

Victoria was two months younger than the future queen Liliʻuokalani. At her birth, the High Chiefess Laura Kōnia went to Kīnaʻu with her adoptive daughter Liliʻu. Kīnaʻu would nurse Liliʻu while handing her own daughter to a nurse.{{sfn|Liliuokalani|1898|pages=10–15}} Both girls were baptized on December 23, 1838, by American missionary Levi Chamberlain. According to Liliʻuokalani, they would share everything from a young age and when Victoria visited her aunt Kekāuluohi, Liliʻuokalani would be invited too. Victoria was destined from a young age to become a sovereign like her siblings, but it would be Liliʻuokalani who would later become the first Queen of Hawaii due to Victoria's early death.{{sfn|Liliuokalani|1898|pages=10–15}}

Bernice Pauahi Bishop, another classmate at the Royal School, was hānai to Kīnaʻu and Kekūanaōʻa. Originally betrothed to Victoria's brother Lot, Pauahi married American businessman Charles Reed Bishop on May 4, 1850, against the wishes of her biological parents Pākī and Kōnia and Victoria's father. A year later, in August 1851, the twelve year-old Victoria helped reconciled Pauahi with her parents and Kekūanaōʻa.{{sfn|Cooke|Cooke|1937|page=vi}}{{sfn|Kanahele|2002|page=55–78}}

File:Kuhina Nui flag.svg

It was intended that Victoria would succeed her mother Kīnaʻu in the position of Kuhina Nui (premier), but her mother died while she was still an infant. Her aunt Kekāuluohi became a place-holder for her niece using the name Kaʻahumanu III, but she died when Victoria was seven. Subsequently, her uncle Kamehameha III appointed John Kalaipaihala Young II, also known as Keoni Ana, the son of John Young, as Kuhina Nui.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1965|pages=166, 267}}{{sfn|Kuykendall|1953|page=36}} Princess Victoria Kamāmalu was appointed as Heiress Presumptive to the title of Kuhina Nui in 1850, to be the successor to Keoni Ana. Since 1845, by legislative act, the office of Kuhina Nui had been joined with that of the Minister of the Interior. Given her young age, it was clear to the King, Privy Council, and Legislative Council that Victoria was not suited to be Minister of the Interior. Therefore, on January 6, 1855, an act was passed to repeal the earlier legislation.{{cite web |url=http://hawaii.gov/dags/archives/centennial/victoria-kamamalu-and-mataio-kekuanao2018a |title=Victoria Kamāmalu |publisher=Hawaii State government archives web site |access-date=October 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627034204/http://hawaii.gov/dags/archives/centennial/victoria-kamamalu-and-mataio-kekuanao2018a |archive-date=June 27, 2009 |url-status=live }}

In 1854, her uncle Kamehameha III died and her brother Alexander Liholiho succeeded him as King Kamehameha IV. According to Robert Crichton Wyllie, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and a trusted friend of the royal family, opponents of the new king were planning to overthrow him and place his sister Princess Victoria on the throne instead. However, the conspiracy never culminated in anything.{{sfn|Taylor|1929|pages=24, 29}} She became Kuhina Nui in 1855 mainly due to her brother's ascension to the throne after the death of her uncle. It is probable that Kamehameha III had meant for Keoni Ana to hold the office until his death; Keoni Ana did retain the role of Minister of the Interior. Victoria presided over the King's Privy Council.

In 1862, Victoria and her brother Lot were officially added to the line of succession in an amendment to the 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Lot and his heirs, follow by Princess Victoria and her heirs, would succeed in the case their brother died without any legitimate heirs.{{cite news|title=Articles of Amendment of the Constitution, proposed and passed pursuant to the 105th Article of the Constitution|newspaper=The Polynesian|location=Honolulu|date=August 16, 1862|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1862-08-16/ed-1/seq-3/}} The change was made shortly before the death of Prince Albert Kamehameha, the only son of Kamehameha IV, on August 23, 1862.{{sfn|Kanahele|1999|page=139}}

Victoria constitutionally assumed the power of state for a day when her brother Kamehameha IV died leaving no designated heirs in 1863. Section II Article 47 of the 1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom provided that the Kuhina Nui (Premier), in absence of a monarch, would fill the vacant office.

Whenever the throne shall become vacant by reason of the King's death, or otherwise, and during the minority of any heir to the throne, the Kuhina Nui, for the time being, shall, during such vacancy or minority, perform all the duties incumbent on the King, and shall have and exercise all the powers, which by this Constitution are vested in the King.

After consulting with the Privy Councilors, she proclaimed in front the Legislature:

It having pleased Almighty God to close the earthly career of King Kamehameha IV, at a quarter past 9 o'clock this morning, I, as Kuhina Nui, by and with the advice of the Privy Council of State hereby proclaim Prince Lot Kamehameha, King of Hawaii, under the style and title of Kamehameha V. God preserve the King!{{sfn|Comeau|1996|page=27}}

File:Kamehameha V with family and court.jpg

Victoria was betrothed to William Charles Lunalilo. Their parents had planned out their marriage from infancy and it was popular among the Hawaiians. The date was set, but they were forbidden to marry by her brothers Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V, and the wedding was cancelled.{{cite web|url=http://www.huapala.org/AL/Alekoki.html|title=Alekoki|publisher=Huapala.org|access-date=December 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206154352/http://huapala.org/AL/Alekoki.html|archive-date=February 6, 2015|url-status=live}}{{harvnb|Silva}} The reason was because the children of Victoria and Lunalilo would have a higher rank or mana than the brothers' own lines. In fact Kamehameha IV had tried to split them apart by engaging Victoria to David Kalākaua, and Lunalilo to Lydia Kamakaʻeha.{{sfn|Allen|1982|pages=81–90}}{{sfn|Liliuokalani|1898|pages=10–15}}

In 1857, a scandal involved Victoria and Marcus Cummins Monsarrat (1828–1871), a married English auctioneer. Monsarrat had been a friend to her two brothers and was a frequent dinner guest. One night, on January 15, 1857, Prince Lot was informed that Monsarrat was in the princess' bedroom. He immediately went to her room and caught Victoria in a compromising position and Monsarrat in the act of "arranging his pantaloons". The enraged Prince told him to leave or he would kill him. When Kamehameha IV found out about the incident, he blamed Lot for not "shooting Monsarrat down like a dog."{{sfn|Kanahele|1999|page=79}}

Kamehameha IV subsequently banished Monsarrat from Hawaiʻi on May 20, 1857:

Whereas, Marcus C. Monsarrat, a naturalized subject of this Kingdom, is guilty of having perpetuated a grievous injury to Ourselves and to Our Royal family, And Whereas, such injury is of such a character as in Our judgement, to authorize and require the expulsion of the said M. C. Monsarrat from Our Dominions...Now, therefore, know that We, in the exercise of the Power vested in Us by virtue of Our office as Sovereign of this Kingdom...do hereby order that the said Marcus C. Monsarrat be forthwith expelled from this Kingdom; and he is hereby strictly prohibited forever, from returning to any part of Our Dominions, under penalty of Death.{{sfn|Forbes|2001|pages=198–199}}

Monsarrat did, in fact, return and the King had him imprisoned and exiled again. Often accounted as Princess Victoria Kamāmalu's misbehavior and a love affair between the two, the contemporaneous Charles de Varigny defended the princess by saying Monsarrat's "insolence reached a point at which the princess was obliged to cry for help".{{harvnb|Varigny|1874|page=86}}; {{harvnb|Varigny|1981|page=64}}

Her brothers were in the process of marrying her to Kalākaua around 1857. The Monsarrat scandal either ended this arrangement{{sfn|Kanahele|1999|page=79}}{{sfn|Haley|2014|page=197}} or was arranged to cover up the scandal. In her memoir, Liliʻuokalani wrote, "I received a letter from my brother Kalākaua, telling me that he was engaged to the Princess Victoria, and asking me to come to Honolulu...[B]ut upon my arrival I found that the engagement was broken, for the Princess Victoria had gone to Wailua, and my brother had heard nothing from her for a fortnight."{{sfn|Liliuokalani|1898|pp=13–14}} Liliʻuokalani, remaining silent on the royal scandal, mentioned that the match was ultimately terminated when the princess decided to renew her on-and-off betrothal to Lunalilo.{{sfn|Allen|1995|pages=33–34}}{{sfn|Liliuokalani|1898|pp=12–15}} Historian Kīhei de Silva noted that Kalākaua was willing in the union, but Kamāmalu refused the match.

For the last few years of her life, she was rarely seen in public.{{sfn|The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|1866}} She remained a spinster for the remaining part of her life.

File:Victoria Kamamalu, photograph by Charles L. Weed.jpg

Victoria was an expected heir to the throne throughout her life because both her brothers were unable to leave surviving issue of their own.

In fact, she was appointed as Heiress Apparent and crown princess by her brother King Kamehameha V in 1863. She would have become queen of Hawaii upon her brother's death, but she predeceased him.

Considered pro-American, the princess had a close friendship with the American missionaries. Musically gifted, she was an accomplished pianist and vocalist, and she sat at the melodeon and led the choir of Kawaiahao Church for many years. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Robert Crichton Wyllie, considered it improper that a royal princess would sing in a choir and tried to convince her to stop, but she stayed loyal to the American missionaries at Kawaiahao. When the royal family switched from the Congregational Calvinist faith to the Anglican Church of Hawaii (originally known as the Hawaiian Reformed Catholic Church), Victoria refused to abandon her previous faith.{{sfn|Twain|1938|pages=96–97}}{{sfn|Tranquada|King|2012|page=30}} She was also a poet and chanter and composed chants and mele in the traditional Hawaiian style including many on her nephew Prince Albert Kamehameha.{{sfn|Peterson|1984|page=193}}{{sfn|Cracroft|Franklin|Queen Emma|1958|pages=302–303}}

In 1863, Victoria founded the Kaʻahumanu Society, an organization concerned with the welfare of the ill and elderly Hawaiians, originally to nurse the victims of the smallpox epidemic.{{sfn|Kanahele|1999|page=188}}{{sfn|Peterson|1984|page=194}}{{sfn|Allen|1982|pages=98–99}}

Kamāmalu became ill during a party given at the Bishop's residence in Haleākala, Honolulu, in February 1866. The illness continued and resulted in paralysis in early May.{{sfn|Peterson|1984|page=194}} She became bedridden for the last three weeks of her life. The physicians Seth Porter Ford and Ferdinand William Hutchison were consulted although not much hope was given to her recovery. Her brother Lot wrote to Queen Emma who was abroad in Europe at the time, "But thanks to a vigorous constitution and still young, she has rallied", and he wished Emma would see Victoria alive when she returned. The princess was suffering from much pain, swelling in the body, and was unable to move without assistance. She was nursed by her ladies-in-waiting Nancy Sumner and Liliʻuokalani.{{sfn|Topolinski|1975|pages=51-52}} The Honolulu English language newspaper The Pacific Commercial Advertiser reported, "On Sunday she was better, but her disease took an unfavorable turn soon after".{{sfn|The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|1866}} Kamāmalu did not recover and died at 10 a.m. on May 29, 1866, at Papakanene house at Mokuʻaikaua, at the age of 27.{{sfn|The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|1866}}

The exact illness that caused her death has never been discussed in detail. The official statement was that she died "imprudently bathing while heated".{{sfn|Scharnhorst|2018|pages=341–342}}{{sfn|The New York Herald|1866}} Mark Twain was in Honolulu at the time and wrote favorably of her in his public correspondence to the Sacramento Daily Union. However, privately in his notebook, he wrote, "Pr. V. died in forcing abortion — kept half a dozen bucks to do her washing, & has suffered 7 abortions" and later described how she kept a harem of "thirty-six splendidly built young native men" who were present at her funeral.{{sfn|Scharnhorst|2018|pages=341–342}}{{sfn|Twain|1975|page=129}}

Victoria's childless death left her brother the king without obvious heirs.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1953|pages=239–242}} Her brother, a bachelor throughout his life, had intended that she should be his heir. Her death left her brother without an obvious successor. After his brother's death in 1872 an election was held between Kalākaua and Lunalilo, both former suitors of the princess. Lunalilo easily won the election, yet his reign lasted less than a year.

Victoria died without a written will, so her vast landholdings, including much of the original private lands of her mother and Queen Kaʻahumanu, were inherited by her father and eventually passed to her half-sister Keʻelikōlani who willed them to Bernice Pauahi Bishop and from whence they became part of the Kamehameha Schools. The Kaʻahumanu Society went to the wayside after her death, but Lucy Kaopaulu Peabody reorganized the club in 1905, and it continues to this day.

File:A Modern Funeral, Hawaii, illustration from Roughing It.jpg, a book chronicling Twain's travels.]]

The legislature had to raise $6,000 for her funeral expenses including a coffin made from fine kou and koa wood.{{sfn|Twain|1938|pages=100–101}} Her funeral ceremony also revived many funeral rites of the Native Hawaiians including the kanikau (grief wailing) and public hula performances.{{sfn|Silva|2000|pages=43–44}} The wailing lasted for weeks. Many loyal Hawaiians walked as far as 50 miles to pay their last respects to their princess. Writing in high revolutionary fervor of the days immediately following the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Professor William DeWitt Alexander remarked:

It is true that the germs of many evils of Kalakaua's reign may be traced to the reign of Kamehameha V. The reactionary policy of that monarch is well known. Under him the "recrudescence" of heathenism commenced, as evidenced by the Pagan orgies at the funeral of his sister Victoria Kamāmalu, in June, 1866, and his encouragement of lascivious hula hula dancers and the pernicious class of Kahunas or sorcerers. Closely connected with this reaction was a growing jealousy and hatred of foreigners.{{cite web|url=http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_monarchy1/index.htm|title=HAWAII : Monarchy In Hawaii – Part 2|publisher=Janesoceania.com|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121164140/http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_monarchy1/index.htm|archive-date=November 21, 2008|url-status=usurped|df=mdy-all}}

Mark Twain, a spectator to the events, also labeled the acts of the grieving Hawaiians as "pagan orgies." Twain had his letters sent to his newspaper in Sacramento and he later published his observations in the book Roughing It. He didn't understand that for the last years of the Princess' life, she had become disillusioned with Western modernization and retreated to the ancient Hawaiian traditions, and the funeral ceremonies were her brother's way of honoring her dying wishes.

• 50px Dame Grand Cross of the Most Noble Order of Kamehameha I.

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

;Books and journals

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Helena G.|title=The Betrayal of Liliuokalani: Last Queen of Hawaii, 1838–1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2d0AAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=A. H. Clark Company|location=Glendale, CA|isbn=978-0-87062-144-4|oclc=9576325}}
• {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Helena G.|title=Kalakaua: Renaissance King|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SQxAQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Mutual Publishing|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-1-56647-059-9|oclc=35083815|access-date=October 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221204253/https://books.google.com/books?id=_SQxAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}
• {{cite book|last=Comeau|first=Rosalin Uphus|title=Kamehameha V: Lot Kapuāiwa|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=ks14&l=en|year=1996|publisher=Kamehameha Schools Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-87336-039-5|oclc=34752213}}
• {{cite book|last1=Cooke|first1=Amos Starr|author-link1=Amos Starr Cooke|last2=Cooke|first2=Juliette Montague|editor-last=Richards|editor-first=Mary Atherton|title=The Chiefs' Children School: A Record Compiled from the Diary and Letters of Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke, by Their Granddaughter Mary Atherton Richards|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001873424|year=1937|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|location=Honolulu|oclc=1972890}}
• {{cite book|last1=Cracroft|first1=Sophia|last2=Franklin|first2=Jane|author-link2=Jane Franklin|last3=Queen Emma|author-link3=Queen Emma of Hawaii|editor-last=Korn|editor-first=Alfons L.|title=The Victorian Visitors: An Account of the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1861–1866, Including the Journal Letters of Sophia Cracroft: Extracts from the Journals of Lady Franklin, and Diaries and Letters of Queen Emma of Hawaii|year=1958|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|hdl=10125/39981|isbn=978-0-87022-421-8|oclc=8989368}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Forbes|editor-first=David W.|title=Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780–1900, Volume 3: 1851–1880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB_F9CffeN8C|volume=3|date=2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-2503-4|oclc=123279964}}
• {{cite book|last=Gregg|first=David L.|editor-last=King|editor-first=Pauline|title=The Diaries of David Lawrence Gregg: An American Diplomat in Hawaii, 1853–1858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bT0cAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824808617|oclc=8773139}}
• {{cite book|last=Haley|first=James L.|title=Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9ugBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-60065-5|oclc=865158092}}
• {{cite book|last1=Ii|first1=John Papa|author-link1=John Papa ʻĪʻī|last2=Pukui|first2=Mary Kawena|author-link2=Mary Kawena Pukui|last3=Barrère|first3=Dorothy B.|title=Fragments of Hawaiian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcW0AAAAIAAJ|edition=2|year=1983|publisher=Bishop Museum Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-910240-31-4|oclc=251324264}}
• {{cite book|last1=Kaeo|first=Peter|author-link1=Peter Kaeo|last2=Queen Emma|author-link2=Queen Emma of Hawaii|editor-last=Korn|editor-first= Alfons L.|title=News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876|year=1976|publisher=The University Press of Hawaii|location=Honolulu|hdl=10125/39980|isbn=978-0-8248-0399-5|oclc=2225064}}
• {{cite book|last=Kam|first=Ralph Thomas|title=Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kvanAAACAAJ|year=2017|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|location=S. I.|isbn=978-1-4766-6846-8|oclc=966566652}}
• {{cite book|last=Kameʻeleihiwa|first=Lilikalā|author-link=Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa|title=Native Land and Foreign Desires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9W5AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Bishop Museum Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=0-930897-59-5|oclc=154146650|pages=107, 124–27, 146, 207, 213, 218, 228, 229, 254, 303, 307,310; death of, 290, 309; genealogy of, 101, 119, 123, 231}}
• {{cite book|last=Kanahele|first=George S.|author-link=George Kanahele|title=Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLtlBNRt_V4C|year=1999|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-2240-8|oclc=40890919}}
• {{cite book|last=Kanahele|first=George S.|author-link=George Kanahele|title=Pauahi: The Kamehameha Legacy|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=pauahi&l=en|year=2002|orig-year=1986|publisher=Kamehameha Schools Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-87336-005-0|oclc=173653971}}
• {{cite book|last=Kuykendall|first=Ralph Simpson|author-link=Ralph Simpson Kuykendall|title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom1&l=en|volume=1|year=1965|orig-year=1938|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=0-87022-431-X|oclc=47008868}}
• {{cite book|last=Kuykendall|first=Ralph Simpson|author-link=Ralph Simpson Kuykendall|title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom2&l=en|volume=2|year=1953|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-87022-432-4|oclc=47010821}}
• {{cite book|author=Liliuokalani|author-link=Liliuokalani|title=Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrTCvcy0sE4C|location=Boston|publisher=Lee and Shepard|year=1898|isbn=978-0-548-22265-2|oclc=2387226}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Peterson|editor-first=Barbara Bennett|title=Notable Women of Hawaii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AycqAAAAYAAJ|year=1984|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-0820-4|oclc=11030010}}
• {{cite book|last=Osorio|first=Jon Kamakawiwoʻole|title=Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5k6W_6QOFgC|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8248-2549-7|oclc=48579247}}
• {{cite book|last=Parker|first=David "Kawika"|chapter=Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty|title=Tales of Our Hawaiʻi|location=Honolulu|publisher=Alu Like, Inc|year=2008|url=http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231028/http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf|archive-date=November 11, 2013|oclc=309392477}}
• {{cite book|last=Pratt|first=Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu|author-link=Elizabeth Kekaaniau|title=History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, with Notes on Kamehameha I, First King of All Hawaii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgouAAAAYAAJ|year=1920|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|location=Honolulu|oclc=154181545}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Rose|first1=Roger G.|last2=Conant|first2=Sheila|last3=Kjellgren|first3=Eric P.|title=Hawaiian Standing Kāhili in the Bishop Museum: An Ethnological and Biological Analysis|journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=102|number=3|date=September 1993|publisher=Polynesian Society|location=Wellington, NZ|jstor=20706518|pages=273–304}}
• {{cite book|last=Scharnhorst|first=Gary|title=The Life of Mark Twain: The Early Years, 1835-1871|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_m1EDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=University of Missouri Press|location=Columbia, MO|isbn=978-0-8262-7400-7|oclc=1007505891}}
• {{cite journal|last=Silva|first=Noenoe K.|title=Kanawai E Ho'opau I Na Hula Kuolo Hawai'i: the Political Economy of Banning the Hula|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|location=Honolulu|date=2000|volume=34|pages=29–48|hdl=10524/347|oclc=60626541}}
• {{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Albert Pierce|title=Intrigues, conspiracies and accomplishments in the era of Kamehameha IV and V and Robert Crichton Wyllie|journal=Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|location=Honolulu|date=October 15, 1929|volume=16|pages=16–32|hdl=10524/978|oclc=528831753}}
• {{cite book|last=Topolinski|first=John Renken Kahaʻi|title=Nancy Sumner: A Part-Hawaiian High Chiefess, 1839–1895|year=1975|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|location=Honolulu|oclc=16326376}}
• {{cite book|last1=Tranquada|first1=Jim|last2=King|first2=John|title=The ʻUkulele: A History|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/14461|year=2012|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-3544-6|oclc=767806914|via=Project MUSE|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite book|last=Twain|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Twain|title=Letters from the Sandwich Islands: Written for the Sacramento Union|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000663766|year=1938|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Palo Alto|oclc=187974|pages=16–137}}
• {{cite book|last=Twain|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Twain|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Frederick|editor2-last=Frank|editor2-first=Michael B.|editor3-last=Sanderson|editor3-first=Kenneth M.|title=Mark Twain's Notebooks & Journals, Volume I: (1855–1873)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RazBCepADMC|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Oakland, CA|isbn=978-0-520-90538-2|oclc=2015814}}
• {{cite book|last=Twain|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Twain|title=Roughing it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQxgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA490|year=1872|publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87052-707-4|oclc=19256406|pages=490–497}}
• {{cite book|last=Van Dyke|first=Jon M.|title=Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZPcGb2R08C|year=2008|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-3211-7|oclc=163812857}}
• {{cite book|last=Varigny|first=Charles Victor Crosnier de|title=Quatorze ans aux îles Sandwich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvsrAAAAYAAJ|year=1874|publisher=Hachette et cie|location=Paris|oclc=191324680}}
• {{cite book|last=Varigny|first=Charles Victor Crosnier de|author-link=Charles de Varigny|translator=Alfons L. Korn|title=Fourteen Years in the Sandwich Islands, 1855–1868|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2N0AAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-0709-2|oclc=456816908}}

{{refend}}

;Newspapers and online sources

• {{cite news|title=La Hanai O Ke Kama Alii Wahine|newspaper=Ka Nupepa Kuokoa|location=Honolulu|date=November 5, 1864|volume=3|issue=45|page=2|url=http://nupepa.org/gsdl2.5/cgi-bin/nupepa?e=d-0nupepa--00-0-0--010---4-----text---0-1l--1en-Zz-1---20-about---0003-1-0000utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL2.20&d=HASH016b8932027e6e8da320da2f.2|access-date=June 2, 2014}}
• {{cite news|title=Ka Make ana o Ka Mea Kiekie Ke Kama Aliiwahine Victoria Kamamalu Kaahumanu|newspaper=Ka Nupepa Kuokoa|location=Honolulu|date=June 2, 1866|volume=5|issue=22|page=2|url=http://nupepa.org/gsdl2.5/cgi-bin/nupepa?e=d-0nupepa--00-0-0--010---4-----text---0-1l--1en-Zz-1---20-about---0003-1-0000utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL2.22&d=HASH0161d2bc9339c3137a17b926.2|access-date=June 2, 2014}}
• {{cite news|title=Death of the Heir Apparent|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=June 2, 1866|page=2|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1866-06-02/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=June 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071339/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1866-06-02/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live|ref={{harvid|The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|1866}}}}
• {{cite news|title=Hawaiian Legislature|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=June 2, 1866|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1866-06-02/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=June 2, 2014}}
• {{cite news|title=Hawaiian Legislature|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=June 9, 1866|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1866-06-09/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=June 2, 2014}}
• {{cite news|title=Programme Of The Funeral Of Her Later Royal Highness the Princess Victoria Kamamalu Kaahumanu|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=June 30, 1866|page=2|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1866-06-30/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=June 2, 2014}}
• {{cite news|title=A Novel Recreation|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=June 30, 1866|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1866-06-30/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=June 2, 2014}}
• {{cite news|title=Miscellaneous|newspaper=The New York Herald|location=Honolulu|date=July 30, 1866|page=4|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1866-07-30/ed-1/seq-4/|access-date=June 2, 2014|ref={{harvid|The New York Herald|1866}}}}
• {{cite web|last=Silva|first=Kīhei de|title=ʻAlekoki Revisited|work=Kaleinamanu Library Archives, Kamehameha Schools|url=http://apps.ksbe.edu/kaiwakiloumoku/kaleinamanu/essays/alekoki_revisited|access-date=September 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324180820/http://apps.ksbe.edu/kaiwakiloumoku/kaleinamanu/essays/alekoki_revisited|archive-date=March 24, 2012|url-status=live}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1855/03/27/76444606.pdf March 27, 1855. New York Times article on her]
• [http://www.twainquotes.com/18660716u.html Mark Twain in Sacramento Union – #14]
• [http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/bank_nbn1871.html Victoria Kamamalu on a Stamp]
• [http://theesotericcuriosa.blogspot.com/2010/02/hawaiis-lost-princess-princess-victoria.html Hawai'i's Lost Princess: Princess Victoria Kamāmalu Ka'ahumanu IV]
• [http://www.keauhouresort.com/pdfs/Keauhou-News-5-11.pdf Victoria Kamamalu "A Worthy Successor" by Julie Stewart Williams]

{{s-start}}

{{succession box

| title=Kuhina Nui of the Hawaiian Islands

| before=Keoni Ana

| after=Kekūanaōʻa

| years= January 16, 1855 – December 21, 1863

}}

{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamamalu, Victoria}}

Category:1838 births

Category:1866 deaths

Category:Kuhina Nui

Category:Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom Privy Council

Category:Hawaiian princesses

Category:House of Kamehameha

Category:Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom

Category:Hawaiian heirs apparent who never acceded

Category:Burials at the Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)

Category:Royal School (Hawaii) alumni

Category:Native Hawaiian women in politics

Category:19th-century women regents

Category:19th-century regents

Category:Crown princesses