Vladikavkaz#History

The name Vladikavkaz, derived from the Russian language, literally means "ruler of the Caucasus".

The Ossetian name Dzæwdžyqæw/Dzæwægighæw literally means "{{Ill|Dzaug|lt=Dzaug's|ru|Бугулов, Дзауг}} settlement".{{cite web |url=http://vladikavkaz-osetia.ru/city/history.php |title=История |access-date=2012-05-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521140353/http://vladikavkaz-osetia.ru/city/history.php |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |df=mdy-all }} the official Ossetic name>Дзæуджыхъæу (Dzæwdžyqæw){{cite web|url=http://region15.ru/docs/vladikavkaz|title=15-й РЕГИОН: Владикавказ|last=region15.ru|website=«15-й РЕГИОН»|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422131712/http://region15.ru/docs/vladikavkaz|archive-date=April 22, 2017|df=mdy-all}}{{cite web|url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/304200016|title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ СЕВЕРНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ - АЛАНИЯ (с изменениями на: 10.05.2017), Конституция Республики Северная Осетия - Алания от 12 ноября 1994 года|website=docs.cntd.ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928001557/http://docs.cntd.ru/document/304200016|archive-date=September 28, 2016|df=mdy-all}}

In 1911, {{ill|Dmitry Rakovich|ru|Ракович, Дмитрий Васильевич}} wrote that the Ossetians prove that fortress was founded on the site of the Ingush village Zaur by the name of Vladikavkaz in the Ossetian language:{{sfn|Ракович|1911|page=3}}{{Cquote|"...by their name of Vladikavkaz Dzaudzhi-Kau, the Ossetians confirm this opinion, since Dzauag is a proper name Zaur, and Kau means a village; otherwise - the village of Zaur."}}

In 1931, at the suggestion of the Ingush Regional Executive Committee, the city of Vladikavkaz was renamed Ordzhonikidze in honor of the Soviet political and military leader Sergo Ordzhonikidze, who during the Civil War established Soviet power in the region.

In 1944, after the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, the city of Ordzhonikidze was renamed the city of Dzaudzhikau, and in 1954 again Ordzhonikidze.Materials on the history of Vladikavkaz, 2002 , p. thirty.

In 1990, the city acquired a double name, Vladikavkaz in Russian and Dzaudzhikau in Ossetian.

The second part of the name Dzaudzhikau, i.e Kau (village), is a cognate of the word āguv (village) in the Eastern Iranian language of Khotanese Saka and the Avestan gava (district)Bailey H. W. 1982. The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan. Delmar N.Y: Caravan Books. p.27

The city was founded in 1784 as a Russian fortress at the entrance to the Darial Gorge near to the Ingush village Zaur,{{sfn|Терскій календарь|1895|page=12}}{{Cite news|url=https://ghalghay.com/2020/04/20/zaur/|title=Торжество празднованія 50-летия основанія г. Владикавказа.|trans-title=The celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the city of Vladikavkaz|work=Терские ведомости|language=ru|issue=75|location=Владикавказъ|date=5 April 1911}}{{Cquote|"Сегодня мы празднуемъ 50-​летіе города Владикавказа. Раньше, на томъ мѣстѣ, гдѣ нынѣ расположенъ г. Владикавказъ, существовалъ ингушскій аулъ Зауръ​, но въ 1784 г., по распоряженію князя Потемкина​, на мѣстѣ, гдѣ существовалъ этотъ аулъ, для охраненія Военно-Грузинской дороги, служившей единственнымъ удобнымъ путемъ для соединенія съ Закавказьемъ, была устроена крѣпость Владикавказъ, а въ 1785 г. по указу Императрицы Екатерины II, отъ 9 мая, въ крѣпости была выстроена первая православная церковь. Какъ только была устроена эта крѣпость, часть осетинской народности спустилась съ горъ и поселилась у стѣнъ этой крѣпости, подъ защитою мѣстныхъ войскъ. Образовавшійся осетинскій аулъ сталъ называться «​Капкай», что въ переводѣ на русскій языкъ означаетъ «​Горные ворота»."}}{{harvnb|Ракович|1911|page=3}}:{{Cquote|"...на том месте, где стояло селение Зауръ, была воздвигнута русскими сильная Владикавказская крепость... В некоторых печатных источниках говорится, что Владикавказская крепость была построена на месте осетинского селения Капъ-Кой. Это не так. Правый берег Терека принадлежал, какъ это мы видили ингушамъ и кистамъ; не могли осетины на чужой земле враждебных имъ племен иметь свой аулъ; наконец своим наименованіем Владикавказа Дзауджи-Кау, осетины подтверждаютъ это мненіе, т. к. Дзауагъ — есть имя собственное Зауръ, а Кау — значитъ селеніе; иначе — селеніе Заура."}} which had the purpose of serving as an outpost for the routes of communication between Russia and Georgia.Ракович Д.В. «Прошлое Владикавказа» (1918) But according to a lot of other sources, Vladikavkaz was founded on the site of the Ossetian village of Kapkai.{{Cite web |title=Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: Том VIА (12) |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book10143/#page/149/mode/1up |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=runivers.ru}}{{Cite web |title=НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека |url=https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/001199_000087_216?page=104&rotate=0&theme=white |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=rusneb.ru - Национальная электронная библиотека |language=ru}}{{Cite web |title=НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека |url=https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/000199_000009_003825049?page=339&rotate=0&theme=white |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=rusneb.ru - Национальная электронная библиотека |language=ru}}{{Cite web |title=НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека |url=https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/000200_000018_RU_NLR_19V_935743?page=16&rotate=0&theme=white |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=rusneb.ru - Национальная электронная библиотека |language=ru}}

The Georgian Military Highway, crossing the mountains, was constructed in 1799 to link the city with Georgia to the south, and in 1875 a railway was built to connect it to Rostov-on-Don and Baku in Azerbaijan. Vladikavkaz has become an important industrial centre for the region, with smelting, refining, chemicals and manufacturing industries. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Vladikavkazsky Okrug of the Terek Oblast.

{{stack|File:Simbol of Vladikavkaz.jpg}}

The city is one of the largest in the Russian-controlled Caucasus, along with Grozny, and was the capital of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a Soviet Republic established after the annexation of the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus. It existed from 1921 to 1924 and comprised most of the modern-day territories of Chechnya, North Ossetia and Kabardino-Balkaria.

Vladikavkaz was fought over in both the Russian Civil War and World War II. In February 1919, the anti-Communist Volunteer Army under General Anton Denikin seized the city, before being expelled by the Red Army in March 1920. In early November 1942, the forces of Nazi Germany tried unsuccessfully to seize the city but were repelled by the Soviet army. The Nazis left North Ossetia in January 1943.

On 26 November 2008, Vitaly Karayev, the mayor of Vladikavkaz was assassinated by an unidentified gunman.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7749500.stm |title=Europe | Southern Russia mayor gunned down |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-11-26 |access-date=2010-04-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204065302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7749500.stm |archive-date=December 4, 2008 |df=mdy-all }} On 31 December 2008, his successor, Kazbek Pagiyev, was also assassinated by unidentified gunmen.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

Vladikavkaz is the capital of the republic.Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated as Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Law #34-RZ As a municipal division, Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction is incorporated as Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug.Law #10-RZ

The city is served by the bus network (marshrutkas). There are also tram (since 1904) and trolleybus (since 1977) networks, plus the main Vladikavkaz railway station.

The city is served by Beslan Airport located about 9 kilometres from the city.

The Georgian Military Road, which is a part of European route E117, starts in Vladikavkaz and it connects the city with the South Caucasus.

According to the 1917 publication of the Kavkazskiy kalendar, Vladikavkaz had 73,243 residents in 1916, the national composition was as follows:{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1917 год|pages=226–237}}

According to the results of the 2021 Census, the city population of Vladikavkaz was 311,338. The ethnic makeup of city's population was:{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://26.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%205.%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%201%20%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%9E-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F(3).xlsx |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=Rosstat}}

{{Historical populations|1897|44000|1926|73599|1939|130755|1959|164420|1970|236200|1979|278930|1989|300198|2002|315608|2010|311693|2021|295830|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}FC Spartak Vladikavkaz was an association football club based in Vladikavkaz, which won the Russian Premier League in 1995. The club folded in 2020, and was succeeded by FC Alania Vladikavkaz.

Vladikavkaz is home to one of the World's most prestigious Freestyle Wrestling academies, opened in February 2016:{{Cite web|title=Вячеслав Битаров посетил Академию борьбы им. Аслана Хадарцев {{!}} Спорт {{!}} Новости Владикавказа: последние новости Северной Осетии|url=https://www.vladikavkaznews.com/ru/news/20200126/41091.html#:~:text=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8B%20%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0,%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%20%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%202016%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.vladikavkaznews.com|date=January 26, 2020|archive-date=February 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212234632/https://www.vladikavkaznews.com/ru/news/20200126/41091.html#:~:text=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8B%20%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0,%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%20%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%202016%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.|url-status=live}} The Wrestling Academy of Aslan Khadartsev - the biggest wrestling academy in the South of Russia.{{Cite web|title=Об академии|url=https://wrestlingrso.ru/about/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=wrestlingrso.ru|archive-date=August 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802063633/http://wrestlingrso.ru/about/|url-status=live}} It provides access to a number of facilities including a swimming pool, sauna, gym, personal dietitians, dorm rooms (which include a TV, comfortable beds, wardrobes, en-suite bathroom and showers),{{Cite web|title=Услуги|url=https://wrestlingrso.ru/services/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=wrestlingrso.ru|archive-date=January 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118132224/http://wrestlingrso.ru/services/|url-status=live}} for 45 athletes and the main training hall, consisting of six mats- this academy is capable of hosting 250 wrestlers at one time. There have been many Olympic, World and European champions training at the academy: Soslan Ramonov, Zaurbek Sidakov, Artur Naifonov, Chermen Valiev, Khetag Tsabolov are just some of the successful athletes in recent times to train and represent the academy. This academy is also home to the Freestyle team of North Ossetia, to ensure a high-level of preparation and coaching is given to aid success in international and domestic tournaments.

File:Tram on Mira avenue, Vladikavkaz.jpg

File:Железнодорожный вокзал станции Владикавказ.jpg

File:Art Museum named after M. S. Tuganov.jpg

The Mukhtarov Mosque, built in 1906, dominates the city.

In Vladikavkaz, there is a guyed TV mast, {{convert|198|m||sp=us}} tall, built in 1961, which has six crossbars with gangways in two levels running from the mast structure to the guys.

• Highlanders State Agrarian University
• North Caucasus University of Mining and Metallurgy
• North Ossetian State University
• North Ossetian State Medical Academy

File:Vladikavkaz,.Catedral de San Jorge el Victorioso.jpg Cathedral]]

File:MechetVladik.jpg

The city's primary religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which is followed by the majority of Ossetians, Russians and Georgians. The rest of the Ossetian population adheres to the next largest religion, Sunni Islam, and to Uatsdin, an Ossetian folk religion, which is followed by 29% of the population nationwide. The remainder follow Protestantism, Armenian Orthodoxy and other beliefs.

{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

File:Vladikavkaz bus station.jpg

Vladikavkaz is twinned with:

• {{Flagicon|Turkey}} Ardahan, Turkey
• {{Flagicon|United States}} Asheville, North Carolina, United States
• {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} Kardzhali, Bulgaria
• {{Flagicon|Russia}} Nalchik, Russia
• {{Flagicon|Russia}} Makhachkala, Russia
• {{Flagicon|Russia}} Vladivostok, Russia

Vladikavkaz experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb/Dwb) with warm, wet summers and cold, drier winters (though very mild for Russia).

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Vladikavkaz (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 21.1

|Feb record high C = 23.0

|Mar record high C = 30.3

|Apr record high C = 34.0

|May record high C = 37.2

|Jun record high C = 38.0

|Jul record high C = 37.5

|Aug record high C = 39.2

|Sep record high C = 38.2

|Oct record high C = 33.5

|Nov record high C = 28.7

|Dec record high C = 27.2

|year record high C = 39.2

|Jan high C = 3.5

|Feb high C = 4.6

|Mar high C = 9.4

|Apr high C = 15.5

|May high C = 20.5

|Jun high C = 24.5

|Jul high C = 26.8

|Aug high C = 26.6

|Sep high C = 21.9

|Oct high C = 16.2

|Nov high C = 9.0

|Dec high C = 5.0

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = -1.7

|Feb mean C = -0.9

|Mar mean C = 3.9

|Apr mean C = 9.6

|May mean C = 14.8

|Jun mean C = 18.7

|Jul mean C = 21.2

|Aug mean C = 20.8

|Sep mean C = 16.1

|Oct mean C = 10.5

|Nov mean C = 3.8

|Dec mean C = -0.3

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = -5.2

|Feb low C = -4.7

|Mar low C = 0.0

|Apr low C = 5.0

|May low C = 10.2

|Jun low C = 14.1

|Jul low C = 16.6

|Aug low C = 16.3

|Sep low C = 11.7

|Oct low C = 6.3

|Nov low C = 0.3

|Dec low C = -3.8

|year low C =

|Jan record low C = -27.2

|Feb record low C = -27.8

|Mar record low C = -22.5

|Apr record low C = -10.2

|May record low C = -6.1

|Jun record low C = 2.2

|Jul record low C = 6.4

|Aug record low C = 6.0

|Sep record low C = 0.0

|Oct record low C = -10.0

|Nov record low C = -23.1

|Dec record low C = -25.0

|year record low C = -27.8

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 31

|Feb precipitation mm = 34

|Mar precipitation mm = 62

|Apr precipitation mm = 94

|May precipitation mm = 148

|Jun precipitation mm = 181

|Jul precipitation mm = 112

|Aug precipitation mm = 90

|Sep precipitation mm = 71

|Oct precipitation mm = 62

|Nov precipitation mm = 40

|Dec precipitation mm = 30

|year precipitation mm =

|Jan snow depth cm = 8

|Feb snow depth cm = 9

|Mar snow depth cm = 4

|Apr snow depth cm = 0

|May snow depth cm = 0

|Jun snow depth cm = 0

|Jul snow depth cm = 0

|Aug snow depth cm = 0

|Sep snow depth cm = 0

|Oct snow depth cm = 0

|Nov snow depth cm = 1

|Dec snow depth cm = 5

|year snow depth cm = 9

|Jan humidity = 79

|Feb humidity = 79

|Mar humidity = 78

|Apr humidity = 74

|May humidity = 76

|Jun humidity = 76

|Jul humidity = 74

|Aug humidity = 75

|Sep humidity = 79

|Oct humidity = 80

|Nov humidity = 81

|Dec humidity = 80

|year humidity = 78

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days =6

| Feb precipitation days =6

| Mar precipitation days =10

| Apr precipitation days =10

| May precipitation days =14

| Jun precipitation days =13

| Jul precipitation days =10

| Aug precipitation days =9

| Sep precipitation days =8

| Oct precipitation days =8

| Nov precipitation days =6

| Dec precipitation days =6

| year precipitation days =

|Jan rain days = 4

|Feb rain days = 4

|Mar rain days = 10

|Apr rain days = 16

|May rain days = 18

|Jun rain days = 19

|Jul rain days = 16

|Aug rain days = 14

|Sep rain days = 14

|Oct rain days = 13

|Nov rain days = 10

|Dec rain days = 6

|year rain days = 144

|Jan snow days = 12

|Feb snow days = 13

|Mar snow days = 11

|Apr snow days = 2

|May snow days = 0.2

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 1

|Nov snow days = 7

|Dec snow days = 10

|year snow days = 56

|Jan sun = 106

|Feb sun = 119

|Mar sun = 133

|Apr sun = 159

|May sun = 194

|Jun sun = 205

|Jul sun = 220

|Aug sun = 208

|Sep sun = 167

|Oct sun = 148

|Nov sun = 114

|Dec sun = 103

|year sun =

|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite web

| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/37228.htm

| title = Погода и Климат – Климат Владикавказ

| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)

| language = ru

| access-date = 12 November 2021

| archive-date = April 20, 2021

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420043716/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/37228.htm

| url-status = live

}}

|source 2 = Гидрометцентр России (Precipitation days-Sun){{Cite web |url=https://meteoinfo.ru/climatcities |title=Climatic Norms |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=meteoinfo |publisher=Hydrometeorological center of Russia |no-pp=y |language=Russian |script-title=ru: Климатические нормы}}

}}

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{{Notelist}}

{{reflist}}

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• {{Cite book|last1=Барахоева|first1=Н. М.|last2=Кодзоев|first2=Н. Д.|last3=Хайров|first3=Б. А.|year=2016|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/ingushsko-russkij-slovar-terminov-sost-barahoeva-n-m-kodzoev-n-d-hajrov-b-a-2016/|title=Ингушско-русский словарь терминов|trans-title=Ingush-Russian dictionary of terms|language=inh, ru|edition=2nd|location=Нальчик|publisher=ООО «Тетраграф»|pages=1–288}}
• {{Cite book|last=Кодзоев|first=Н. Д.|year=2021|editor-last=Хайрова|editor-first=Р. Р.|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/kodzoev-n-d-russko-ingushskij-slovar-2021/|title=Русско-ингушский словарь|trans-title=Russian-Ingush Dictionary|language=inh, ru|location=Ростов-на-Дону|publisher=Типография «Лаки Пак»|pages=1–656|isbn=978-5-906785-55-8}}
• {{Cite book|last=Мальсагов|first=З. К.|year=1925|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/malsagov-z-k-ingushskaya-grammatika-so-sbornikom-ingushskih-slov-1925/|title=Ингушская грамматика со сборником ингушских слов|trans-title=Ingush grammar with a collection of Ingush words|language=ru|location=Владикавказ|publisher=Гостипография „СВЕТ“ И. А. О.|pages=1–224}}
• {{Cite Ingush-Russian Dictionary 1927}}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFУжахов1927}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Газиков|first1=Б. Д.|last2=Кодзоев|first2=Н. Д.|last3=Тангиев|first3=А. У.|year=2002|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/materialy-po-istorii-vladikavkaza-sost-gazikov-b-d-kodzoev-n-d-tangiev-a-u-2002/|title=Материалы по истории Владикавказа|trans-title=Materials on the history of Vladikavkaz|language=ru|location=Назрань|publisher=Кеп|pages=1–33|ref={{harvid|Материалы по истории Владикавказа|2002}}}}
• {{Cite book|last=Бутков|first=П. Г.|year=1837|chapter-url=https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003542864?page=313&rotate=0&theme=white|chapter=Мнѣніе о книгѣ: Славянскія древности|trans-chapter=Opinion about the book: Slavic antiquities|url=https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003542864?page=1&rotate=0&theme=white|title=Три древніе договора руссовъ съ норвежцами и шведами|trans-title=Three ancient treaties of the Russians with the Norwegians and the Swedes|language=ru|location=Санкт-Петербург|publisher=Типографія Министерства внутреннихъ дѣлъ|pages=1–66 (311–378 as PDF)}}
• {{Cite book|author=Терский областной статистический комитет|year=1895|editor-last=Вертепов|editor-first=Г. А.|url=http://book-olds.ru/BookLibrary/76001-Pamyatnyie-knizhki-Terskoy-Oblasti/1896.-Terskiy-kalendar-na-1896-god.-Vyipusk-5-y.html|title=Терскій календарь. Вып. 5|trans-title=Tersky Calendar|language=ru|location=Владикавказъ|publisher=Типографія Терскаго областнаго правленія|pages=1–426|ref={{harvid|Терскій календарь|1895}}}}
• {{Cite book|last=Ракович|first=Д. В.|year=1911|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/rakovich-d-v-proshloe-vladikavkaza-1911/|title=Прошлое Владикавказа. Краткая историческая справка ко дню пятидесятилетнего юбилея города. 1861 г.|trans-title=The past of Vladikavkaz. Brief historical background to the fiftieth anniversary of the city. 1861|language=ru|edition=3rd|location=Владикавказ|publisher=Электропеч. Р. Сегаль и С-вья|pages=3–28}}
• {{Cite journal|author=Союз горцев Кавказа в ЧСР|year=1924|url=https://vivaldi.dspl.ru/pm0000514/view/?#page=1|title=Кавказский горец|trans-title=Caucasian highlander|language=ru|location=Прага|publisher=Издание Союза горцев Кавказа в ЧСР|issue=1|pages=3–79|ref={{harvid|Кавказский горец|1924}}}}
• {{Cite book|last=Поспелов|first=Е. М.|year=2008|url=https://obuchalka.org/20201012125869/geograficheskie-nazvaniya-rossii-toponimicheskii-slovar-bolee-4000-edinic-pospelov-e-m-2008.html|title=Географические названия России. Топонимический словарь|trans-title=Geographical names of Russia. Toponymic Dictionary|language=ru|location=Москва|publisher=АСТ, Астрель|pages=1–523|isbn=978-5-17-054966-5}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Адрианов|editor-first=С. А.|year=1913|url=https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/000199_000009_004005857?page=7&rotate=0&theme=white|title=Варяги до Выла|trans-title=Varangians to Vyla|encyclopedia=Русская Энциклопедія|language=ru|volume=4|location={{abbr|СПб|St Petersburg}}|publisher=Русское Книжное товарищество „Дѣятель“|pages=1–473|ref={{harvid|Русская Энциклопедія|1913}}}}
• {{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917}}

{{Refend}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{RussiaBasicLawRef|se}}
• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|se|adm|law}}
• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|se|mun|list|vladikavkaz}}

{{Refend}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Vladikavkaz}}
• {{Wikivoyage inline|Vladikavkaz}}
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Vladikavkaz|short=x}}
• [http://vladikavkaz-osetia.ru/ Vladikavkaz official site] {{in lang|ru}}

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Category:Terek Oblast

Category:Populated places established in 1784

Category:1784 establishments in the Russian Empire

Category:Cities and towns in North Ossetia–Alania