Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Alveolar

{{Short description|Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɾ⟩ in IPA}}

{{redirect2|Alveolar tap|Alveolar flap|the voiceless consonants|Voiceless alveolar tap and flap}}

The voiced alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a dental, alveolar, or postalveolar tap or flap is {{angbr IPA|ɾ}}.

The terms tap and flap are often used interchangeably. Peter Ladefoged proposed the distinction that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, and a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."{{Harvcoltxt|Valentin-Marquez|2015}} That distinction between the alveolar tap and flap can be written in the IPA with tap {{angbr IPA|ɾ}} and flap {{angbr IPA|ɽ}}, the 'retroflex' symbol being used for the one that starts with the tongue tip curled back behind the alveolar ridge. The distinction is noticeable in the speech of some American English speakers in distinguishing the words "potty" (tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}) and "party" (retroflex {{IPAblink|ɽ}}).

For linguists who do not make the distinction, alveolars and dentals are typically called taps and other articulations flaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.

The sound is often analyzed and thus interpreted by non-native English-speakers as an 'R-sound' in many foreign languages. In languages for which the segment is present but not phonemic, it is often an allophone of either an alveolar stop ({{IPAblink|t}}, {{IPAblink|d}}, or both) or a rhotic consonant (like the alveolar trill or the alveolar approximant).

If the alveolar flap is the only rhotic consonant in the language, it may be transcribed with {{angbr IPA|r}} although that symbol technically represents the trill.

The voiced alveolar tapped fricative reported from some languages is actually a very brief voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative.

Voiced alveolar tap and flap

{{Infobox IPA

| ipa symbol = ɾ

| ipa number = 124

| decimal = 638

| xsampa = 4

| kirshenbaum = *

| braille = !

| braille2 = r

| imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x027E.svg

| imagesize = 150px

}}

= Features =

150px

Features of the voiced alveolar tap or flap:

Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
Its place of articulation is dental or alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth or at the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.

= Occurrence =

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="4" \| Arabic	Egyptian{{Harvcoltxt\|Watson\|2002\|p=16}}	{{lang\|arz\|رجل\|rtl=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɾeɡl]}}	'leg'	See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Lebanese \|{{lang\|apc\|إجر\|rtl=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[ʔəʒəɾ]}} \|'wages' \|
Moroccan \|رما / rma \|[ɾma] \|'he threw' \|
South Iraqi \| {{lang\|apc\|أريد\|rtl=yes}} \| {{IPA\|[aɾid]}} \| 'I want' \|
colspan="2" \| Aragonese	{{lang\|an\|aragonés\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[aɾaɣoˈnes]}}	'Aragonese'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}.
Armenian	Eastern{{Harvcoltxt\|Dum-Tragut\|2009\|p=19}}	{{lang\|hy\|րոպե}}	{{Audio-IPA\|ɾopɛ.ogg\|[ɾo.ˈpɛ]}}	'minute'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}} in all positions.
colspan=2 \| Assyrian \| ܪܝܫܐ rìsha \| {{IPA\|[ɾiʃa]}} \| 'head' \| Contrasts with ‘dark’ R.
colspan="2" \| Asturian	{{lang\|ast\|hora\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈoɾa]}}	'hour'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}.
colspan="2" \| Basque	{{lang\|eu\|begiratu\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[beˈɣiɾaˌtu]}}	'look'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}. See Basque phonology
colspan="2" \| Bengali	{{lang\|bn\|আবার}}	{{IPA\|[abaɾ]}}	'again'	Main realisation of /r/. Corresponds to [{{IPA link\|r}} ~ {{IPA link\|ɹ}}] in others and may occur word-medially and finally against [r]. See Bengali phonology
colspan="2" \| Catalan{{Harvcoltxt\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=53}}	{{lang\|ca\|truc\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtɾuk]}}	'trick'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}. See Catalan phonology
colspan="2" \| Danish{{Harvcoltxt\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=157}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=126}}	{{lang\|da\|nordisk\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk]}}	'Nordic'	Possible realization of intervocalic {{IPA\|/d/}} between phonetic vowels. See Danish phonology
colspan="2" \| Dutch	{{lang\|nl\|reden\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɾeːdə(n)]}}	'reason'	Especially in the region of West Frisia. Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. See Dutch phonology
rowspan="12" \| English	Cockney{{Harvcoltxt\|Wells\|1982\|pp=324–325}}	rowspan="7" \| better	{{IPA\|[ˈbe̞ɾɐ]}}	rowspan="7" \| 'better'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}}. In free variation with [{{IPA\|ʔ}} ~ {{IPA\|tʰ}} ~ {{IPA\|tˢ}}]. See Flapping
Australian{{Harvcoltxt\|Cox\|Palethorpe\|2007\|p=343}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈbeɾɐ]}}	rowspan="2" \| Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}} and {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Australian English phonology, New Zealand English phonology and Flapping
New Zealand{{Harvcoltxt\|Trudgill\|Hannah\|2002\|p=24}}
Dublin{{Cite web\|title=Glossary\|url=https://www.uni-due.de/vcde/VCDE_Glossary.htm#G_T-tapping\|access-date=2021-05-22\|website=}}	rowspan="4" \| {{Audio-IPA\|En-us-better.ogg\|[ˈbɛɾɚ]}}	rowspan="4" \| Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}} and {{IPA\|/d/}}, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be {{IPA\|[ɹ]}} instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See English phonology and Flapping
North America{{Harvcoltxt\|Ogden\|2009\|p=114}}
Ulster
West Country
Irish	rowspan="5" \| three	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|[θɾiː]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'three'	Conservative accents. Corresponds to [{{IPA link\|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link\|ɻ}} ~ {{IPA link\|ʁ}}] in other accents.
Scottish{{Harvcoltxt\|Ogden\|2009\|p=92}}	Most speakers. Others use [{{IPA link\|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link\|r}}].
Older Received Pronunciation{{Harvcoltxt\|Wise\|1957\|p=?}}	rowspan="2" \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɹ/}}
Scouse
South African	Broad speakers. Can be [{{IPA link\|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link\|r}}] instead
colspan="2" \| Esperanto	{{lang\|eo\|Esperanto\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[espeˈɾanto]}}	'one who hopes'	Usually a flap {{IPAblink\|ɾ}}, but can be a trilled {{IPA link\|r}}. See Esperanto phonology
colspan="2" \| Finnish	{{lang\|eo\|rotta\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈrotːɑ]}}	'rat'	Occurs in Häme (Tampere) dialect, contrasts with {{IPA link\|r}} in standard Finnish. See Finnish phonology
colspan="2" \| Greek{{Harvcoltxt\|Arvaniti\|2007\|pp=15–18}}	{{lang\|el\|μηρός}} / {{Transliteration\|el\|mirós}}	{{IPA\|[miˈɾ̠o̞s]}}	'thigh'	Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of {{IPAslink\|r}}. See Modern Greek phonology
colspan="2" \| Hindustani	{{lang\|hi\|मेरा\|rtl=yes}}/{{Lang\|ur\|{{nq\|میرا}}}}	{{IPA\|[meːɾaː]}}	'My'	Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. See Hindi phonology
colspan="2" \| Hungarian	kar	{{IPA\|[kɒɾ]}}	'arm'	Allophone of /r/
colspan="2" \| Irish	{{lang\|ga\|fear}}	{{IPA\|[fʲaɾˠ]}}	'man'	See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Kinyarwanda	u Rwanda	{{IPA\|[u ɾgwɑː.ndɑ]}}	'Rwanda'
colspan="2" \| Japanese	{{lang\|ja-Hani\|心}} /{{lang\|ja\|こころ}} {{lang\|ja-Latn\|kokoro}}	{{Audio-IPA\|ja-kokoro.ogg\|[ko̞ko̞ɾo̞]}}	'heart'	{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p=92}} Varies with {{IPAblink\|ɺ}}.{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p=106}} See Japanese phonology
colspan="2" \| Kazakh	{{lang\|kzl\|бер}}/{{lang\|kzl\|ber}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Kz-Ber.ogg\|[beɾ]}}	'give'	See Kazakh phonology
colspan="2" \| Korean	여름 / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|yeoreum}}	{{IPA\|[jʌɾɯm]}}	'summer'	Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/
colspan="2" \|Malay \|راتوس / ratus \|{{IPA\|[ɾä.tos]}} \|'hundred' \|Common realisation of /r/. May be trill [{{IPA\|r}}] or postalveolar approximant [{{IPA\|ɹ̠}}]. See Malay phonology
colspan="2" \|Māori	{{lang\|mi\|whare}}	{{IPA\|[ɸaɾɛ]}}	'house'	Sometimes trilled.
colspan="2" \|Marathi	{{lang\|mr\|वारा}}	{{IPA\|[ʋaːɾaː]}}	'wind'
colspan="2" \| Nepali{{Cite journal\|last=Khatiwada\|first=Rajesh\|date=December 2009\|title=Nepali\|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association\|language=en\|volume=39\|issue=3\|pages=373–380\|doi=10.1017/S0025100309990181\|issn=1475-3502\|doi-access=free}}	{{Lang\|ne\|तारा}} \|{{IPA\|[t̪äɾä]}}	'star'	Intervocalic allophone of /r/. See Nepali phonology
colspan="2" \| Norwegian{{cite web \|language=no \| last=Kristoffersen \|first=Gjert \|year=2015 \|title=En innføring i norsk fonologi \|trans-title=An introduction to Norwegian phonology \|publisher=University of Bergen \|edition=4 \|url=http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/15694/Fonologimanus_sep15_GK.pdf \|access-date=2020-07-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024152047/http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/15694/Fonologimanus_sep15_GK.pdf \|archive-date=2018-10-24 \|url-status=live \|page=21 \|quote=I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp }}	{{lang\|no\|bare\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Norwegian Voiced Dental sound.ogg\|[ˈbɑ̂ː.ɾə]}}	'only'	May be realised as a trill {{IPA\|[r]}}, approximant {{IPA\|[ɹ]}} or uvular {{IPA\|[ʀ~ʁ]}} depending on dialect. See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \|Odia	{{lang\|or\|ରାତି}}/{{Transliteration\|or\|rāti}}	{{IPA\|[ɾäti]}}	'night'
colspan="2" \|Polish \|{{lang\|pl\|który}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈkt̪u.ɾɘ̟]}} \|'which' \|Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. See Polish phonology
colspan="2" \| Portuguese{{Harvcoltxt\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}	{{lang\|pt\|prato\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɾatʊ]}}	'dish'	Dental to retroflex allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with {{IPAslink\|ʁ}}, with its guttural allophones. See Portuguese phonology
rowspan="2" \|Punjabi \|Gurmukhi \|{{Lang\|pa\|ਲਾਰਾ}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[ˈläːɾäː]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'false promise' \| rowspan="2" \|See Punjabi phonology.
Shahmukhi \|{{Lang\|pa\|{{nq\|لارا}}}}
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic	{{lang\|gd\|mòr\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[moːɾ]}}	'big'	Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of r. Often transcribed simply as {{IPA\|/r/}}. The initial unlenited broad form is a trill {{IPA\|[rˠ]}}, while the slender form is {{IPA\|[ɾʲ]}} ({{IPA\|[ð]}} in some dialects). See Scottish Gaelic phonology.
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{Harvcoltxt\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=255}}	{{lang\|es\|caro\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Caro Voiced alveolar flap Latino Spanish.wav\|[ˈkaɾo̞]}}	'expensive'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}. See Spanish phonology
colspan="2 \| Tagalog	{{lang\|tl\|biro}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbiɾɔʔ]}}	'joke'	See Tagalog phonology
colspan="2" \|Tamil \|{{lang\|ta\|மரம்}} \|{{IPA\|[maɾam]}} \|'tree' \|See Tamil phonology
Thai \|Some speakers \|พระ / phra \|{{IPA\|[pʰɾäʔ˦˥]}} \|'monk' \|
colspan="2" \| Turkish{{Harvcoltxt\|Yavuz\|Balcı\|2011\|p=25}}	{{lang\|tr\|ara\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɑɾɑ]}}	'interval'	Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere. See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \| Uzbek{{Harvcoltxt\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=13}}	{{lang\|uz-Cyrl\|ёмғир}}/{{lang\|uz-Latn\|yomg‘ir}}/{{lang\|uz-Arab\|یامغیر}}	{{IPA\|[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]}}	'rain'	Denti-alveolar.
colspan="2" \| West Coast Bajau{{Cite thesis \|last=Miller \|first=Mark T. \|title=A Grammar of West Coast Bajau \|date=2007 \|degree=Ph.D. \|publisher=University of Texas at Arlington \|hdl=10106/577 \|hdl-access=free \|pages=34}}	{{lang\|bdr\|bara'}}	{{IPA\|[ba.ɾaʔ]}}	'to tell'	Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position.
Wu Chinese	Tongling	{{lang\|zh\|銅陵}}	{{IPA\|[ɾom.lin]}}	'Tongling'	Tones not notated due to complexity of tone sandhi. Equivalent to {{IPA\|/d/}} in other lects. Also seen in other Xuanzhou Wu varieties
\|Italian	Sicilian	Drago/Dragu	{{IPA \| [ˈdɾaːɡu]}}	Dragon

Alveolar nasal tap and flap

{{Infobox IPA

| above = Alveolar nasal tap/flap

| ipa symbol = ɾ̃

| ipa symbol2 = n̆

| ipa number = 124 424

| x-sampa = 4~ or n_X

}}

= Features =

Features of the alveolar nasal tap or flap:

Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.

= Occurrence =

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="2" \| English{{cite web\|url=http://elsok.org/journals16/13415 \|title=Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach \|author=Kwan-Young Oh \|access-date=2023-04-29}}	Estuary	rowspan="2" \| twenty	rowspan="2" \| {{Audio-IPA\|En-us-twenty.ogg\|[ˈtʰw̥ɛ̃ɾ̃i]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'twenty'	rowspan="2" \| Allophone of unstressed intervocalic {{IPA\|/nt/}} for some speakers, especially in rapid or casual speech. See English phonology, North American English regional phonology and flapping
North American{{cite web\|url=http://www.antimoon.com/how/flap-t.htm \|title=Flap t FAQ \|author=Tomasz P. Szynalski \|access-date=2013-11-24}}
colspan= "2" \| Guarani{{Harvcoltxt\|Walker\|2011\|pp=9–10}}	{{lang\|gn\|porã}}	{{IPA\|[põˈɾ̃ã]}}	'good'	Nasalized allophone of {{IPA\|/ɾ/}} as a result of nasal harmony. See Guarani language § Nasal harmony

Notes

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External links

{{phoible|ɾ}}

Category:Alveolar consonants

Category:Tap and flap consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="4" \| Arabic	Egyptian{{Harvcoltxt\|Watson\|2002\|p=16}}	{{lang\|arz\|رجل\|rtl=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɾeɡl]}}	'leg'	See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Lebanese \|{{lang\|apc\|إجر\|rtl=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[ʔəʒəɾ]}} \|'wages' \|
Moroccan \|رما / rma \|[ɾma] \|'he threw' \|
South Iraqi \| {{lang\|apc\|أريد\|rtl=yes}} \| {{IPA\|[aɾid]}} \| 'I want' \|
colspan="2" \| Aragonese	{{lang\|an\|aragonés\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[aɾaɣoˈnes]}}	'Aragonese'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}.
Armenian	Eastern{{Harvcoltxt\|Dum-Tragut\|2009\|p=19}}	{{lang\|hy\|րոպե}}	{{Audio-IPA\|ɾopɛ.ogg\|[ɾo.ˈpɛ]}}	'minute'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}} in all positions.
colspan=2 \| Assyrian \| ܪܝܫܐ rìsha \| {{IPA\|[ɾiʃa]}} \| 'head' \| Contrasts with ‘dark’ R.
colspan="2" \| Asturian	{{lang\|ast\|hora\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈoɾa]}}	'hour'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}.
colspan="2" \| Basque	{{lang\|eu\|begiratu\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[beˈɣiɾaˌtu]}}	'look'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}. See Basque phonology
colspan="2" \| Bengali	{{lang\|bn\|আবার}}	{{IPA\|[abaɾ]}}	'again'	Main realisation of /r/. Corresponds to [{{IPA link\|r}} ~ {{IPA link\|ɹ}}] in others and may occur word-medially and finally against [r]. See Bengali phonology
colspan="2" \| Catalan{{Harvcoltxt\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=53}}	{{lang\|ca\|truc\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtɾuk]}}	'trick'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}. See Catalan phonology
colspan="2" \| Danish{{Harvcoltxt\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=157}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=126}}	{{lang\|da\|nordisk\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk]}}	'Nordic'	Possible realization of intervocalic {{IPA\|/d/}} between phonetic vowels. See Danish phonology
colspan="2" \| Dutch	{{lang\|nl\|reden\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɾeːdə(n)]}}	'reason'	Especially in the region of West Frisia. Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. See Dutch phonology
rowspan="12" \| English	Cockney{{Harvcoltxt\|Wells\|1982\|pp=324–325}}	rowspan="7" \| better	{{IPA\|[ˈbe̞ɾɐ]}}	rowspan="7" \| 'better'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}}. In free variation with [{{IPA\|ʔ}} ~ {{IPA\|tʰ}} ~ {{IPA\|tˢ}}]. See Flapping
Australian{{Harvcoltxt\|Cox\|Palethorpe\|2007\|p=343}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈbeɾɐ]}}	rowspan="2" \| Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}} and {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Australian English phonology, New Zealand English phonology and Flapping
New Zealand{{Harvcoltxt\|Trudgill\|Hannah\|2002\|p=24}}
Dublin{{Cite web\|title=Glossary\|url=https://www.uni-due.de/vcde/VCDE_Glossary.htm#G_T-tapping\|access-date=2021-05-22\|website=}}	rowspan="4" \| {{Audio-IPA\|En-us-better.ogg\|[ˈbɛɾɚ]}}	rowspan="4" \| Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}} and {{IPA\|/d/}}, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be {{IPA\|[ɹ]}} instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See English phonology and Flapping
North America{{Harvcoltxt\|Ogden\|2009\|p=114}}
Ulster
West Country
Irish	rowspan="5" \| three	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|[θɾiː]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'three'	Conservative accents. Corresponds to [{{IPA link\|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link\|ɻ}} ~ {{IPA link\|ʁ}}] in other accents.
Scottish{{Harvcoltxt\|Ogden\|2009\|p=92}}	Most speakers. Others use [{{IPA link\|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link\|r}}].
Older Received Pronunciation{{Harvcoltxt\|Wise\|1957\|p=?}}	rowspan="2" \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɹ/}}
Scouse
South African	Broad speakers. Can be [{{IPA link\|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link\|r}}] instead
colspan="2" \| Esperanto	{{lang\|eo\|Esperanto\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[espeˈɾanto]}}	'one who hopes'	Usually a flap {{IPAblink\|ɾ}}, but can be a trilled {{IPA link\|r}}. See Esperanto phonology
colspan="2" \| Finnish	{{lang\|eo\|rotta\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈrotːɑ]}}	'rat'	Occurs in Häme (Tampere) dialect, contrasts with {{IPA link\|r}} in standard Finnish. See Finnish phonology
colspan="2" \| Greek{{Harvcoltxt\|Arvaniti\|2007\|pp=15–18}}	{{lang\|el\|μηρός}} / {{Transliteration\|el\|mirós}}	{{IPA\|[miˈɾ̠o̞s]}}	'thigh'	Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of {{IPAslink\|r}}. See Modern Greek phonology
colspan="2" \| Hindustani	{{lang\|hi\|मेरा\|rtl=yes}}/{{Lang\|ur\|{{nq\|میرا}}}}	{{IPA\|[meːɾaː]}}	'My'	Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. See Hindi phonology
colspan="2" \| Hungarian	kar	{{IPA\|[kɒɾ]}}	'arm'	Allophone of /r/
colspan="2" \| Irish	{{lang\|ga\|fear}}	{{IPA\|[fʲaɾˠ]}}	'man'	See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Kinyarwanda	u Rwanda	{{IPA\|[u ɾgwɑː.ndɑ]}}	'Rwanda'
colspan="2" \| Japanese	{{lang\|ja-Hani\|心}} /{{lang\|ja\|こころ}} {{lang\|ja-Latn\|kokoro}}	{{Audio-IPA\|ja-kokoro.ogg\|[ko̞ko̞ɾo̞]}}	'heart'	{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p=92}} Varies with {{IPAblink\|ɺ}}.{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p=106}} See Japanese phonology
colspan="2" \| Kazakh	{{lang\|kzl\|бер}}/{{lang\|kzl\|ber}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Kz-Ber.ogg\|[beɾ]}}	'give'	See Kazakh phonology
colspan="2" \| Korean	여름 / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|yeoreum}}	{{IPA\|[jʌɾɯm]}}	'summer'	Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/
colspan="2" \|Malay \|راتوس / ratus \|{{IPA\|[ɾä.tos]}} \|'hundred' \|Common realisation of /r/. May be trill [{{IPA\|r}}] or postalveolar approximant [{{IPA\|ɹ̠}}]. See Malay phonology
colspan="2" \|Māori	{{lang\|mi\|whare}}	{{IPA\|[ɸaɾɛ]}}	'house'	Sometimes trilled.
colspan="2" \|Marathi	{{lang\|mr\|वारा}}	{{IPA\|[ʋaːɾaː]}}	'wind'
colspan="2" \| Nepali{{Cite journal\|last=Khatiwada\|first=Rajesh\|date=December 2009\|title=Nepali\|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association\|language=en\|volume=39\|issue=3\|pages=373–380\|doi=10.1017/S0025100309990181\|issn=1475-3502\|doi-access=free}}	{{Lang\|ne\|तारा}} \|{{IPA\|[t̪äɾä]}}	'star'	Intervocalic allophone of /r/. See Nepali phonology
colspan="2" \| Norwegian{{cite web \|language=no \| last=Kristoffersen \|first=Gjert \|year=2015 \|title=En innføring i norsk fonologi \|trans-title=An introduction to Norwegian phonology \|publisher=University of Bergen \|edition=4 \|url=http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/15694/Fonologimanus_sep15_GK.pdf \|access-date=2020-07-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024152047/http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/15694/Fonologimanus_sep15_GK.pdf \|archive-date=2018-10-24 \|url-status=live \|page=21 \|quote=I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp }}	{{lang\|no\|bare\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Norwegian Voiced Dental sound.ogg\|[ˈbɑ̂ː.ɾə]}}	'only'	May be realised as a trill {{IPA\|[r]}}, approximant {{IPA\|[ɹ]}} or uvular {{IPA\|[ʀ~ʁ]}} depending on dialect. See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \|Odia	{{lang\|or\|ରାତି}}/{{Transliteration\|or\|rāti}}	{{IPA\|[ɾäti]}}	'night'
colspan="2" \|Polish \|{{lang\|pl\|który}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈkt̪u.ɾɘ̟]}} \|'which' \|Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. See Polish phonology
colspan="2" \| Portuguese{{Harvcoltxt\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}	{{lang\|pt\|prato\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɾatʊ]}}	'dish'	Dental to retroflex allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with {{IPAslink\|ʁ}}, with its guttural allophones. See Portuguese phonology
rowspan="2" \|Punjabi \|Gurmukhi \|{{Lang\|pa\|ਲਾਰਾ}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[ˈläːɾäː]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'false promise' \| rowspan="2" \|See Punjabi phonology.
Shahmukhi \|{{Lang\|pa\|{{nq\|لارا}}}}
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic	{{lang\|gd\|mòr\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[moːɾ]}}	'big'	Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of r. Often transcribed simply as {{IPA\|/r/}}. The initial unlenited broad form is a trill {{IPA\|[rˠ]}}, while the slender form is {{IPA\|[ɾʲ]}} ({{IPA\|[ð]}} in some dialects). See Scottish Gaelic phonology.
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{Harvcoltxt\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=255}}	{{lang\|es\|caro\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Caro Voiced alveolar flap Latino Spanish.wav\|[ˈkaɾo̞]}}	'expensive'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|r}}. See Spanish phonology
colspan="2 \| Tagalog	{{lang\|tl\|biro}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbiɾɔʔ]}}	'joke'	See Tagalog phonology
colspan="2" \|Tamil \|{{lang\|ta\|மரம்}} \|{{IPA\|[maɾam]}} \|'tree' \|See Tamil phonology
Thai \|Some speakers \|พระ / phra \|{{IPA\|[pʰɾäʔ˦˥]}} \|'monk' \|
colspan="2" \| Turkish{{Harvcoltxt\|Yavuz\|Balcı\|2011\|p=25}}	{{lang\|tr\|ara\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɑɾɑ]}}	'interval'	Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere. See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \| Uzbek{{Harvcoltxt\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=13}}	{{lang\|uz-Cyrl\|ёмғир}}/{{lang\|uz-Latn\|yomg‘ir}}/{{lang\|uz-Arab\|یامغیر}}	{{IPA\|[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]}}	'rain'	Denti-alveolar.
colspan="2" \| West Coast Bajau{{Cite thesis \|last=Miller \|first=Mark T. \|title=A Grammar of West Coast Bajau \|date=2007 \|degree=Ph.D. \|publisher=University of Texas at Arlington \|hdl=10106/577 \|hdl-access=free \|pages=34}}	{{lang\|bdr\|bara'}}	{{IPA\|[ba.ɾaʔ]}}	'to tell'	Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position.
Wu Chinese	Tongling	{{lang\|zh\|銅陵}}	{{IPA\|[ɾom.lin]}}	'Tongling'	Tones not notated due to complexity of tone sandhi. Equivalent to {{IPA\|/d/}} in other lects. Also seen in other Xuanzhou Wu varieties
\|Italian	Sicilian	Drago/Dragu	{{IPA \| [ˈdɾaːɡu]}}	Dragon

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="2" \| English{{cite web\|url=http://elsok.org/journals16/13415 \|title=Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach \|author=Kwan-Young Oh \|access-date=2023-04-29}}	Estuary	rowspan="2" \| twenty	rowspan="2" \| {{Audio-IPA\|En-us-twenty.ogg\|[ˈtʰw̥ɛ̃ɾ̃i]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'twenty'	rowspan="2" \| Allophone of unstressed intervocalic {{IPA\|/nt/}} for some speakers, especially in rapid or casual speech. See English phonology, North American English regional phonology and flapping
North American{{cite web\|url=http://www.antimoon.com/how/flap-t.htm \|title=Flap t FAQ \|author=Tomasz P. Szynalski \|access-date=2013-11-24}}
colspan= "2" \| Guarani{{Harvcoltxt\|Walker\|2011\|pp=9–10}}	{{lang\|gn\|porã}}	{{IPA\|[põˈɾ̃ã]}}	'good'	Nasalized allophone of {{IPA\|/ɾ/}} as a result of nasal harmony. See Guarani language § Nasal harmony

Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Alveolar

Voiced alveolar tap and flap

= Features =

= Occurrence =

Alveolar nasal tap and flap

= Features =

= Occurrence =

See also

Notes

References

External links